Llama Husbandry

A-Z author index to publications on llamas

(up to 31.12.2022)

A

Aba, M. A. (1995) Studies on the reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas : from mating throughout early pregnancy. Uppsala: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

---------------(1998) Hormonal interrelationships in reproduction of female llamas and alpacas. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

--------------- and M. Forsberg (1995) Heterologous radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca luteinizing hormone with a monoclonal antibody, an equine standard and a human tracer. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 36, 367-375.

----------------, M. Forsberg, H. Kindahl, J. Sumar and L. E. Edqvist (1995) Endocrine changes after mating in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas and alpacas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 36, 489-498.

----------------, H. Kindahl, M. Forsberg, M. Quiroga and N. Auza (2000) Levels of progesterone and changes in prostaglandin F2α release during luteolysis and early pregnancy in llamas and the effect of treatment with flunixin meglumine. Animal Reproduction Science, 59, 87-97.

----------------, M. A. Quiroga, N. Auza, M. Forsberg and H. Kindahl (1999) Control of ovarian activity in Llamas (Lama glama) with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 34, 471-476.

-----------------, J. Sumar, H. Kindahl, M. Forsberg and L. E. Edqvist (1998) Plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-PGF2α, progesterone, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17β and cortisol during late gestation, parturition and the early postpartum period in llamas and alpacas. Animal Reproduction Science, 50, 111-121.

------------(2013)  Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction in the Female Llama and Alpaca in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 140-150.

Abal, M. A., M. Ghezzi, M. Quiroga, H. Solana and N. Auza (1996) Concentrations of progesterone during storage of whole blood from llama (Lama glama) pp. effects of anticoagulants, storage time and temperature. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 37, 123-125.

Abalos, M. C., F. Acuña, A. K. Cancino and J. F. Aller (2018) Effect of GnRH analogue administration on Day 7 after natural mating on formation accessory corpus luteum, progesterone concentration and conception rate in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 190, 47-52.

------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2022) Effect of long-acting progesterone administration after natural mating on gestation in Llamas of the Argentinean Puna Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 33 (1).

Abbas, S. F. and I. S. Milad (2003) Performance and some body measurements as a management tool of imported llama (Lama glama) under Libyan condition. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34, 265-274.

Abbassi-Daloii, T., M. H. Sekhavati and M. Tahmoorespur (2016) Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COX3 gene in Iranian Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 8, 361-369.

Abbeele, A. V. D., S. d. Clercq, A. d. Ganck, V. d. Corte, B. v. Loo, S. H. Soror, V. Srinivasan, J. Steyaert, J. Vandekerckhove and J. Gettemans (2010) A llama-derived gelsolin single-domain antibody blocks gelsolin-G-actin interaction. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 67, 1519-1535.

Abbona, C. C., et. al. (2020) Were domestic camelids present on the prehispanic south american agricultural frontier? an ancient DNA study PLOS ONE 15:e0240474. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240474 PubMed

Abdouslam, O. E., L. S. Al-Bassam, S. A. Al-Izzi and S. M. Azwai (2003) Prevalence of external and internal parasites in llamas (Lama glama) at Surman park in Libya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 61-65.

----------------------, S. A. Al-Izzi, L. S. Al-Bassam and S. M. Azwai (2003) Effect of anthelmintic treatment on haematological and coagulation parameters in llamas (Lama glama) infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 149-152.

Abe, M., Y. Yuki, S. Kurokawa, M. Mejima, M. Kuroda, E. Park, J. Scheller, U. Nakanishi and H. Kiyono (2014) A rice-based soluble form of a murine TNF-specific llama variable domain of heavy-chain antibody suppresses collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Journal of Biotechnology, 175, 45-52.

Aboellail, T. A. (2013) Pathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 26 camelid malignant round cell tumors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 168-172.

-------------------, M. Waugh, A. Harvey, J. Fisher and A. C. Vilander (2021) Neoplasia and proliferative lesions of new world camelids: a systematic literature review and retrospective study of cases submitted to Colorado State University from 1995 to 2020. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (October).

Abraham, M. C., J. Puhakka, A. Ruete, E. M. Al-Essawe, K. de Verdier and J. M. Morrell (2016) Testicular length as an indicator of the onset of sperm production in alpacas under Swedish conditions. Acta Vet Scand, 58, 10.

Abrahamsen, E. J. (2009) Chemical restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia for camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 455-494.

------------------------- (2013) Injectable Anesthesia of Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 592-595.

Abutarbush, S. M. (2015) Tetraplegia due to fracture of the articular facet of the fourth cervical vertebra in a llama (Lama glama). Global Veterinaria, 14, 366-368.

Acosta-Alba, I., M. Tichit and F. Leger. (2008) Modelling sustainability of agropastoral systems in Bolivian arid highlands. 216. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House.

Adam, C. L., D. A. Bourka, C. E. Kyle, P. Young and T. G. McEvoy.(1992) Ovulation and embryo recovery in the llama. 125-127. Newmarket: R and W Publications.

---------------, C. E. Moir and P. Shiach (1989) Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 125, 618-620.

Adams, G. P . (1991) Ovarian function in llamas and cattle : factors affecting follicular growth and emergence of follicular waves.

-----------------(1991) Form and function of the corpus luteum in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 24, 127-138.

-----------------(1991) Hemorrhagic ovarian follicles in llamas. Theriogenology, 35, 557-568.

-----------------(2007) Theriogenology in llamas and alpacas. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 7, 6 pp.

------------------, P. G. Griffin and O. J. Ginther (1989) In situ morphologic dynamics of ovaries, uterus and cervix in llamas. Biology of Reproduction, 41, 551-558.

-------------------& M. H. Ratto (2013) Ovulation-inducing factor in seminal plasma: a review. Animal Reproduction Science, 136, 148-156.

------------------, M. H. Ratto, W. Huanca and S. Jaswant (2005) Ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas and llamas. Biology of Reproduction, 73, 452-457.

------------------, M. H. Ratto, M. E. Silva and R. A. Carrasco (2016) Ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) in seminal plasma: a review and update. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51, 4-17.

------------------, J. Sumar and O. J. Ginther (1990) Effects of lactational and reproductive status on ovarian follicular waves in llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 90, 535-545.

Adams, R. and F. Garry (1994) Llama neonatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 209-227.

---------------------------(1992) Gram-negative bacterial infection in neonatal new world camelids: six cases (1985-1991). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1419-1424.

Afshar, A., R. A. Heckert, G. C. Dulac, H. C. Trotter and D. J. Myers (1995) Application of competitive ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31, 327-330.

Agbedanu, P. N., K. L. Anderson, M. T. Brewer and S. A. Carlson (2015) Doxycycline as an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein in the alpaca for the purpose of maintaining avermectins in the CNS during treatment for parelaphostrongylosis. Vet Parasitol, 212, 303-7.

Agüero, A., M. G. Chaves, E. F. Capdevielle, A. F. Russo and M. A. Aba (2001) Superovulation in llamas: comparison of two treatments. InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 3, 13-18.

Aguilar Cabrera, J. C. (1999) Suplementacian de heno y ensillaje de alfalfa para el incremento de peso vivo en llamas ancutas machos.

Aguirre, D. H. and M. M. Cafrune. (2007) Parasitoses of South American Camelidae. 281-296. Anguil: EEA Anguil "Ing.Agr. Guillermo Covas" - INTA.

------------------, Aguirre, D. H., M. M. Cafrune and A. A. Guglielmone (2000) Experimental infestation of llamas (Lama glama) with Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 24, 661-664.

-----------------, S. T. d. Echaide, A. B. Guglielmone and A. A. Gaido (1994) Experimental inoculation of Anaplasma marginale in llamas (Lama glama). Medicina Veterinaria, 11, 296-300.

-----------------, A. E. Viñabal and M. M. Cafrune (1997) Biology of Amblyomma parvitarsum Neuman 1901 (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinaria Argentina, 14, 32-34.

-----------------, R. Fuentes and M. O. Celedón (2014) Genotypic characterization of Chilean llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 312-317.

Aguirre, I. M., M. P. Quezada and M. O. Celedón (2014) Antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from alpaca (Vicugna pacos), llama (Lama glama) and bovines in Chile. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 324-330.

Ahmed, A. M., C. L. Brooks  (2022)  X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis of VHH-Protein Antigen Complexes. Methods Mol Biol., 2446, 513-530.

Aida, Y., K. Okada, R. Kageyama and H. Amanuma (1992) Cross-reactivity between a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen on bovine lymphosarcoma cells and blood lymphocytes from various mammalian species. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1988-1991.

Aisen, E. G., W. H. López, M. G. P. Durand, E. T. Mamani, J. C. V. Mori, M. J. Ousset, V. H. Medina, U. H. P. Guerra and T. H. Mamani (2021) Spermatozoa obtained from alpaca vas deferens. effects of seminal plasma added at post-thawing. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (February).

Ajata Avircata. (2006) Perfil metabolco y balance de nitrogeno en llamas (Lama glama) alimentadas con jipi de quinua y heno de cebada, municipio de Viacha - departamento de La Paz.

Akazawa-Ogawa, Y., K. Uegaki and Y. Hagihara (2016) The role of intra-domain disulfide bonds in heat-induced irreversible denaturation of camelid single domain VHH antibodies. J Biochem, 159, 111-21.

Al-Ani, F. K. (2004) Classification and breeds. 61-68. Baghdad: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.

-----------------(2004) Domestication, distribution and population. 1-24. Baghdad: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.

-----------------, W. A. R. A. Al-Azzawi, M. S. Jermukly and K. K. Razzaq (1992) Studies on some haematological parameters of camel and llama in Iraq. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 40, 103-106.

Alarcón, V., J. Sumar, G. S. Riera and W. C. Foote (1990) Comparison of three methods of pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas and llamas. Theriogenology, 34, 1119-1127.

Alaskar, H. M., R. Alaqeely, B. H. Alhajeri and H. Alhaddad (2021) The enigma of camel-types: localities, utilities, names, and breed statuses. Journal of Camelid Science 14: 22-34.

Al-Bassam, L. S., S. M. Azwai, O. E. Abdouslam, S. A. Al-lzzi and A. M. Al-Dawek (2007) Effect of season on haematological parameters in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama) raised in Libya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 187-190.

Alberio, R. H. and J. F. Aller (1996) Control and synchronisation of the follicular cycle mediated by the exogenous influence of progesterone in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 325-329.

Albini, S., I. Brodard, A. Jaussi, N. Wollschlaeger, J. Frey, R. Miserez and C. Abril (2008) Real-time multiplex PCR assays for reliable detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, 179-185.

Alcaino, H. and T. Gorman (1999) Parasites of domestic animals in Chile. Parasitología al Día, 23, 33-41.

---------------, T. Gorman and M. Burgos (1991) Gastrointestinal helminthiasis in llamas (Lama glama) from Region I of Chile. Parasitología al Dia, 15, 93-96.

Alejandro Camino, D. C. and K. Julio Sumar. (2000) Importance of alpacas and llamas in the changing context of development research. 285-296. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.

Alejandro Himelfarb, M., A. Matias Lorenzutti, N. Javier Litterio, M. d. Pilar Zarazaga, M. S. Aguilar-Sola, J. J. d. Lucas, M. Ignacio San Andrés and S. Rubio-Langre (2017) Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation of cefquinome in llamas, following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in serum and tissue cage fluid. Small Ruminant Research, 149, 134-140.

Aleman, M., C. Crowe, J. Dechant, R. R. Bellone and F. Avila (2021) Brainstem auditory evoked responses and bone conduction assessment in alpacas. Research in Veterinary Science 136: 297-302.

Alexander, K., W. T. Drost, J. S. Mattoon and D. E. Anderson (2005) 99mTC-ciprofloxacin in imaging of clinical infections in camelids and a goat. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 46, 340-347.

Alhajeri, B. H., H. Alhaddad, R. Alaqeely, H. Alaskar, Z. Dashti and T. Maraqa (2021) Camel breed morphometrics: current methods and possibilities. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 145 (1) pp. 90-111.

Ali Quisbert, E. (2008) Efecto de la privación de alimentos en el perfil metabólico de llamas (Lama glama) en la estacian experimental de Letanias - Viacha.

Ali, T. M.(1994) A manual for the primary animal health care worker. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Al-Izzi, S. A., O. E. Abdouslam, L. S. Al-Bassam and S. M. Azwai (2004) Haematological parameters in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama). Praxis Veterinaria (Zagreb), 52, 225-232.

Allen, A. J., J. B. Stanton, J. F. Evermann, L. M. Fry, M. G. Ackerman and G. M. Barrington (2015) Bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the northwestern region of the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest, 27, 226-30.

Aller, J., J. R. Alberio and G. Rebuffi (1998) Detection of pregnancy and stage of gestation in llamas (Lama glama) by rectal palpation and ultrasonics. Archivos de Zootecnia, 47, 43-50.

Aller, J. F., M. C. Abalos, F. Acuña, R. Virgili, F. Requena and A. K. Cancino (2015) Birth of live llama (Lama glama) derived from embryo transfer storage at 5°C for 24 h. Small Ruminant Research, 132, 99-102.

-------------, M. C. Abalos, F. A. Acuña, R. Virgili, F. Requena and A. K. Cancino (2015) Embryo yield in llamas synchronized with two different intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices and superovulated with eCG. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e04SC01.

-------------, J. F. Alberio and G. Rebuffi (1996) The relationship between rectal palpations and ultrasound used for the determination of the term of gestation in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 331-335.

-------------- and R. H. Alberio (1996) Follicular dynamics in llamas during the autumn and winter. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 319-323.

------------, A. K. Cancino, G. E. Rebuffi and R. H. Alberio (2010) Effect of estradiol benzoate used at the start of a progestagen treatment on superovulatory response and embryo yield in lactating and non-lactating llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 119, 322-328.

------------, L. Ferré, G. E. Rebuffi and R. H. Alberio (1997) Semen collection in llamas (Lama glama) from the Argentinian Puna. Veterinaria Argentina, 14, 104-107.

------------, G. E. Rebuffi, A. K. Cancino and R. H. Alberio (2002) Successful transfer of vitrified llama (Lama glama) embryos. Animal Reproduction Science, 73, 121-127.

Aller R, F., J. Carrasco V, C. Gaete C, A. Germain A, M. Espinoza R, G. Caballo F, R. Riquelme G, M. Seron-Ferré, J. T. Parer and J. A. Llanos M (1989) Catheterization of fetal and maternal blood vessels in the llama (Lama glama). Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 4, 69-74.

Almeida, S., E. M. S. Dorneles, C. Diniz, V. Abreu, C. Sousa, J. Alves, A. Carneiro, P. Bagano, S. Spier, D. Barh, A. P. Lage, H. Figueiredo and V. Azevedo (2017) Quadruplex PCR assay for identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis differentiating biovar Ovis and Equi. BMC Veterinary Research, 13, (25 September 2017).

Al-Shadeedi, S. M., Z. M. Al-Hakak, A. S. Mousa and F. A. Al-Obaidi (2012) Prevalence of some zoonotic causing bacteria and the bacterial shedding levels in animals of Baghdad zoo, Iraq. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2, 212-215.

Alstine, W. G. v. and I. Mitsui (2010) Sudden death associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an alpaca (Llama pacos). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 448-450.

Altenbrunner-Martinek, B., D. Klein, J. Kofler and W. Baumgartner (2007) Congenital malformation of the front limbs in a llama (Lama glama) pp. polydactyly in combination with arthrogryposis. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 120, 508-512.

Altmann, D. (1975) The principal diseases of old-world and new-world Camelidae. 53-60. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Alturki, N. A., K. A. Henry, C. R. MacKenzie and M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi (2015) Isolation of Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies Against Native Proteins Using Recombinant Multivalent Peptide Ligands. Methods Mol Biol, 1348, 167-89.

Álvarez, B., K. Krogh-Andersen, C. Tellgren-Roth, N. Martínez, G. Günaydın, Y. Lin, M. Cruz Martín, M. A. Álvarez, L. Hammarström and H. Marcotte (2015) An exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG efficiently displays a protective llama antibody fragment against rotavirus on its surface. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81, 5784-5793.

Alvarez, J., J. Bezos, L. d. Juan, M. Vordermeier, S. Rodriguez, I. G. Fernandez-de-Mera, A. Mateos and L. Domínguez (2012) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59, 1-10.

Alvarez, R. and G. Lidén (2009) Low temperature anaerobic digestion of mixtures of llama, cow and sheep manure for improved methane production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 527-533.

-------------, S. Villca and G. Lidén (2006) Biogas production from llama and cow manure at high altitude. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, 66-75.

Alvarez-Rueda, N., G. Behar, V. Ferré, M. Pugnière, F. Roquet, L. Gastinel, C. Jacquot, J. Aubry, D. Baty, J. Barbet and S. Birklé (2007) Generation of llama single-domain antibodies against methotrexate, a prototypical hapten. Molecular Immunology, 44, 1680-1690.

-----------------------, M. Z. Ladjemi, G. Béhar, S. Corgnac, M. Pugnière, F. Roquet, C. Bascoul-Mollevi, D. Baty, A. Pèlegrin and I. Navarro-Teulon (2009) A llama single domain anti-idiotypic antibody mimicking HER2 as a vaccine: immunogenicity and efficacy. Vaccine, 27, 4826-4833.

Alvira-Iraizoz, F., B. T. Gillard, P. Lin, A. Paterson, A. G. Pauža, M. A. Ali, A. H. Alabsi, P. A. Burger, H. Naserddine, A. Abdu, D. Murphy and M. P. Greenwood (2021) Multiomic analysis of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) kidney reveals a role for cholesterol in water conservation. Communications Biology 4 (6).

Alyakine, H., A. Hmidouch, R. Azrib, H. Bouayad and A. Essalhi (1999) Surgical treatment of a congenital flexural deformity of the tarsal joint in a llama. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 203-208.

Amaya Molinar, C. M., P. Magaña Espinoza and I. Ochoa Llamas (2017) Evaluation of tourist destinations with data science technology. Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo, 26, 286-305.

----------------------------, A. P. Sosa-Ferreira, I. Ochoa-Llamas and P. Moncada-Jiménez (2017) The perception of destination competitiveness by tourists. Investigaciones Turísticas, 1-20.

Amsel, S. I., R. A. Kainer and L. W. Johnson (1987) Choosing the best site to perform venipuncture in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 82, 535-536.

--------------, A. B. Portmann, T. J. Doherty, S. J. Newman, J. W. Yarbrough and S. Cox (2009) Ivermectin concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous administration to healthy llamas. Journal of Camelid Science, 2, 41-49.

Andelt, W. F. (2004) Use of livestock guarding animals to reduce predation on livestock. Sheep & Goat Research Journal, 19, 72-75.

Andersen, K. K., N. M. Strokappe, A. Hultberg, K. Truusalu, I. Smidt, R. H. Mikelsaar, M. Mikelsaar, T. Verrips, L. Hammarström and H. Marcotte (2015) Neutralization of Clostridium difficile Toxin B Mediated by Engineered Lactobacilli That Produce Single-Domain Antibodies. Infect Immun, 84, 395-406.

Anderson, B. N.(1996) Llama babies : up, dry, and nursing. Salem, OR: A+ Llamas.

Anderson, D. E., P. D. Constable, K. E. Yvorchuk, N. V. Anderson, G. St-Jean and L. Rock (1994) Hyperlipemia and ketonuria in an alpaca and a llama. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8, 207-211.

-------------------E. M. Gaughan, A. N. Baird, H. Lin and D. G. Pugh (1996) Laparoscopic surgical approach and anatomy of the abdomen in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 111-116.

-------------, T. Grubb and F. Silveira (1999) The effect of short duration transportation on serum cortisol response in alpacas (Llama pacos). Veterinary Journal, 157, 189-191.

------------& R. M. McLaughlin (1997) Fascia lata autograft for treatment of congenital cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 811-813.

-------------, L. T. Midla, P. V. Scrivani, J. Rosario, R. Léveillé, J. F. Long and B. L. Hull (1997) Multifocal polyostotic aneurysmal bone cysts in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 808-810.

------------ and F. Silveira (1999) Effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 1423-1425.

-------------, R. Leveille, P. Scrivani and C. Brömel (1998) Performing percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 190-195.

-------------, F. Silveira and T. Grubb (1999) Effects of venipuncture and correlation of plasma, serum and saliva cortisol concentration with transportation stress in camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 249-254.

-------------(1999) Common surgical procedures in camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 191-201.

------------(1999) Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 163-169.

----------- and F. Silviera (2003) Effect of age and gender on serum concentration of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) in alpacas (Lama pacos). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2, 626-629.

------------(2004) Common surgical procedures in camelids. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  pp. 118-125. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

------------(2004) Comparison of trace mineral concentration in the various lobes of the liver of alpacas and llamas. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3, 162-164.

------------(2006) Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 235-240.

------------(2009) Uterine torsion and cesarean section in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 523-538.

----------- and C. E. Whitehead. (2009) Alpaca and llama health management. Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders Co.

------------ and C. E. Whitehead (2009) Special Issue: Alpaca and llama health management. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, i-xii + 239-552.

------------, C. G. Couto and M. Oglesbee (2010) Granulosa theca cell tumor with erythrocytosis in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 1157-1158, 1160.

-------------, M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner.(2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas. Wiley.

------------(2012) Anesthesia, analgesia, and chemical restraint in the clinic and on the farm - Part 1: Handling, restraint, and field anesthesia of camelids. unpaginated. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2012) Cesarean section in small ruminants - Part 2: Uterine torsion and cesarean section in Llamas and Alpacas. unpaginated. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2012) Colic in alpacas and llamas: is surgery indicated? , unpaginated. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2012) Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. unpaginated. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2012) Routine camelid procedures - Part 1: Castration of alpacas and llamas. unpaginated. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

-------------(2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas. Wiley [Anderson, D. E. (2013) Behaviour and Capture Techniques in ipp.3-10; Jones, M. L. Haltering ipp.11-14; Anderson, D. E. Manual Restraint pp.15-22; Jones, M. L. Chute Restraint pp.23-26; Jones, M. L. Ear Squeeze (Ear Twitch) pp. 27-28; Jones, M. L. Injections—Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal (ID), Intravenous (IV) Anderson, D. E., M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner. . Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas. Wiley pp. 29-34. ;Anderson, D. E. Sedation and Tranquilizatiopp. 35-38; Anderson, D. E. Injectable Anesthesia pp. 39-42; Anderson, D. E. Orotracheal Intubation pp. 43-46; Anderson, D. E. Nasotracheal Intubation pp. 47-50. ; Miesner, M. D. Percutaneous ; Tracheal Intubation (Also Referred to as Retrograde Tracheal Intubation) pp. 51-56; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Jugular Vein in Anderson, D. E., M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner. . Veterinary Techniques for Llamas Alpacas and. Wiley pp.57-62; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Cephalic Vein pp. 63-64; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Saphenous Vein pp. 65-66; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Lateral Thoracic pp -68. ; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Auricular Artery and Vein pp. 69-70; Jones, M. L. Vascular Catheterization—Femoral Artery pp. 71-72; Jones, M. L. Intramedullary Cannulation of the Femur for Administration or Parenteral Fluids pp. 73-76. ;Anderson, D. E. Intraperitoneal Cannula for Plasma or Fluid Administration pp. 77-80; Miesner, M. D. Caudal (Sacro-coccygeal) Epidural Anesthesia pp. 81-83; Miesner, M. D. Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anesthesia pp. 89-94; Anderson, D. E. Anatomical Features of the Head and Neck pp. 95-98; Anderson, D. E. Dental Examination and Trimming pp. 99-104; Anderson, D. E. Tooth Extraction—Oral Approach pp. 105-110;Anderson, D. E. Tooth Extraction—Lateral Approach to Premolars and Molars pp. 111-116; Miesner, M. D. Examination of the Ear pp. 117-122; Miesner, M. D. Anatomical Comments on the Skin pp. 123-126. ; Jones, M. L. and P. Payne Skin Scraping pp. 127-130. ; Jones, M. L. Skin Biopsy pp. 131-134. ; Miesner, M. D. Toenail Trimming 135 pp. 135-140; Miesner, M. D. Thorax Anatomy and Auscultation pp. 141-142. ; Anderson, D. E. Field Diagnosis of Choanal Atresia pp. 147-150. ; Miesner, M. D. Anatomical Comments on the Camelid Abdomen pp. 157-160; Jones, M. L. Liver Biopsy pp. 171-175. ; Jones, M. L. First Compartment Paracentesis (Rumenocentesis) and Fluid Evaluation pp. 175-178. ; Anderson, D. E. Intubation of the First Forestomach Compartment (“C1” or “Rumen”) pp. 179-182; Anderson, D. E. Laparotomy—Lateral Approach pp. 183-190. Anderson, D. E. Laparotomy—Ventral Midline pp. 191-196.Anderson, D. E. Creation of Stoma into First Forestomach Compartment (“Rumenostomy”) pp. 203-207. Anderson, D. E. Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Ambulation pp. 209-212. Jones, M. L. Regional Intravenous Drug Perfusion pp. 213-218. Jones, M. L. Urinary Tract Examination and Anatomy pp. 219-222. Jones, M. L. Urethral Catheterizatiopp. 223-226.Miesner, M. D. Ultrasound of the Urinary System pp. 227-232. Jones, M. L. Cystocentesis pp. 233-238.Anderson, D. E. Comments Regarding Female Genital Anatomy pp. 239-242.Anderson, D. E. Pregnancy Diagnosis pp. 243-248.Anderson, D. E. Procedure: Vaginoscopy and Uterine Culture pp. 249-252. Anderson, D. E. Teat and Udder Examination pp. 253-256. Anderson, D. E. Mastectomy (Udder Amputation) pp. 257-260.Anderson, D. E. Cesarean Section (also known as Hysterotomy) pp. 261-264. Anderson, D. E. Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Torsion pp. 265-272. Anderson, D. E. Male Genitalia Anatomical Comments and Breeding Behavior and Soundness pp. 273-276. Anderson, D. E. Examination of the Penis and Prepuce 277 in, pp. 277-280. Anderson, D. E. pp. 281-284. Anderson, D. E Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles pp. 285-286. Anderson, D. E. Semen Collection and Evaluation pp. 287-292. Jones, M. L. Castration pp. 293-300. Jones, M. L. and M. D. Miesner Neurological Examination and Anatomy pp. 301-305. Jones, M. L. Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Interpretatiopp. 305-310. Miesner, T. Eye Exam pp. 311-314; Jones, M. L. Nasolacrimal Duct Cannulatiopp. 315-316; Anderson, D. E Conjunctivorhinostom pp. 317-318; Anderson, D. E. Alleviation of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstructiopp. 317-318; Anderson, D. E. Ocular Extirpation pp. 319-322; Miesner, T. Subpalpebral Lavage System pp. 323-326; Miesner, T. Conjunctival Pedicle Graft pp. 327-332; Jones, M. L. (20013) Blood Transfusiopp. 333-336; Jones, M. L. Plasma Transfusiopp. 337-338].

------------(2016) Cesarean section in small ruminant practice: how to make the best out of a bad situation. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). Pp. 285-290.

Anderson, N. V., D. E. Anderson, H. W. Leipold, G. A. Kennedy, L. Repenning and G. A. Strathe (1995) Septicemic salmonellosis in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206, 75-76.

Anderson, W. I., J. F. Cummings, H. Steinberg, A. DeLahunta and J. M. King (1989) Subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy in aged domestic, laboratory, and exotic mammalian species-a light and selected electron microscopic study. Cornell Veterinarian, 79, 339-344.

Andrea, P. and K. Alfréd (2013) Industry of alpaca wool. Animal Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems, 9, 310-314.

Andreasen, C. B., T. C. Gerros and E. D. Lassen (1994) Evaluation of bone marrow cytology and stainable iron content in healthy adult llamas. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 23, 38-42.

--------------------, E. G. Pearson, B. B. Smith, T. C. Gerros and E. D. Lassen (1998) Normal reference intervals and the effects of time and feeding on serum bile acid concentrations in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 10, 174-178.

Andrew, S. E., A. M. Willis and D. E. Anderson (2002) Density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 326-329.

Andrews, A. H. and A. Cox (1997) Suspected nutritional deficiency causing anaemia in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 140, 153-154.

Anello, M., M., S. Daverio, S. R. Romero, F. Rigalt, M. B. Silbestro, L. Vidal-Rioja and F. Di Rocco (2016) Genetic diversity and conservation status of managed vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) populations in Argentina. Genetica, 144, 85-97.

----------------------------------------, S. S. Rodríguez, S. R. Romero, C. Renieri, L. Vidal Rioja and F. d. Rocco (2022) The ASIP gene in the llama (Lama glama) pp. alternative transcripts, expression and relation with color phenotypes Gene 809.

----------------------------------- F. Di Rocco (2022) Genetics of coat color and fiber production traits in llamas and alpacas. Anim Front.  Aug 12; 12 (4) 78-86.

Angulo A, J., A. Sato S, M. Navarrete Z and J. Cisneros S (2013) Arterial supply of the pelvic limb of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 24, 1-15.

Ansaloni, F., F. Pyszny, R. Marquina, Á. Claros Liendo, Á. Claros Goitia, J. L. Quispe Huanca and J. Zapana Pineda (2013) Income analysis in South American domestic camelid farms. Bio-based and Applied Economics, 2, 173-189.

Antkowiak, M.(1999) Malnutrition and hypothermia in a neonatal llama.

Apichela, S., M. A. Jiménez-Díaz, M. Roldan-Olarte, J. N. Valz-Gianinet and D. C. Miceli (2009) In vivo and in vitro sperm interaction with oviductal epithelial cells of llama. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 943-951.

Apichela, S. A. (2011) Sperm reservoir in the llama oviduct and advances in the study of the proteolytic systems involved. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 19, 55-57.

-------------------, M. E. Argañaraz, S. Giuliano, R. Zampini, I. Carretero, M. Miragaya and D. C. Miceli (2014) Llama oviductal sperm reservoirs: involvement of bulbourethral glands. Andrologia, 46, 290-295.

-------------------, J. N. Valz-Gianinet, S. Schuster, M. A. Jiménez-Díaz, E. M. Roldán-Olarte and D. C. Miceli (2010) Lectin binding patterns and carbohydrate mediation of sperm binding to llama oviductal cells in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science, 118, 344-353.

Appleby, E. C. and K. W. Head, D. (1954) A case of suspected Johne's disease in a llama (L. glama). J Comp Pathol, 64, 52-3.

Arafa, W. M., P. J. Holman and T. M. Craig (2017) Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation for benzimidazole resistance or susceptibility in Haemonchus contortus isolates. Parasitology Research, 116, 797-807.

Araya, A. V., I. Atwater, M. A. Navia and S. Jeffs (2000) Evaluation of insulin resistance in two kinds of South American camelids: llamas and alpacas. Comparative Medicine, 50, 490-494.

Arias, N., M. Requena and R. Palme (2013) Measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a non-invasive tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in South American camelids. Animal Welfare, 22, 25-31.

----------- and B. Velapatiño (2015) Cortisol as a reliable indicator of stress in alpacas and llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 26, 1-8.

------------, B. Velapatiño, A. Hung and J. Cok (2016) Cytokines expression in alpacas and llamas exposed to cold stress. Small Ruminant Research, 141, 135-140.

Arias, P., F. H. Feder, R. Porcel and J. Cox (1992) Comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (Lama guanicoe glama). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 21, 314-323.

Arlamowska-Palider, A. (1973) Morphology of the sacral plexus in some artiodactylous animals. Folia Morphologica, 32, 11-17.

Arndt, C. A. (1988) Llama use on public lands.

Arthur, D. G. (1991) Diseases of llamas and alpacas. Surveillance (Wellington), 18, 21-23.

Arzamendia, Y., L. E. Neder, G. Marcoppido, F. Ortiz, M. Arce, H. E. Lamas and B. L. Vilá (2012) Effect of the prevalence of ectoparasites in the behavioral patterns of wild vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna). Journal of Camelid Science, 5, 105-117.

------------------- and B. Vilá (2015) Vicugna habitat use and interactions with domestic ungulates in Jujuy, Northwest Argentina. Mammalia, 79, 267-278.

Asada, T., D. Takagi, M. Nakai, S. Abe and K. Yuasa (2021) Secretory production of a camelid single-domain antibody (VHH, nanobody) by the Serratia marcescens Lip system in Escherichia coli. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 549: 105-112.

Ashour, G., A. M. Kamel, K. A. El-Bahrawy, A. A. E. H. El-Sayed and N. Ghanem (2021) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on in vitro production of camel embryos cultured under oxidative stress. Journal of Camelid Science 14: 35-42.

Astorga Márquez, R. J., A. Maldonado García, E. Mateu de Antonio, B. Huerta Lorenzo, C. Llamas Moreno and A. Perea Remujo (2004) Porcine salmonellosis: review and carriers study results in Andalusia slaughterhouses. SUIS, 14-29.

Atlee, B. A. (1990) The histology of normal llama skin and mucous membranes. Davis, Calif.

---------------, A. A. Stannard, M. E. Fowler, T. Willemse, P. J. Ihrke and T. Olivry (1997) The histology of normal llama skin. Veterinary Dermatology, 8, 165-176.

Aubin, M. L., J. R. Gionfriddo, K. R. Mama and C. C. Powell (2001) Analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1060-1062.

Auer, M., H. Wagner, K. Failing, A. Wehrend (2022) Epididymis incision as a method to collect epididymal sperm cells in alpacas. Vet Med Sci.  Jan; 8 (1) 157-163.

Azwai, S. M., O. E. Abdouslam, L. S. Al-Bassam, A. M. Al-Dawek and S. A. L. Al-Izzi (2007) Morphological characteristics of blood cells in clinically normal adult llamas (Lama glama). Veterinarski Arhiv, 77, 69-79.

B

Badaracco, A., J. Matthijnssens, S. Romero, E. Heylen, M. Zeller, L. Garaicoechea, M. v. Ranst and V. Parreño (2013) Discovery and molecular characterization of a group A rotavirus strain detected in an Argentinean vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). Veterinary Microbiology, 161, 247-254.

Baer, L. V. and C. Hellemann (1999) Cryopreservation of llama (Lama glama) semen. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 34, 95-96.

-------------(2001) Collection, evaluation and cryopreservation of llama (L. glama) semen. 193-198. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

------------- and C. Hellemannn (1998) Semen characteristics in the llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 30, 171-176.

Baird, A. N., D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel and H. C. Lin (1996) Comparison of two techniques for castration of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 261-262.

Bakker, M. L., X. B. Chen, D. J. Kyle, E. R. Ørskov and D. A. Bourke (1996) Urinary and plasma purine derivatives in fed and fasted llamas (Lama glama and L. guanicoe). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 113, 367-374.

Balcarcel, A. M., M. R. Sánchez-Villagra, V. Segura and A. Evin (2021) Singular patterns of skull shape and brain size change in the domestication of South American camelids. Journal of Mammalogy 102 (1) pp. 220-235.

Ballweber, L. R. (2009) Ecto- and endoparasites of New World camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 295-310.

------------------------(2013) - Endoparasite Control In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 12-16

Banchero, N. and R. F. Grover (1972) Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O2 transport in llama and sheep. American Journal of Physiology, 222, 1239-1245.

----------------, R. F. Grover and J. A. Will (1971) Oxygen transport in the llama (Lama glama). Respiration Physiology, 13, 102-115.

Bangari, D. S. and G. W. Stevenson (2007) Carcinoma in a mixed mammary tumor in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19, 450-453.

Bangoura, B., M. A. I. Bhuiya and M. Kilpatrick (2022) Eimeria infections in domestic and wild ruminants with reference to control options in domestic ruminants. Parasitology Research 121(8) pp. 2207-2232.

Bangoura, B., M. A. I. Bhuiya and M. Kilpatrick (2022) Eimeria infections in domestic and wild ruminants with reference to control options in domestic ruminants. Parasitology Research 121 (8) pp. 2207-2232.

Barberá, R., R. Farré and M. J. Roig (1990) Evaluation of method of estimating cadmium and lead in vegetables by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anales de Bromatología, 42, 345-352.

Barbieri, E. S., D. V. Rodríguez, R. E. Marin, W. Setti, S. Romero, M. Barrandeguy and V. Parreño (2014) Serological survey of antibodies against viral diseases of public health interest in llamas (Lama glama) from Jujuy province, Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 46, 53-57.

Barker, W. H., T. H. Witte, C. J. Driver, P. Jull, C. E. Whitehead and H. A. Volk (2015) Dorsal laminectomy for treatment of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in an alpaca. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 246, 1122-8.

Barlough, J. E., J. E. Madigan, V. L. Kramer, J. R. Clover, L. T. Hui, J. P. Webb and L. K. Vredevoe (1997) Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2018-2021.

Barlow, A. M., K. A. Mitchell and K. H. Visram (1999) Bovine tuberculosis in llama (Lama glama) in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 639-640.

Barnett, J. E. F., G. D. Preston, L. M. Steele, L. M. Gibbons, S. F. E. Scholes, A. Schock and R. J. Higgins (2008) Parasite-induced leucomyelopathy in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 163, 516-517.

Barone, D. and F. Guarda (2014) Immunology of camel, alpaca and llama. Summa, Animali da Reddito, 9, 42-46.

Barr, B. S., O. Seco, J. Axon, M. M. Sleeper and A. N. Baird (2001) Successful treatment of pericarditis in a pregnant llama. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 11, 287-291.

Barraza, D. E., L. M. Sari, S. A. Apichela, M. H. Ratto and M. E. Argañaraz (2021) New insights into the role of β-NGF/TrKA system in the endometrium of alpacas during early pregnancy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (January).

Barreto, R. (2008) Blurred Boundaries: Julieta Campos's Theory and Practice in "Tiene los cabellos rojizos y se llama Sabina". Letras Femeninas, 34, 31-44 ST - Blurred Boundaries: Julieta Campos's Theory and Practice in "Tiene los cabellos rojizos y se llama Sabina".

Barrington, G. M., T. F. Meyer and S. M. Parish (1993) Standing castration of the llama using butorphanol tartrate and local anesthesia. Equine Practice, 15, 35-39.

---------------------- and S. M. Parish (1995) Tick paralysis in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207, 476-477.

-----------------------, S. M. Parish, J. W. Tyler, D. G. Pugh and D. E. Anderson (1997) Chronic weight loss in an immunodeficient adult llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 294-298.

-------------------------- (2013) Biosecurity In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health, pp. 1-5.

Bártová, E., K. Kobédová, J. Lamka, R. Kotrba, R. Vodička and K. Sedlák (2017) Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the Czech Republic. Parasitology Research, 116, 1925-1929.

Basso W, E. Sollberger, G. Schares, S. Küker, F. Ardüser, G. Moore-Jones, et al. (2020) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in south American camelids in Switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis Parasites and Vectors. 13 (256) (14 May).

Bastres, M. C., N. Sakabe, J. Yasuda and K. Too (1989) Electrocardiogram studies in llamas. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 37, 85-95.

Bates, P., P. Duff, R. Windsor, J. Devoy, A. Otter and M. Sharp (2001) Mange mite species affecting camelids in the UK. Veterinary Record, 149, 463-464.

Baud, L. G., M. A. Manning, H. L. Arkless, T. C. Stephens and W. P. Unsworth (2016) Ring expansion approach to medium-sized lactams and analysis of their medicinal lead-like properties. Chemistry.

Baum, K. and E. Sharpnack.(1992) Llama lletters. vi + 125 pp. Sydney South, NSW 2000: Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, Suite 93 Lincoln House, 280 Pitt Street.

Baum, K. H. (1994) Neurologic diseases of llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 383-390.

Baumgärtner, W., A. Zajac, B. L. Hull, F. Andrews and F. Garry (1985) Parelaphostrongylosis in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187, 1243-1245.

Beard, L. J. C. (2000) NAVIGATING THE METAFICTIONAL TEXT: JULIETA CAMPOS' "TIENE LOS CABELLOS ROJIZOS Y SE LLAMA SABINA". Hispanófila, 45-58.

Beattie, L.(1998) Making the most of your llama. Kalama, WA: Kopacetic inK.

Bechert, U. S. and B. B. Smith (1996) Serum macro and micro element concentrations in the llama. Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, 3, 119-127.

Beck, W. (2014) Treatment of Sarcoptes mange in Llamas and Alpacas. Tierärztliche Umschau, 69, 185-190.

Bedenice, D. (2009) Approach to the critically ill camelid. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 407-421.

-----------------, M. R. Mazan, H. Kuehn and A. M. Hoffman (2002) Diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16, 603-606.

----------------& C. E. Whitehead (2016) A systematic approach to the neurological examination of llamas and alpacas. Livestock, 21, 308-313.

--------------- and C. E. Whitehead (2016) Documented neurological diseases in camelids. Livestock, 21, 376-382.

---------------, J. Resnick-Sousa, L. Bookbinder, V. Trautwein, H. N. Creasey, G. Widmer G (2022)  The association between fecal microbiota, age and endoparasitism in adult alpacas. PLoS One. Aug 25; 17 (8) .

Bedford, S. J., M. Hawes, M. R. Paradis, J. D. Mort and K. Hinrichs (1996) Peritonitis associated with passage of the placenta into the abdominal cavity in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1914-1916.

Behar, G., P. Chames, I. Teulon, A. Cornillon, F. Alshoukr, F. Roquet, M. Pugnière, J. L. Teillaud, A. Gruaz-Guyon, A. Pèlegrin and D. Baty (2009) Llama single-domain antibodies directed against nonconventional epitopes of tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen absent from nonspecific cross-reacting antigen. FEBS Journal, 276, 4305-4317.

Beier, E. (1999) Oral pharmacokinetic and clinical efficacy profiles of fenbendazole in Llamas, South American Camelids.

-----------, III, T. W. Lehenbauer and S. Sangiah (2000) Clinical efficacy of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal parasites in llamas. Small Ruminant Research, 36, 17-23.

-----------, T. W. Lehenbauer and S. Subbiah (2000) Oral pharmacokinetics of fenbendazole in llamas, South American Camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 37, 209-214.

Belknap, E. B. (1994) Medical problems of llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 291-307.

-----------------, J. K. Collins, R. S. Larsen and K. P. Conrad (2000) Bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 12, 568-570.

----------------- and R. W. Dunstan (1990) Congenital ichthyosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 764-767.

------------------, D. M. Getzy, L. W. Johnson, R. P. Ellis, G. L. Thompson and W. P. Shulaw (1994) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 1805-1808.

------------------, R. S. Larsen, C. Navarre, A. M. Heath and D. G. Pugh (2000) Complications of recumbency in New World camelids. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 22, S42-S47.

-------------------, A. R. Schmidt and C. L. Carleton (1990) Double cervices in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 1049-1053.

Belmar, B. (1994) Histologa del aparato genital tubular de hembra llama Chile: Universidad de Concepcion.

Bennett, J., A. Kennel and C. R. Stanhope (1998) Surgical correction of an acquired vaginal stricture in a llama, using a carbon-dioxide laser. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 1436-1437.

Bennett, M. M. and N. L. Richards (2015) Camelid wellness. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 255-80.

Bentancor, A. B., P. Halperin, M. Flores and F. Iribarren (2009) Antibody response to the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens following vaccination of Lama glama crias. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 624-627.

Berland, M. A., A. v. Baer, J. Ruiz, V. H. Parraguez, P. Morales, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2011) In vitro fertilization and development of cumulus oocytes complexes collected by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in superstimulated llamas. Theriogenology, 75, 1482-1488.

Bedenice, D., B. Avila and M. R. Paradis (2021) Comparative evaluation of clinical findings and prognostic outcome parameters in hospitalized, critically ill neonatal foals and crias. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 31 (5) pp. 619-628.

Bello, M., H. Aliyu, M. B. Usman, N. M. Sadiq and A. M. Abdussamad (2021) Bacteriology and cytology of the non-gravid one-humped camel genitalia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 13 (2) pp. 74-83.

Bernedo-Navarro, R. A., E. Romão, T. Yano, J. Pinto, H. De Greve, Y. G. Sterckx and S. Muyldermans (2018) Structural Basis for the Specific Neutralization of Stx2a with a Camelid Single Domain Antibody Fragment. Toxins (Basel), 10.

Bertin, F. R., J. M. Squires, J. E. Kritchevsky and S. D. Taylor (2015) Clinical findings and survival in 56 sick neonatal New World Camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29, 368-374.

---------------- and S. D. Taylor (2016) Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in 20 camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30, 1390-1395.

Bertuzzi, M. L., F. G. Fumuso, S. M. Giuliano, M. H. Miragaya, M. F. Gallelli, M. I. Carretero (2020) New protocol to separate llama sperm without enzymatic treatment using Androcoll‐E™. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 55 (9) pp.1154-62.

-----------------, F. G. Fumuso, D. M. Neild, M. Udaquiola, M. I. Carretero (2022)  Use of commercial extenders, with and without the addition of egg yolk, for cooling llama semen. Anim Reprod Sci. Dec; 247.

Aba (2022) Current knowledge about the processes of luteolysis and maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids. Reprod Domest Anim. Sep 23.

Bezek, D. and R. D. Walker (1997) Additional cause of mastitis in a llama [Streptococcus zooepidemicus]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 748.

Bezos Garrido, J. (2014) J. Bezos comments. Veterinary Record, 175, 23-24.

--------------------, B. Romero, A. Delgado, J. Álvarez, C. Casal, Á. Venteo, I. González, L. Domínguez and L. d. Juan (2014) Evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) herds under field conditions in Peru. Veterinary Record, 174, 532.

Bianchi, C. P., A. Meikle, M. A. Alvarez, M. A. Benavente, M. V. Cavilla, E. Rodríguez and M. A. Aba (2013) Oestrogen, progesterone and oxytocin receptors and COX-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples from the induction of ovulation to luteolysis in llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48, 681-690.

-----------------, A. Meikle, M. A. Benavente, M. A. Álvarez, V. L. Trasorras, M. H. Miragaya, E. RodrÃguez and M. A. Aba (2015) Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptors and COX-2 Expression in Endometrial Biopsy Samples During Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Llamas (Lama glama). Reprod Domest Anim, 50, 980-8.

------------------, A. Meikle, I. Sartore, F. González and M. A. Aba (2007) Uterine estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor during the follicular and luteal phase in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 99, 117-126.

------------------, L. Sahlin, A. Meikle, B. Masironi, M. V. Cavilla and M. A. Aba (2010) Endometrial population of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptors A and B during the different phases of the follicular wave of llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 872-880.

------------------,  C.  P., M. F. Gallelli, J. M. Herrera, M. A. Benavente, L. Rossetto, M. S. Biffin, T. E., D. L. Hopkins, R. D. Bush, E. Hall, M. A. Smith (2020) The effects of season and post-transport rest on alpaca (Vicunga pacos) meat quality Meat Sci. 2020;159:107935.

Bildfell, R., C. Yason, D. Haines and M. McGowan (1996) Herpesvirus encephalitis in a camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 27, 409-415.

-------------, P. Long and R. Sonn (2002) Cryptococcosis in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14, 337-339.

Binici, C., U. B. v. Konig and J. Weber (2021) Diagnosis of heptic diseases in ruminants and camelids with a special focus on sonographic examination. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 163 (6) pp. 397-408.

Bird, K. E., J. E. Parker, C. B. Andreasen, B. J. Watrous and J. R. Heidel (2004) Keratinizing ameloblastoma in a 9-month-old llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 16, 89-92.

Bishop, J. K. and L. G. Rickard (1987) Faecal survey of llamas (Lama glama) in Oregon: incidental recovery of Nematodirus battus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191, 1579-1581.

Black-Schultz, L. L., P. D. Hanson, D. G. Wilson and M. D. Markel (1993) Diaphragmatic hernia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202, 410-412.

Blanc, M. R., A. Anouassi, M. A. Abed, G. Tsikis, S. Canepa, V. Labas, M. Belghazi and G. Bruneau (2009) A one-step exclusion-binding procedure for the purification of functional heavy-chain and mammalian-type γ-globulins from camelid sera. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 54, 207-212.

Blanco Viera, J., F. Marcovecchio, N. Fondevila, B. Carrillo, A. Schudel, M. David, A. Torres and C. Mebus (1995) Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in the llama (Lama glama). Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 620-627.

------------------, E. L. Weber and B. J. Carrillo (2000) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. VI. Monitoring programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in Argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires), 81, 460-462.

Bligh, J., I. Baumann, J. Sumar and F. Pocco (1975) Studies of body temperature patterns in South American Camelidae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 50, 701-708.

Blykers, A., S. Schoonooghe, C. Xavier, K. D'hoe, D. Laoui, M. D'Huyvetter, I. Vaneycken, F. Cleeren, G. Bormans, J. Heemskerk, G. Raes, P. De Baetselier, T. Lahoutte, N. Devoogdt, J. A. Van Ginderachter and V. Caveliers (2015) PET Imaging of Macrophage Mannose Receptor-Expressing Macrophages in Tumor Stroma Using 18F-Radiolabeled Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments. J Nucl Med, 56, 1265-71.

Boileau, M. J., R. N. Streeter, D. L. Step and K. E. Washburn (2003) Colocolic intussusception in a 12-year-old llama. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 937-939.

Bolton, M. (2007) Counting llamas and accounting for people: livestock, land and citizens in southern Bolivia. Sociological Review, 55, 5-21.

Bonenberger, T. E., P. J. Ihrke, D. K. Naydan and V. K. Affolter (2001) Rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal BCG antibody. Veterinary Dermatology, 12, 41-47.

Boon, J. A., A. P. Knight and D. H. Moore (1994) Llama cardiology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 353-370.

Borkowski, R., P. A. Moore and S. Mumford (2007) Adaptations of Subpalpebral Lavage Systems Used for Llamas (Lama glama) and a Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38, 453-459.

Borkowski, R., P. A. Moore, S. Mumford and S. Carastro (2007) Adaptations of subpalpebral lavage systems used for llamas (Lama glama) and a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38, 453-459.

Bornstein, S. and K. d. Verdier (2010) Some important ectoparasites of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama). Journal of Camelid Science, 3, 49-61.

------------(2010) The South American camelids. Svensk Veterinärtidning, 62, 37-42.

Boruah, B. M., D. Liu, D. Ye, T. Gu, C. Jiang, M. Qu, E. Wright, W. Wang, W. He, C. Liu and B. Gao (2013) Single domain antibody multimers confer protection against Rabies infection. PLoS ONE, 8, e71383.

Böswald, L., B. Dobenecker, M. Lücht, C. Gohl and E. Kienzle (2021) A pilot study on dietary and faecal calcium/phosphorus ratios in different types of captive ruminating herbivores. Veterinary Medicine and Science 8 (1) pp. 349-356.

Bourke, D . (1992) Ultrasonography as an aid to controlled breeding in the llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 130, 424-428.

-------------, C. L. Adam and C. E. Kyle (1990) Successful pregnancy following non-surgical embryo transfer in llamas. Veterinary Record, 127, 580.

-------------, C. L. Adam, C. E. Kyle, P. Young and T. G. McEvoy.(1992) Superovulation and embryo transfer in the llama. 183-185. Newmarket: R and W Publications.

-------------, C. E. Kyle, T. G. McEvoy, P. Young and C. L. Adam (1995) Superovulatory responses to eCG in llamas (Lama glama). Theriogenology, 44, 255-268.

Bouts, T. and C. Oura. 2009. Developing a vaccination plan and serological responses of BTV-8 vaccinated zoo animals. 3-6. Berlin: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research.

Bozorgmanesh, R., K. G. Magdesian, K. E. Estell, J. A. Stern, E. A. Swain and L. G. Griffiths (2016) Atrial Fibrillation in Eight New World Camelids. J Vet Intern Med, 30, 335-8.

Bradbury, L. (2008) Field anaesthesia in camelids. In Practice, 30, 460-463.

Braga L, W. (1993) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in abscesses of adult alpacas and llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Pecuarias, 6, 128-131.

Braga, W. U. (2007) Protection in alpacas against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis using different bacterial components. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 297-303.

---------------, A. E. Chavera and A. E. González (2006) Clinical, humoral, and pathologic findings in adult alpacas with experimentally induced Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67, 1570-1574.

Brahm, E., S. Buntenkotter and W. Simanowski. 1973. [Poisoning of llamas, alpacas, goats and wolves by Ericaceae at Dortmund zoo]. 125-130. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Brakel, A. (1994) MI LLAMA ES. Chiricú, 7, 59-59.

Braunitzer, G., B. Schrank and A. Stangl (1977) Sequence of alpha chains of the haemoglobins of swine and llama. (Aspects of respiration at high altitude.). Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 358, 409-412.

-----------------, B. Schrank, A. Stangl and C. Bauer (1977) Regulation of respiration at high altitude and its molecular interpretation: sequence of beta chains of haemoglobins of swine and llama. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 358, 921-925.

Bravo, P. W. (1978) Haemoglobins. XXII. Phosphate-protein interaction and respiration in llama, human fetus, and horse. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 359, 547-558.

-----------------(1992) Pituitary response to repeated copulation and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in llamas and alpacas. Biology of Reproduction, 47, 884-888.

----------------(1993) Ovarian and endocrine patterns associated with reproductive abnormalities in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202, 268-272.

----------------(1994) Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 265-279.

---------------, M. Ccallo and J. Garnica (2000) The effect of enzymes on semen viscosity in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 38, 91-95.

---------------, M. E. Fowler and B. L. Lasley (1994) The postpartum llama: fertility after parturition. Biology of Reproduction, 51, 1084-1087.

---------------, M. E. Fowler, G. H. Stabenfeldt and B. Lasley (1990) Endocrine responses in the llama to copulation. Theriogenology, 33, 891-899.

---------------, M. E. Fowler, G. H. Stabenfeldt and B. Lasley (1990) Ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama. Biology of Reproduction, 43, 579-585.

---------------, G. H. Stabenfeldt, M. E. Fowler and B. L. Lasley (1991) Urinary steroids in the periparturient and postpartum periods through early pregnancy in llamas. Theriogenology, 36, 267-278.

--------------- and J. Sumar (1991) Evaluation of intra-abdominal vasectomy in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 1164-1169.

---------------, B. L. Lasley and M. E. Fowler (1995) Resumption of ovarian follicular activity and uterine involution in the postpartum llama. Theriogenology, 44, 783-791----------------, T. Tsutsui and B. L. Lasley (1995) Dose response to equine chorionic gonadotropin and subsequent ovulation in llamas. Small Ruminant Research, 18, 157-163.

---------------, P. W., D. R. Stewart, B. L. Lasley and M. E. Fowler (1996) Hormonal indicators of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 2027-2030.

---------------, J. Garnica and M. E. Fowler (1997) Immunoglobulin G concentrations in periparturient llamas, alpacas and their crias. Small Ruminant Research, 26, 145-149.

------------ (2013) Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology in the Male in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 150-161.

------------- (2013) Artificial Insemination of Llamas and Alpacas in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 310-315.

Bridges, V. E., B. J. McCluskey, M. D. Salman, H. S. Hurd and J. Dick (1997) Review of the 1995 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 556-560.

Brightman, A. H., S. A. McLaughlin and V. Brumley (1981) Keratoconjunctivitis in a llama. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, 76, 1776-1777.

Broadbent, B. (2018) Testing for TB in camelids. Veterinary Record, 183, 301.

Brogliatti, G. M., A. T. Palasz and G. P. Adams (1996) Ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration and oocyte collection in llamas (Lama glama). Theriogenology, 45, 249.

--------------------, A. T. Palasz, H. Rodriguez-Martinez, R. J. Mapletoft and G. P. Adams (2000) Transvaginal collection and ultrastructure of llama (Lama glama) oocytes. Theriogenology, 54, 1269-1279.

Brolin-Schlanger, L. (2003) Prevalence of external parasites in alpacas and llamas in Andean Ecuador. Minor Field Studies - International Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 24 pp.

Brooks, K., G. Burns and T. E. Spencer (2015) Biological Roles of Hydroxysteroid (11-Beta) Dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1), HSD11B2, and Glucocorticoid Receptor (NR3C1) in Sheep Conceptus Elongation. Biol Reprod, 93, 38.

Broom, D. M. (2021) Welfare of deer, camelids and ostriches. Wallingford, CABI: 369-370.

Broughan, J. M., S. H. Downs, T. R. Crawshaw, P. A. Upton, J. Brewer and R. S. Clifton-Hadley (2013) Mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species. Part 1: Review of epidemiology and laboratory submissions in Great Britain 2004-2010. Veterinary Journal, 198, 339-345.

---------------------, K. A. Harris, A. Brouwer, S. H. Downs, A. V. Goodchild, P. A. Upton and N. H. Smith (2015) Bovine TB infection status in cattle in Great Britain in 2013. Veterinary Record, 176, 326-330.

Brounts, S. H., M. Racette and P. Muir (2011) Comparison of fixation methods for treatment of long bone fractures in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Surgery, 40, 115-119.

Brown, C. J. (1994) Castration of llamas. Veterinary Record, 134, 659-660.

Brown, R. A. l. (2006) Unusual findings in a Ilama. Veterinary Record, 159, 755-756.

Brown, R. J. and J. Hardman (1973) Hydrocephalus in a newborn llama. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 9, 146-147.

Brown, T. T., Jr., H. E. Jordan and C. N. Demorest (1978) Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis in llamas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 14, 441-444.

Buchenauer, D., G. v. Putten, H. H. Sambraus and K. Zeeb.(1998) Current research into animal welfare and livestock production 1997. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference of Applied Ethology for Livestock, German Veterinary Society, Behavioural Research Group. Freiburg/Breisgau, Germany, 4-6 December 1997. 0-186 pp. Darmstadt: KTBL Kuratorium fur Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft.

Bunch, T. D., W. C. Foote and A. Maciulis (1985) Chromosome banding pattern homologies and NORs for the Bactrian camel, guanaco and llama. Journal of Heredity, 76, 115-118.

Bürgel, H., G. Erhardt and M. Gauly. (2001) Cryopreservation of llama (Lama glama) spermatozoa with an egg-yolk-free extender. 90-93. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Burger, P. A. (2016) The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics. Trop Anim Health Prod, 48, 905-13.

Burke, R. L. (1990) The llama figurine in Andean prehistory : analysis of llama figurines from the Callejon de Huaylas, Peru.

Burkhardt, J. E., E. B. Janovitz, T. L. Bowersock and R. Higgins (1993) Septicemic Enterococcus infection in an adult llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 106-109.

Burkholder, T. H., J. Jensen, H. Chen, K. Junkins, J. Chatfield and D. Boothe (2004) Plasma Evaluation for Ivermectin in Llamas (Lama glama) after Standard Subcutaneous Dosing. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 35, 395-396.

Burneo, J. J. d. L., M. L. d. V. Ruiz, M. A. Capo Marti and E. F. Llama Hurtado (1987) Study of the N-methylpiperidine derivative as a therapeutic agent in the convulsive manifestations of Cistus ladaniferus intoxication. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 138, 971-973.

Burri, I. H., J. Martig, H. Sager, A. Liesegang and M. Meylan (2005) South American camelids in Switzerland. I. Population, management and health problems. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 147, 325-334.

--------------, I. H., P. Tschudi, J. Martig, A. Liesegang and M. Meylan (2005) South American camelids in Switzerland. II. Reference values for blood parameters. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 147, 335-343.

Bussy, M. and P. Zanolari (2014) Current situation of South American camelids attitude in Switzerland. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10, 11-15.

Bustamante, A. V., M. L. Maté, A. Zambelli and L. Vidal-Rioja (2003) Isolation and characterization of 10 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite markers for llama and guanaco. Molecular Ecology Notes, 3, 68-69.

-----------------------, A. Zambelli, D. A. d. Lamo, J. v. Thungen and L. Vidal-Rioja (2002) Genetic variability of guanaco and llama populations in Argentina. Small Ruminant Research, 44, 97-101.

----------------------, A. Zambelli and L. Vidal-Rioja (1999) Analysis of genetic variation in llama (Lama glama) by RAPD markers. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 271-273.

Butkiewicz, C. D. L. F. Shubitz, D. E. Nix (2022) A preliminary study of the plasma concentrations of orally administered fluconazole in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). J Vet Pharmacol Ther.  Jan; 45 (1)  99-106.

Butt, M. T., A. Weldon, D. Step, A. d. Lahunta and C. R. Huxtable (1991) Encephalitic listeriosis in two adult llamas (Lama glama) pp. clinical presentations, lesions and immunofluorescence of Listeria monocytogenes in brainstem lesions. Cornell Veterinarian, 81, 251-258.

Butt, T. D., D. G. MacDonald and W. H. Crawford (2001) Persistent right aortic arch in a mature Ilama. Veterinary Record, 148, 118-119.

Byers, S. R., J. A. Cary and K. D. Farnsworth (2009) Comparison of endotracheal intubation techniques in llamas. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50, 745-749.

--------------, S. M. Parish, S. P. Holmes, S. L. Donahoe and G. M. Barrington (2007) A fungal granuloma of the frontal sinus in a llama. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 939-941.

C

Cabrera, R., A. López, S. Morales, H. Salazar and A. M. Fuentes (2000) Permanent fistulation and cannulation of compartment 1 (rumen) of the llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 32, 131-138.

Cafrune, M. M., D. H. Aguirre and L. G. Rickard (1999) Recovery of Trichuris tenuis Chandler, 1930, from camelids (Lama glama and Vicugna vicugna) in Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 85, 961-962.

------------(2001) First report of Lamanema chavezi (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in llamas (Lama glama) from Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 97, 165-168.

Cafrune, M. M., R. E. Marín, F. A. Rigalt, S. R. Romero and D. H. Aguirre (2009) Lamanema chavezi (Nematoda: Molineidae) pp. epidemiological data of the infection in South American camelids of Northwest Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 166, 321-325.

------------(2009) Prevalence of Eimeria macusaniensis and Eimeria ivitaensis in South American camelids of Northwest Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 162, 338-341.

Calpe, S., A. C. Correia, M. e. C. Sancho-Serra and K. K. Krishnadath (2016) Comparison of newly developed anti-bone morphogenetic protein 4 llama-derived antibodies with commercially available BMP4 inhibitors. MAbs, 8, 678-88.

Calpe, S., K. Wagner, M. El Khattabi, L. Rutten, C. Zimberlin, E. Dolk, C. T. Verrips, J. P. Medema, H. Spits and K. K. Krishnadath (2015) Effective Inhibition of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Function by Highly Specific Llama-Derived Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther, 14, 2527-40.

Cambre, R. C. (1984). Congenital anomalies in a zoo llama herd. Proceedings of conference, pp. 110-111.

Camenzind, D. (2005) Accumulation of actinomycosis in a llama herd in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 147, 351-356.

Campbell, A. J., L. K. Pearson, T. E. Spencer and A. Tibary (2015) Double ovulation and occurrence of twinning in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Theriogenology, 84, 421-4.

------------------- and A. Tibary (2017) Infertility of female and male camelids. Clinical Theriogenology, 9, 311-319.

Campero, J. R. (2004) Camelids in South America. Lama (Lama pacos) production systems in Bolivia. 145-158. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

Campo, M. R. D., C. H. D. Campo, M. X. Donoso, M. Berland and R. J. Mapletoft (1994) In vitro fertilization and development of llama (Lama glama) oocytes using epididymal spermatozoa and oviductal cell co-culture. Theriogenology, 41, 1219-1229.

---------------------, C. H. D. Campo and O. J. Ginther (1996) Vascular provisions for a local utero-ovarian cross-over pathway in New World camelids. Theriogenology, 46, 983-991.

---------------------, C. H. D. Campo, R. J. Mapletoft and O. J. Ginther (1995) Morphology and location of attached follicular cumulus-oocyte complexes in horses, cattle and llamas. Theriogenology, 43, 533-542.

Cañal, V. and M. O. Beltrame (2022) Gastrointestinal parasite diversity of South American camelids (Artiodactyla: Camelidae): First review throughout the native range of distribution. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.  Oct 26; 19, 222-242.

Canaza-Cayo, A. W., T. Huanca, J. P. Gutiérrez and P. A. Beltrán (2015) Modelling of growth curves and estimation of genetic parameters for growth curve parameters in Peruvian young llamas (Lama glama). Small Ruminant Research, 130, 81-89.

Cancino, A. K., J. F. Aller, G. Rebuffi and R. H. Alberio (2011) Control of ovarian follicular dynamics in early postpartum llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Zootecnia, 60, 1009-1020.

Candia A, M., M. E. Rodriguez R and E. Orellana G (1986) Haematological study on llamas in the I region of Chile. IDESIA, 10, 35-37.

Cano Z, L., R. Rosadio A, L. Maturrano H, R. Dávalos R and J. C. Wheeler (2012) Phenotypic characterization and mitocondrial DNA analysis of Marcapomacocha llamas, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 23, 388-398.

Cantisani, A., L. Napolitano, M. G. Giuffrida and A. Conti (1990) Direct identification and characterization of llama (Lama glama L.) whey proteins by microsequencing after Western blotting. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 21, 227-236.

Card, C. S. (1992) Report of the Committee on infectious disease of cattle, bison and llama. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 96, 61-70.

--------------(1993) Report of the committee on infectious disease of cattle, bison and llama. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 97, 171-185.

Cardellino, R., A. Rosati and C. Mosconi. (2005) FAO-ICAR Seminar on Camelids. Current status of genetic resources, recording and production systems in African, Asian and American Camelids, Sousse, Tunisia, 30 May, 2004. b + 166 pp. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

-----------------(2005) Main conclusions of the seminar. 165-166. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

Cardeti, G., A. Brozzi, C. Eleni, N. Polici, G. D'Alterio, F. Carletti, M. T. Scicluna, C. Castilletti, M. R. Capobianchi, A. d. Caro, G. L. Autorino and D. Amaddeo (2011) Cowpox virus in Llama, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 1513-1515.

Cardozo, A. (1979) Bibliography of South American llamas. 53pp. La Paz: Policrom.

Carletti, T., M. Martin, S. Romero, D. A. Morrison, G. Marcoppido, M. Florin-Christensen and L. Schnittger (2013) Molecular identification of Sarcocystis aucheniae as the macrocyst-forming parasite of llamas. Veterinary Parasitology, 198, 396-400.

Carmean, B. R., K. A. Johnson, D. E. Johnson and L. W. Johnson (1992) Maintenance energy requirement of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1696-1698.

Carmen Aguilar, J. (1999) Supplementation of alfalfa hay and ensilage to increase live weight in male Ancuta Llamas. Ph.D. thesis Technical University of Oruro https://www.worldcat.org/title/supplementation-of-alfalfa-hay-and-ensilage-to-increase-live-weight-in-male-ancuta-llamas/oclc/738527651?referer=list_view

Carnero, S., W. Huanca L, A. Cordero R, M. Vásquez E and T. Huanca M (2011) Embryo transfer ipsilateral and contralateral to the position of the corpus luteum and embryo survival in Llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 22, 114-120.

Carney, K. R., E. C. McKenzie, C. A. Mosley and M. E. Payton (2011) Evaluation of the effect of hetastarch and lactated Ringer's solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 238, 768-772.

Carpenter, E. M., D. A. Hendrickson and D. E. Anderson (2000) Laparoscopic ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, 16, 363-375.

Carrasco, R. A., S. Jaswant and G. P. Adams (2018) Distribution and morphology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus of an induced ovulator - the llama (Lama glama). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 263, 43-50.

--------------------(2018) The relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone and ovulation inducing factor/nerve growth factor receptors in the hypothalamus of the llama. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 16, 83.

-------------------, J. Singh and G. P. Adams (2018) Distribution and morphology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus of an induced ovulator - The llama (Lama glama). Gen Comp Endocrinol, 263, 43-50.

Carrasco, R. A., M. H. Ratto and G. P. Adams (2021) Differential effects of estradiol on reproductive function in camelids. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (February).

--------------------, R.A., K. D. Hutt, C. M. McKenzie, G. P. Adams (2022) Granulosa cell tumour in a llama (Lama glama). Reprod Domest Anim. Nov 17. Clarke, L. L. and R. M. Breuer (2022) Postmortem diagnoses in South American camelids and factors influencing diagnostic rate in the upper midwest USA, 2009-2019 Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 34 (4) pp. 727-732.

Carretero, M. I. (2011) Evaluation of llama sperm chromatin preserved using different methods of conservation. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 19, 23-26.

-------------------, F. G. Fumuso, D. M. Neild, S. M. Giuliano, P. Cetica and M. H. Miragaya (2015) Evaluation of the acrosomal status in Lama glama sperm incubated with acrosome reaction inducers. Anim Reprod Sci, 160, 1-11.

-------------------, S. M. Giuliano, C. C. Arraztoa, R. C. Santa Cruz, F. G. Fumuso and D. M. Neild (2016) Comparison of two cooling protocols for llama semen: with and without collagenase and seminal plasma in the medium. Andrologia.

-------------------, S. M. Giuliano, C. I. Casaretto, M. C. Gambarotta and D. M. Neild (2012) Evaluation of the effect of cooling and of the addition of collagenase on llama sperm DNA using toluidine blue. Andrologia, 44, 239-247.

--------------------, M. Miragaya, M. G. Chaves, M. Gambarotta and A. Agüero (2010) Embryo production in superstimulated llamas pre-treated to inhibit follicular growth. Small Ruminant Research, 88, 32-37.

Carrillo, B. J., J. F. Blanco Viera and E. Laura Weber (1999) The [Argentinian] bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie monitoring programme. Veterinaria Argentina, 16, 361-362.

Carrizo, A., B. Brihuega, I. Etchechoury, A. Arese, S. Romero, A. Gioffré, M. I. Romano and K. Caimi (2009) Identification of immunoreactive antigens of Leptospira interrogans. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 41, 129-133.

Carroll, G. L., D. M. Boothe, S. M. Hartsfield, E. A. Martinez, A. C. Spann and A. Hernandez (2001) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol in llamas after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219, 1263-1267.

Cartajena, I. L. (2009) Explorando la variabilidad morfométrica del conjunto de camélidos pequeños durante el arcaico tardío y el formativo temprano en quebrada tulán, norte de chile Revista Del Museo De Antropología 2:199–214. https://doi.org/10.31048/1852.4826.v2.n1.5418.

Cartajena, I. L. and M. Grosjean (2007) Camelid domestication on the western slope of the puna the Atacama, northern Chile Anthropozoologica 42 ,155173.

Cartajena, I. L, P. López, P. Santander (2019) Discarding practices among early herders on the western watershed of the Puna de Atacama, Chile (ca. 3000 - 2300 cal BP) In: Peters J, McGlynn G, editors. Documenta Archaeobiologiae. VML Verlag Marie Leidorf. pp. 61–80.

Cartwright, M. E., A. E. McChesney and R. L. Jones (1987) Vaccination-related anthrax in three llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191, 715-716.

Casaretto, C., D. M. Lombardo, S. Giuliano, M. Gambarotta, M. I. Carretero and M. H. Miragaya (2012) Morphometric analysis of llama (Lama glama) sperm head. Andrologia, 44, 424-430.

Castilla, D., V. Escobar, S. Ynga, L. Llanco, A. Manchego, C. Lázaro, D. Navarro, N. Santos and M. Rojas (2021) Enteric viral infections among domesticated South American camelids: first detection of mammalian orthoreovirus in camelids. Animals 11 (5).

Castro, A. N. C., M. D. Ghezzi, M. T. Domínguez, M. C. Lupidio, S. A. Gómez and R. H. Alzola (2009) Conformation and anatomical relations of the liver of llama (Lama glama). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 38, 108-111.

-------------------, M. C. Díaz, G. J. Mendoza Torres, B. Moreno Burgos, C. Zanuzzi, M. C. Illia, P. A. Lendez, J. Carril, M. D. Ghezzi, J. J. Bodiola Diez and C. G. Barbeito (2021) Patterns of proliferation and cell differentiation during hepatic ontogeny in the alpaca. Tissue and Cell 71.

Caulkett, N. (2003) Anesthesia of ruminants. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 3, 1-6.

Cavalcanti, S. M. C. and F. F. Knowlton (1998) Evaluation of physical and behavioral traits of llamas associated with aggressiveness toward sheep-threatening canids. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 61, 143-158.

Cavilla, M. V., C. P. Bianchi and M. A. Aba (2010) Oestradiol-17β plasma concentrations after intramuscular injection of oestradiol benzoate or oestradiol cypionate in llamas (Lama glama). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52, (11 February 2010).

-------------------, C. P. Bianchi, F. Aguilera, M. Hermida and M. A. Aba (2016) Hormonal changes and follicular activity after treatment with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices in llamas. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51, 930-939.

--------------------- C. P. Bianchi, C. Maistruarena and M. A. Aba (2013) Ultrasonographic and endocrine characterization of follicular waves in llamas with a special reference to the overlapping phenomenon during successive waves. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48, 923-930.

Cebra, C. K. (2000) Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity in 6 neonatal llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217, 1701-1704.

------------------(2004) Assessment of the metabolic effects of hydrocortisone on llamas before and after feed restriction. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 1002-1005.

-----------------(2005) Evaluation of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in llama crias. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 1013-1017.

-----------------(2007) Diarrhea in llama and alpaca crias. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  pp. 170-173. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

-----------------(2007) Internal parasites in llamas and alpacas: importance and detection methods. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 251-252.

-----------------(2007) Uterine torsion in llamas and alpacas. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  Pp. 174-175.

---------------- (2009) Disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 339-352.

----------------- and Cebra, M. L. (1999) Gastrointestinal causes of colic in new world camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 171-176.

-----------------, M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry and E. B. Belknap (1996) Forestomach acidosis in six New World camelids. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 901-904.

-----------------, M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry and L. W. Johnson (1997) Surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in New World camelids: 20 cases (1990-1996). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 600-602.

-----------------, M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry, R. S. Larsen and G. M. Baxter (1998) Acute gastrointestinal disease in 27 New World camelids: clinical and surgical findings. Veterinary Surgery, 27, 112-121.

-----------------, F. B. Garry, B. E. and Cebra, M. L. (1996) Tick paralysis in eight New World camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 91, 673-676.

-----------------, F. B. Garry, B. E., Powers and Johnson, L. W. (1995) Lymphosarcoma in 10 New World Camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 9, 381-385.

-----------------, J. R. Heidel, M. L. Cebra, S. J. Tornquist and B. B. Smith (2000) Pathogenesis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1525-1529.

-----------------, D. E. Mattson, R. J. Baker, R. J. Sonn and P. L. Dearing (2003) Potential pathogens in faeces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhoea. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223, 1806-1808.

------------------ and B. V. Stang (2008) Comparison of methods to detect gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 733-741.

------------------ and S. J. Tornquist (2004) Assessment of the effects of epinephrine and insulin on plasma and serum biochemical variables in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 1692-1696.

-------------------, S. J. Tornquist, R. J. Bildfell and J. R. Heidel (2003) Bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without ulcers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 567-570.

--------------------, C. K., S. J. Tornquist, R. M. Jester and C. Stelletta (2004) Assessment of the effects of feed restriction and amino acid supplementation on glucose tolerance in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 996-1001.

----------------, S. J. Tornquist and S. K. Reed (2008) Collection and analysis of peritoneal fluid from healthy llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 1357-1361.

----------------, S. J. Tornquist, R. J. V. Saun and B. B. Smith (2001) Glucose tolerance testing in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 682-686.

----------------, B. A. Valentine, J. W. Schlipf, Jr., R. J. Bildfell, E. McKenzie, L. H. Waitt, J. R. Heidel, B. J. Cooper, C. V. Löhr, K. E. Bird, M. N. Saulez and A. M. Firshman (2007) Eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230, 94-100.

---------------, B. J. Watrous and M. L. Cebra (2002) Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 43, 359-366.

---------------, C. K. Cebra and F. B. Garry (1996) Tooth rot abscesses in New World camelids: 23 cases (1972-1994). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 819-822.

---------------, C. K. Cebra, F. B. Garry, J. A. Boon and E. C. Orton (1998) Atrioventricular Septal Defects in Three Llamas (Lama glama) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 29, 225-227.

------------------(2013) Disorders of the Skin in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 379-392.

------------- and David Sisson (2013) Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 393-421.

------------(2013) Diseases of the Respiratory Tract in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 421-436.

-----------(2013) Disorders of the Neurologic System and Special Senses in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 437-464.

-------------(2013) Disorders of the Urinary System in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 464-476.

--------------(2013) Disorders of the Digestive System in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 477-536.

--------------(2013) Hepatic, Pancreatic, and Metabolic Disorders in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 537-552.

--------------, C. K. Cebra, F. B. Garry, J. A. Boon, and E. C. Orton (1998) Atrioventricular Septal Defects in Three Llamas (Lama Glama) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29, no. 2, pp. 225-227.

Cecchi, R., G. L. D'Alterio, G. R. Pearson and A. P. Foster (2003) Retrospective histopathological study of some skin disorders of alpacas (Lama pacos). Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 179-183.

Cecchi, T., C. Cozzali, P. Passamonti, P. Ceccarelli, F. Pucciarelli, A. M. Gargiulo, E. N. Frank and C. Renieri (2004) Melanins and melanosomes from llama (Lama glama L.). Pigment Cell Research, 17, 307-311.

Celedón, M., A. Sandoval, J. Droguett, R. Calfio, L. Ascencio, J. Pizarro and C. Navarro (2001) Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 33, 165-172.

------------, J. Osorio and J. Pizarro (2006) Isolation and identification of pestiviruses in alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) introduced to the Región Metropolitana, Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 247-252.

Cepeda, C. P., C. Navarro and M. O. Celedón (2011) A serological survey of parainfluenza-3 virus in South American camelids from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 43, 177-179.

Ch, xe, V. vez, A. squez, xc, G. lvarez, xed, G. a, F. Collantes, E. ndez, E. Casas-Astos, A. Rosadio, R. ntara, M. Serrano, E. nez and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2004) First Report of Neospora caninum Infection in Adult Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and Llamas (Lama glama). The Journal of Parasitology, 90, 864-866.

Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, S., N. Ketchim, W. Surarith, M. Thongdee, P. Prompiram, K. Tonchiangsai, W. Tipkantha, W. Wiriyarat and W. Paungpin (2021) Serologic evidence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in camel and Eld's deer, Thailand. Veterinary World 14(10) pp. 2596-2601.

Chalkley, M. D., M. Kiupel and A. C. E. Draper (2014) Pituitary null cell Adenoma in a domestic llama (Lama glama). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 151, 51-56.

Chamorro, M. F., T. Passler, K. Joiner, R. H. Poppenga, J. Bayne and P. H. Walz (2013) Acute renal failure in 2 adult llamas after exposure to oak trees (Quercus spp.). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 54, 61-64.

Chandramohan, B., C. Renieri, V. La Manna and A. La Terza (2015) The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies. ScientificWorldJournal, 2015, 265751 ST - The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies.

Chang, C. D., T. R. Boosinger, P. M. Dowling, E. E. McRae, J. W. Tyler and D. G. Pugh (1993) Nocardiosis in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 631-634.

Chang H, K., A. Chávez V, O. Li E, N. Falcón P, E. Casas A and G. Casas V (2009) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in female llamas of the central highlands of Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 20, 306-311.

Chapman, S. and P. Dobbs (2015) The trials and tribulations of vicuña anaesthesia at Twycross Zoo. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society, 24pp.

Chatalic, K. L., J. Veldhoven-Zweistra, M. Bolkestein, S. Hoeben, G. A. Koning, O. C. Boerman, M. de Jong and W. M. van Weerden (2015) A Novel ¹¹¹In-Labeled Anti-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Nanobody for Targeted SPECT/CT Imaging of Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med, 56, 1094-9.

Chauvet, A. E., G. D. Shelton and B. J. Darien (1996) Vitamin E deficiency associated with myopathy in a llama. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 149-152.

Chaves, M. G., M. Aba, A. Agüero, J. Egey, V. Berestin and B. Rutter (2002) Ovarian follicular wave pattern and the effect of exogenous progesterone on follicular activity in non-mated llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 69, 37-46.

Chávez R, A., A. Sato S, M. Navarrete Z and J. Cisneros S (2010) Macroscopic anatomy of the mammary gland in the Ilama (Lama glama). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 21, 1-10.

Chávez-Velásquez, A., A. Aguado-Martínez, L. M. Ortega-Mora, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez, G. Casas-Velásquez, J. A. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria and G. Álvarez-García (2014) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum seroprevalences in domestic South American camelids of the Peruvian Andes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 1141-1147.

--------------------------, G. Álvarez-García, E. Collantes-Fernández, E. Casas-Astos, R. Rosadio-Alcántara, E. Serrano-Martínez and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2004) First report of Neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Parasitology, 90, 864-866.

--------------------------, G. Álvarez-García, M. Gómez-Bautista, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2005) Toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (Lama glama) and vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Peruvian Andean region. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 93-97.

Chavez, K. M.(1997) Llamas at home, on the range and in the therapist's chair : trends in the llama industry in Montana.

Chen E, M. and J. Culyba (2022) Pulling the wool over a pathogen's eyes: Llama nanobody inhibitors of the bacterial SOS response. Structure. Nov 3; 30 (11) 1467-1469.

Chen, J., Q. H. He, Y. Xu, J. H. Fu, Y. P. Li, Z. Tu, D. Wang, M. Shu, Y. L. Qiu, H. W. Yang and Y. Y. Liu (2016) Nanobody medicated immunoassay for ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarker alpha-fetoprotein. Talanta, 147, 523-30.

Chen, K. E., C. Chen, T. López, K. C. Radecki, K. Bustamante, M. Y. Lorenson, X. Ge and A. M. Walker (2018) Use of a novel camelid-inspired human antibody demonstrates the importance of MMP-14 to cancer stem cell function in the metastatic process. Oncotarget, 9, 29431-29444.

Chen, X., G. D. Li, Q. Y. Li, C. J. Hu, S. M. Qiu, Y. Jiang, C. L. Jiang, L. Han and X. S. Huang (2015) Enteractinococcus lamae sp. nov. and Enteractinococcus viverrae sp. nov., isolated from animal faeces. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 108, 1477-83.

Cheney, J. M. and G. T. Allen (1989) Parasitism in llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 217-225.

Chi, H., Y. Wang, E. Li, X. Wang, H. Wang, H. Jin, Q. Han, Z. Wang, X. Wang, A. Zhu, J. Sun, Z. Zhuang, L. Zhang, J. Ye, H. Wang, N. Feng, M. Hu, Y. Gao, J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, S. Yang and X. Xia (2022) Inactivated rabies virus vectored MERS-coronavirus vaccine induces protective immunity in mice, camels, and alpacas. Frontiers in Immunology 13 (January).

Chigerwe, M., J. R. Middleton, F. Williams, III, J. W. Tyler and J. M. Kreeger (2007) Atypical coccidiosis in South American camelids. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19, 122-125.

Chiodi, H. (1971) Comparative study of the blood gas transport in high altitude and sea level Camelidae and goats. Respiration Physiology, 11, 84-93.

Christensen, J. M., T. Limsakun, B. B. Smith, N. Hollingshead and M. Huber (2001) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 23-33.

-----------------J. M., B. B. Smith, S. B. Murdane and N. Hollingshead (1996) The disposition of five therapeutically important antimicrobial agents in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19, 431-438.

Christopher, M. M., E. B. Belknap, D. J. Meyer, M. N. Lackey and L. M. Vap (1996) Comparison of methods for sodium and potassium determination in llama urine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 25-30.

Chudoba, K., A. Dobicki, P. Nowakowski, R. Mordak and J. Twardoń (2002) Bio-park as a method of protecting natural pastures in the Sudety Mountains. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 20, 125-131.

Clarke, L. L. and R. M. Breuer (2022) Postmortem diagnoses in South American camelids and factors influencing diagnostic rate in the upper midwest USA, 2009-2019. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 34 (4) pp. 727-732.

Cİlek, S. (2009) Environmental factors affecting growth characteristics in purebred Arabian foals reared at Anadolu state farm in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 148-154.

Clauss, M., C. Lendl, P. Schramel and W. J. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

Clayton, H. M., P. F. Flood, D. Mandeville and C. Farrow.(1996) Color atlas of large animal applied anatomy. London: Mosby-Wolfe.

Clutton, E. and P. Pascoe (2003) Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists 27th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 10-11 October 2002. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 30, 100-120.

Coates, W. and R. Ayerza (2004) Fatty acid composition of llama muscle and internal fat in two Argentinian herds. Small Ruminant Research, 52, 231-238.

Cockcroft, P. D., L. E. Dornin, R. C. Lambert, J. Perry and M. P. Reichel (2015) Serological survey for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Neospora caninum in a population of South Australian alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Aust Vet J, 93, 476-8.

------------, I. Mackie, J. Perry, C. Caraguel, K. Townsend and M. P. Reichel (2016) Cross-sectional observational survey of serum biochemistry values in a population of 69 adult female alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in South Australia. Aust Vet J, 94, 125-6.

Cocquyt, C. M., S. Van Amstel, S. Cox, B. Rohrbach and T. Martín-Jiménez (2016) Pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in alpacas following administration of an oral or subcutaneous formulation. Res Vet Sci, 105, 160-4.

Codron, D., J. Codron, M. Sponheimer, J. A. Lee-Thorp, T. Robinson, C. C. Grant and D. d. Ruiter (2005) Assessing diet in savanna herbivores using stable carbon isotope ratios of faeces. Koedoe, 48, 115-124.

Cohen, J. (2018) Llama antibodies inspire gene spray to prevent all flus. Science, 362, 511.

Cohen, M., M. W. Bohling, J. C. Wright, E. A. Welles and J. S. Spano (2003) Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination: 269 cases (1999-2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 222, 964-967.

Cole, D. N. and D. R. Spildie (1998) Hiker, horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana, USA. Journal of Environmental Management, 53, 61-71.

Coleby, P. (2000) Natural goat and alpaca care. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Colomer, I., C. J. Empson, P. Craven, Z. Owen, R. G. Doveston, I. Churcher, S. P. Marsden and A. Nelson (2016) A divergent synthetic approach to diverse molecular scaffolds: assessment of lead-likeness using LLAMA, an open-access computational tool. Chem Commun (Camb), 52, 7209-12.

Colque, M. (2005) Digestibilidad aparente en llamas (Lama glama) alimentadas con (Stipa ichu) tratada con area y melaza en el C.E.A.C.

Conboy, G. A., T. D. O'Brien and D. L. Stevens (1988) A natural infection of Fascioloides magna in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Parasitology, 74, 345-346.

------------------, T. D. O'Brien and D. L. C. F. p. d. A. Stevens (1988) A Natural Infection of Fascioloides magna in a Llama (Lama glama). The Journal of Parasitology, 74, 345-346.

Concha-Albornoz, I. (2010) Anatomy of the osseous external acoustic meatus, middle ear and surrounding soft tissue in llamas (Lama glama). Oregon: Oregon State University.

------------------------- S. M. Stieger-Vanegas and C. K. Cebra (2012) Computed tomographic features of the osseous structures of the external acoustic meatus, tympanic cavity, and tympanic bulla of llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 42-52.

Conde, P. A., C. Herrera, V. L. Trasorras, S. M. Giuliano, A. Director, M. H. Miragaya, M. G. Chaves, M. I. Sarchi, D. Stivale, C. Quintans, A. Agüero, B. Rutter and S. Pasqualini (2008) In vitro production of llama (Lama glama) embryos by IVF and ICSI with fresh semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 109, 298-308.

Condorena, N., J. Sumar and V. Alarcón (1992) Gestation period in the llama (Lama glama). Turrialba, 42, 112-113.

Condori, G., C. Renieri, C. Ayala, T. Rodriguez and Z. Martínez. (2001) Study and characterization of meat production in llamas (Lama glama). 211-236. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Conrath, K. E., U. Wernery, S. Muyldermans and V. K. Nguyen (2003) Emergence and evolution of functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 27, 87-103.

-------------------, M. Peters and M. Beer (2013) Schmallenberg virus, a novel orthobunyavirus infection in ruminants in Europe: potential global impact and preventive measures. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 61, 63-67.

Conway, J. O., L. J. Sherwood, M. T. Collazo, J. A. Garza and A. Hayhurst (2010) Llama single domain antibodies specific for the 7 botulinum neurotoxin serotypes as heptaplex immunoreagents. PLoS ONE, e8818.

Cooney, L. M. (1987) Sampling Camelidae (genus Llama glama). Surveillance, New Zealand, 14, 5-6.

Corapi, W. V., K. B. Eden, J. F. Edwards and K. F. Snowden (2015) Heterobilharzia americana infection and congestive heart failure in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 52, 562-565.

Cornick, J. L. (1988) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma and fascioliasis in a llama. Cornell Veterinarian, 78, 235-241.

Corpa, J. M., F. Carvallo, M. L. Anderson, A. C. Nyaoke, J. D. Moore and F. A. Uzal (2018) Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia in alpacas: three cases and review of the literature. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30, 598-602.

Correa, J. E., M. H. Ratto and R. Gatica (1997) Superovulation in llamas (Lama glama) with pFSH and equine chorionic gonadotrophin used individually or in combination. Animal Reproduction Science, 46, 289-296.

---------------, M. H. Ratto, R. Ladrix and R. Gatica (1992) Pregnancy in a llama following embryo transfer. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 24, 113-115.

---------------, M. V. Ratto and R. Gatica (1994) Oestrous activity and ovarian response in llamas and alpacas treated with progesterone and gonadotropins. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 26, 59-64.

---------------, B. Zapata and M. Soto-Gamboa (2012) Gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 11-15.

Corrin, K. (1987) Llama drug trial alarming. Surveillance, New Zealand, 14, 7-8.

-------------& K. Burnett (1989) Alpacas and llamas [quarantine] at sea. Surveillance, New Zealand, 16, 21-23.

Costarella, C. E. and D. E. Anderson (1999) Ileocecocolic intussusception in a one-month-old llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 1672-1673.

Coster, M. E., J. A. Ramos-Vara, R. Vemulapalli, J. Stiles and S. G. Krohne (2010) Coccidioides posadasii keratouveitis in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13, 53-57.

Cotton, T. (2008) Infertility in male and female llamas. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. P. 294.

-------------(2008) Reproductive physiology of camelids, male and female. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. P. 285.

Coudé, B. (2017) Other minor species milk. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 579-594.

Coulton, M. A., A. J. Dart, S. A. McClintock and D. R. Hodgson (1997) Sporodesmin toxicosis in an alpaca. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75, 136-137.

Cox, R. (2016) Paddock Management Llama Link No. 47 (Autumn 2016), 10-16.

----------(2018) Llamas in the Media: Visual Representations of Llamas in Modern Media Llama Link No. 48 (Spring 2018), 8-11.

----------(2019) In Search of a Yankee Doodle Dandy Llama Link 46 (Autumn 2017), 9-11.

----------(2019) Learning to Juggle: Llama Nutritional Requirements and Feed Llama Link No. 44 (Winter 2019), 16-23.

---------- (2019) Bumpy, Lumpy Paddocks Llama Link, No. 47, 13, 12-13.

-----------(2019) A Potted History of Llamas in the UK Part 1 The Early Years – 19th Century Llama Link No. 54 (Spring 2019), 15-18.

-----------(2019) A Potted History of Llamas in the UK Part 2 The Early Years – 19th Century No. 34 (Summer 2019), 17-18.

-----------(2019) A Potted History of Llamas in the UK Part 3a – A New Dawn Llama Link No. 54 (Autumn 2019), 17-20.

-----------(2019) A Potted History of Llamas in the UK Part 3b Tansfer Llama Link No. 55 (Winter 2019/20), 11-13.

-----------(2020) Evolutionary Cycle in South America? Llama Link No. 59, (Winter, 20/21), 17-19

-----------(2021) The Future – Part Two- The Developed World Survival via Diversificaton and New Markets Llama Link No. 61’s (Summer, 20021), 12-18.

-----------(2022) Lactating Females and calcium Deficiency Llama Lines Spring 2022, p. 17-18.

-----------(2023) Smart as a Button or Daft as a Brush: Is Llama Intelligence all it’s cracked up to be: An Exploratory Analysis, Australian Llama Lines

-----------(2023) Llamas and Society: Past, Present and Future

-----------(2023) A Llama Owners’s Guide to Husbandry, Beahviour and Health Care

-----------(2023) Llamas: A Comprehensive Guide to and Bibliographical Listings of Information on All Things Llama – Academic, Practical and Fun 360pp

Cox, S., T. Martin-Jimenez, S. v. Amstel and T. Doherty (2011) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular tramadol in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34, 259-264.

Cremers, H. J. W. M. (1985) Chorioptes bovis (Acarina: Psoroptidae) in some camelids from Dutch zoos. Veterinary Quarterly, 7, 198-199.

Cristofanelli, S. (2005) Carcass characteristics of peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) reared in the Andean highlands. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 219-222.

-----------------(2016) Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Meat science.

-------------------, M. Antonini, D. Torres, P. Polidori and C. Renieri (2004) Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Meat Science, 66, 589-593.

------------------, I. Kraev, S. Lange S. (2020) Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)-Novel insights into camelid immunity Mol Immunol. 2020;117:37-53.

Cruz, A. (2015) Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in alpacas. Anim Reprod Sci, 163, 48-55.

Cruz, A., G. Gutiérrez, A. Burgos, R. Morante, M. Wurzinger and J. P. Gutiérrez (2021) Management software for pedigree and production of new world camelids: Pacokipu and Llamakipu Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 32 (4).

Cruz, R. S., S. M. Giuliano, M. C. Gambarotta, J. M. Morrell, M. C. Abraham, M. H. Miragaya and M. I. Carretero (2016) Comparison of differents methods of sperm selection of llama raw semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 173, 8-12.

Cruz-Izquierdo, Á., E. A. Picó, C. López, J. L. Serra and M. J. Llama (2014) Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) of Candida antarctica lipase: an efficient and stable biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis. PLoS ONE, 9, e115202.

Cueva, S. and H. Sillau (1972) [Relative weights of the right ventricle of the heart in alpacas and llamas at high altitude and at sea level]. Revista de Investigacioes Pecuarias, Peru, 1, 145-149.

Cuevas-Rodríguez, B. L., M. García-Ulloa, A. Hernández-Llamas, I. R. F. J. Valdez-González, A. Polanco-Torres and H. Rodríguez-González (2017) Evaluating quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) eggs and juveniles from different commercial hatcheries. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 45, 213-217.

Cui, Y., D. Li, C. Morisseau, J. X. Dong, J. Yang, D. Wan, M. A. Rossotti, S. J. Gee, G. G. González-Sapienza and B. D. Hammock (2015) Heavy chain single-domain antibodies to detect native human soluble epoxide hydrolase. Anal Bioanal Chem, 407, 7275-83.

Cullen, C. L. and B. H. Grahn (1997) Congenital glaucoma in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology, 7, 253-257.

Cummings, C. O., D. Bedenice, S. E. Wills, E. Rozanski, E. M. Greunz, A. K. H. Krogh and B. Wiinberg (2022) Whole blood thromboelastography in healthy adult camelids (Vicugna pacos and Camelus dromedarius) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 53 (1) pp. 133-140.

Cummings, J. F., J. F. Munnell and A. Vallenas (1971) The mucigenous gastric glands in the llama (Lama peruana) and guanaco (Lama guanacoe). Proceedings 19th World Veterinary Congress, Mexico City, 2, 554.

-------------------------------------------------------- (1972) The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 137, 71-110.

Curtis, C. F., S. J. Chappell and R. Last (2001) Concurrent sarcoptic and chorioptic acariosis in a British llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 149, 208-209.

D

D Alterio, G., T. Knowles, E. Eknaes, I. Loevland and A. Foster (2006) Postal survey of the population of South American camelids in the United Kingdom in 2000/01. Veterinary record, 158, 86.

---------------, C. Callaghan, C. Just, A. Manner-Smith, A. P. Foster and T. G. Knowles (2005) Prevalence of Chorioptes sp. mite infestation in alpaca (Lama pacos) in the south-west of England: implications for skin health. Small Ruminant Research, 57, 221-228.

Dadak, A. M., H. Asanger, A. Tichy and S. Franz (2013) Establishing an efficacious dose rate of monepantel for treating gastrointestinal nematodes in llamas under field conditions. Veterinary Record, 172, 155.

----------------, C. Wieser, A. Joachim and S. Franz (2013) Efficacy and safety of oral praziquantel against Dicrocoelium dendriticum in llamas. Veterinary Parasitology, 197, 122-125.

Daley, L. P., L. F. Gagliardo, M. S. Duffy, M. C. Smith and J. A. Appleton (2005) Application of monoclonal antibodies in functional and comparative investigations of heavy-chain immunoglobulins in New World camelids. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12, 380-386.

D'Alterio, G. L. and K. J. Bazeley (2003) Referral service for South American camelids at the University of Bristol Veterinary School: a review of cases between 1999 and 2002. Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 203-210.

------------(2003) Referral service for South American camelids at the University of Bristol Veterinary School: a review of cases from 1999 to 2002. Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 347.

------------, T. G. Knowles, E. I. Eknaes, I. E. Loevland and A. P. Foster (2006) Postal survey of the population of South American camelids in the United Kingdom in 2000/01. Veterinary Record, 158, 86-90.

Danquah, W. and F. Koch-Nolte (2013) Selection and characterization of llama-derived anti-P2X7 single domain antibodies. Hamburg: Staats- und Universit bibliothek Hamburg.

Danuser, R., H. R. Vogt, T. Kaufmann, E. Peterhans and R. Zanoni (2009) Seroprevalence and characterization of pestivirus infections in small ruminants and new world camelids in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 151, 109-117.

D'Apollonia, S. J., H. Meilby and M. Sørensen (2018) Ancient agropastoral system of the Bolivian Altiplano: a robust ecosystem endangered from changes in land-use. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 7, 70-90.

Dargatz, D. A. and L. W. Johnson (1987) Castrating the llama: a step-by-step guide. Veterinary Medicine, 82, 625-627.

Dart, A. J., H. Kinde, D. R. Hodgson, J. R. Peauroi, A. W. Selby, J. Maas and M. E. Fowler (1996) Serum α-tocopherol, vitamin A, and blood selenium concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in llamas fed alfalfa hay. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 689-692.

Dascanio, J. J. (2013) Breeding Soundness Examination of the Llama and Alpaca in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 188-193.

Daverio, M. S., Y. Lorenzo, F. Rigalt, L. Vidal-Rioja and F. d. Rocco (2014) Genetic diversity of GH1 and LEP genes in Argentine llama (Lama glama) populations. Small Ruminant Research, 120, 20-26.

-------------------, F. Rigalt, S. Romero, L. Vidal-Rioja and F. d. Rocco (2016) Polymorphisms in MC1R and ASIP genes and their association with coat color phenotypes in llamas (Lama glama). Small Ruminant Research, 144, 83-89.

David, D., D. Rotenberg, E. Khinich, O. Erster, S. Bardenstein, M. v. Straten, N. M. A. Okba, S. V. Raj, B. L. Haagmans, M. Miculitzki and I. Davidson (2018) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus specific antibodies in naturally exposed Israeli llamas, alpacas and camels. One Health, 5, 65-68.

David, M., A. Torres, C. Mebus, B. J. Carrillo, A. Schudel, N. Fondevilla, J. B. Viera and F. E. Marcovecchio (1993) Further studies on foot-and-mouth disease in the llama (Lama glama). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 97, 280-285.

Davies, H. (2005) Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in llama and alpaca fed barley and barley alfalfa forages.

Davies, H. L., T. F. Robinson, B. L. Roeder, M. E. Sharp, N. P. Johnston, A. C. Christensen and G. B. Schaalje (2007) Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) fed barley or barley alfalfa diets. Small Ruminant Research, 73, 1-7.

Davis, I. A., J. R. McGaffin and G. D. Kuchinka (1996) Intravenous catheterization of the external jugular vein in llamas. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 18, 330-335.

Davis, R., E. Keeble, A. Wright and K. L. Morgan (1998) South American camelids in the United Kingdom: population statistics, mortality rates and causes of death. Veterinary Record, 142, 162-166.

Davis, W. C., K. Drbal, A. E. A. E. Mosaad, A. R. M. Elbagory, A. Tibary, G. M. Barrington, Y. Park and M. J. Hamilton (2007) Use of flow cytometry to identify monoclonal antibodies that recognize conserved epitopes on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens in goats, lamas, and rabbits. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 119, 123-130.

Davis, W. C. and M. J. Hamilton (2006) Use of flow cytometry to characterize immunodeficiency syndromes in camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 187-193.

-----------------, L. R. Heirman, M. J. Hamilton, S. M. Parish, G. M. Barrington, A. Loftis and M. Rogers (2000) Flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 74, 103-120.

Davoudi, S. M., M. Eshagian and M. EdalatiNasab (2013) Overview of hepatic disease in large animals. Advances in Bio Research, 4, 12-20.

Deak, G., B. Moroni, A. M. Boncea, L. Rambozzi, L. Rossi and A. D. Mihalca (2021) Successful treatment of sarcoptic mange in European camelids. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (September).

Dean, G. S., T. R. Crawshaw, R. d. l. Rua-Domenech, L. Farrant, R. Greenwald, R. J. Higgins, K. Lyashchenko, H. M. Vordermeier and D. F. Twomey (2009) Use of serological techniques for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a llama herd. Veterinary Record, 165, 323-324.

Deavel, C. C. 1982. Feeding the llamas and the world's smallest pony.

Dec, M., A. Wernicki, A. Puchalski and R. Urban-Chmiel (2011) Conglutinin is not specific to cattle. Veterinární Medicína, 56, 510-519.

Deforges, L., H. J. Boulouis, J. L. Thibaud, L. Boulouha, W. Sougakoff, S. Blot, G. Hewinson, C. Truffot-Pernot and N. Haddad (2004) First isolation of Mycobacterium microti (Llama-type) from a dog. Veterinary Microbiology, 103, 249-253.

DeHart, M.(1999) Bilateral cataracts in a three month old llama.

Dekker, S., W. Toussaint, G. Panayotou, T. d. Wit, P. Visser, F. Grosveld and D. Drabek (2003) Intracellularly expressed single-domain antibody against p15 matrix protein prevents the production of porcine retroviruses. Journal of Virology, 77, 12132-12139.

De la O Becerra, K. I., W. Oosterheert, R. M. van den Bos, K. T. Xenaki, J. H. Lorent, M. Ruyken, A. Schouten, S. H. M. Rooijakkers,  E. N.Van Bergen, P. M. P. En Henegouwen, P. Gros P. (2022) Multifaceted Activities of Seven Nanobodies against Complement C4b. J Immunol. May 1; 208 (9) 2207-2219.

Delgado Callisaya, P. (2002) Biochemical components of llama seminal plasma at three ages.

Delgado Santivanez, D. J. (2003) Perspectivas de la produccion de fibra de llama en Bolivia : potencial y desarrollo de estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la fibra y su aptitud para la comercializacion. Gottingen: Cuvillier.

Delhon, G. and I. v. Lawzewitsch (1994) Ductus epididymidis compartments and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa in llamas. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 23, 217-225.

---------------& I. V. Lawzewitsch (1987) Reproduction in the male llama (Lama glama), a South American camelid. I. Spermatogenesis and organization of the intertubular space of the mature testis. Acta Anatomica, 129, 59-66.

Deluca, T. H., W. A. I. Patterson, W. A. Freimund and D. N. Cole (1998) Influence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western Montana, USA. Environmental Management, 22, 255-262.

De Souza, E., M. L. Sanchez, L. Aguilar, Z. DÃaz-Cabiale, J. Narváez and R. Coveñas (2015) Mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca (Lama pacos) brainstem. Microsc Res Tech, 78, 363-74.

Deschacht, N., K. d. Groeve, C. Vincke, G. Raes, P. d. Baetselier and S. Muyldermans (2010) A novel promiscuous class of camelid single-domain antibody contributes to the antigen-binding repertoire. Journal of Immunology, 184, 5696-5704.

Desmyter, A., C. Farenc, J. Mahony, S. Spinelli, C. Bebeacua, S. Blangy, D. Veesler, D. v. Sinderen and C. Cambillau (2013) Viral infection modulation and neutralization by camelid nanobodies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, E1371-E1379.

Dewdney, A. (2009) Llama Llama misses Mama. New York: Viking.
----------------- (2009) Llama Llama mad at mama. New York: Scholastic, Inc.
----------------- (2009) Is your mama a llama?. Umbrella Entertainment
----------------- (2009) Llama llama red pajama. Oakland, CA: MerryMakers.
----------------- (2010) Llama Llama holiday drama. New York: Viking
----------------- (2010) Llama llama holiday plush. Viking Children's Books.
----------------- (2013) Llama llama shopping drama. London: Hodder Children's Books.
----------------- (2013) Llama Llama, birthday party!. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
----------------- (2013) Llama Llama, nighty-night. Toronto: CNIB.
----------------- (2013) Llama Llama home with Mama. New York: Scholastic
----------------- (2014) Llama llama trick or treat.
----------------- (2014) Llama Llama I Love You. Penguin Young Readers Group.
----------------- (2014) Llama llama jingle bells.
------------------ (2015) Llama Lama Grama and Granpa.
------------------ (2015) Llama Llama sand and sun. Penguin Group USA.
------------------ (2015) Llama, llama red pajama. New York: Viking Books for Young Readers.
------------------ (2015) Llama Llama and the bully goat.
------------------ (2016) Llama Llama hoppity-hop.
------------------ (2016) Llama Llama zippity-zoom.
------------------ (2016) Llama Llama Easter egg.
------------------ (2016) Llama Llama wakey-wake.
------------------ (2017) La llama llama rojo pijama.
------------------ (2017) Llama Llama and friends.
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama learns to swim Penguin Young Readers Group.
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama Loses a Tooth Follettbound
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama and the lucky pajamas. in Penguin Young Readers Group
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama loves to read. OverDrive, Inc.
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama loves camping. in Penguin Young Readers Group,.
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama, be my valentine!.
------------------ (2018) Llama llama and me: My book of memories.
------------------ (2018) Llama Llama Holiday Drama. Penguin Group USA.
----------------- -(2019) Llama Llama Mad.
------------------ (2019) Llama Llama Mess, Mess, Mess Viking Children’s Books.

Dhana, E., D. Klaus, A. Böhner, F. Schmidt, S. von Vietinghoff, P. Boor, S. Djudjaj, C. Kurts C. (2022) Generation of an alpaca serum that induces immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Immunol Methods. Aug; 507.

Díaz-Lameiro, A, (2016) Evolutionary Origins and Domestication of South American Binghamton Ph.D. thesis, University State University of New York.

Diaz-Maroto, P., Alba Rey-Iglesia, Isabel Cartajena, Lautaro Núñez, Michael V Westbury, Valeria Varas, Mauricio Moraga, Paula F Campos, Pablo Orozco-terWengel, Juan Carlos Marin, Anders J Hansen (2021) Ancient DNA reveals the lost domestication history of South American camelids in Northern Chile and across the Andes Life 10.

Díaz-Maroto, P.and A. J. Hansen, A.Rey-Iglesia (2019) The first complete mitochondrial genome of an ancient south american vicuña, Vicugna vicugna, from Tulán-54 (3200–2400 BP Northern Chile) Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4:340–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1544046

Didier, G., V. Zenobio and A. Percy (1994) Diet Selection and Utilization by Llama and Sheep in a High Altitude-Arid Rangeland of Bolivia. Journal of Range Management, 47, 245-248.

Director, A., S. Giuliano, V. Trasorras, I. Carretero, M. Pinto and M. Miragaya (2007) Electroejaculation in llama (Lama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 203-206.

Dittmann, M. T., U. Runge, S. Ortmann, R. A. Lang, D. Moser, C. Galeffi, A. Schwarm, M. Kreuzer and M. D.-J. D.-s.-.-.-x. Clauss (2015) Digesta retention patterns of solute and different-sized particles in camelids compared with ruminants and other foregut fermenters. J Comp Physiol B, 185, 559-73 ST - Digesta retention patterns of solute and different-sized particles in camelids compared with ruminants and other foregut fermenters.

Dobbs, M. C. (2002) Bilateral patella ligament rupture in a llama. Veterinary Record, 151, 128.

Dobey, C. L., C. Grunenwald, S. J. Newman, L. Muller and R. W. Gerhold (2014) Retrospective study of central nervous system lesions and association with Parelaphostrongylus species by histology and specific nested polymerase chain reaction in domestic camelids and wild ungulates. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 26, 748-754.

Doerfler, R. L. and K. J. Peters (2006) The relativity of ethical issues in animal agriculture related to different cultures and production conditions. Livestock Science, 103, 257-262.

Donabedian, S. M., M. B. Perri, N. Abdujamilova, M. J. Gordoncillo, A. Naqvi, K. C. Reyes, M. J. Zervos and P. Bartlett (2010) Characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from swine in three Michigan counties. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48, 4156-4160.

Donaldson, L. L., M. Holland and S. A. Koch (1992) Atracurium as an adjunct to halothane-oxygen anesthesia in a llama undergoing intraocular surgery: a case report. Veterinary Surgery, 21, 76-79.

Dong, J., B. Huang, Z. Jia, B. Wang, S. Gallolu Kankanamalage, A. Titong A, et al. (2020) Development of multi-specific humanized llama antibodies blocking SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 interaction with high affinity and avidity Emerg Microbes Infect. 9 (1) pp.1034-6.

Dorresteijn, B., M. Rotman, D. Faber, R. Schravesande, E. Suidgeest, L. van der Weerd, S. M. van der Maarel, C. T. Verrips and M. D.-S. D.-f. El Khattabi (2015) Camelid heavy chain only antibody fragment domain against β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibits β-secretase activity in vitro and in vivo. FEBS J, 282, 3618-31 ST - Camelid heavy chain only antibody fragment domain against β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibits β-secretase activity in vitro and in vivo.

Dowling, P. M., J. G. Ferguson and R. F. Gibney (1996) Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19, 161-163.

Doyle, P. J., M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi, N. Gaudette, G. Furzer, M. E. Savard, S. Gleddie, M. D. McLean, C. R. Mackenzie and J. C. Hall (2008) Cloning, expression, and characterization of a single-domain antibody fragment with affinity for 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol. Molecular Immunology, 45, 3703-3713.

Dreja, H., C. Pade, L. Chen and V. McKnight (2015) CD4 binding site broadly neutralizing antibody selection of HIV-1 escape mutants. J Gen Virol, 96, 1899-905 ST - CD4 binding site broadly neutralizing antibody selection of HIV-1 escape mutants.

Drew, M. L., B. M. Alexander and G. R. Sasser (1995) Pregnancy determination by use of pregnancy-specific protein B radioimmunoassay in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207, 217-219.

--------------- and M. E. Fowler (1995) Comparison of methods for measuring serum immunoglobulin concentrations in neonatal llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206, 1374-1380.

----------------, L. Johnson, D. Pugh, C. B. Navarre, I. T. Taylor and A. L. Craigmill (2004) Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27, 13-20.

----------------, V. N. Meyers-Wallen, G. M. Acland, C. L. Guyer and D. N. Steinheimer (1999) Presumptive Sry-negative XX sex reversal in a llama with multiple congenital anomalies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1134-1139.

----------------, E. Ramsay, M. E. Fowler and P. H. Kass (1992) Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1559-1563.

Drufke, N. K. (2000) The use of llamas to protect goats, cattle, and poultry from canid predators.

Dubeuf, J. P. (2011) The social and environmental challenges faced by goat and small livestock local activities: present contribution of research-development and stakes for the future. Small Ruminant Research, 98, 3-8.

Dubey, J. P. (2016) Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Llama (Llama glama) pp. Acute Visceral Disseminated Lesions, Diagnosis, and Development of Tissue Cysts. Journal of parasitology.

--------------- (2018) Gametogony of Eimeria macusaniensis Guerrero, Hernandez, Bazalar and Alva, 1971 in llama (Lama glama). Parasitology, 145, 1540-1547.

---------------, T. K. Newell, S. K. Verma, R. Calero-Bernal and E. L. Stevens (2014) Toxoplasma gondii infection in Llama (Llama glama) pp. acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts. Journal of Parasitology, 100, 288-294.

---------------, L. G. Rickard, G. L. Zimmerman and D. M. Mulrooney (1992) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in llamas (Lama glama) in the northwest USA. Veterinary Parasitology, 44, 295-298.

DuBois, W. R., T. M. Prado, J. C. H. Ko, R. E. Mandsager and G. L. Morgan (2004) A comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine-ketamine combination and tolazoline reversal in llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 31, 90-96.

Duckett, L. A. (2005) A case of megaesophagus in a llama, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University

Duff, J. P., A. J. Maxwell and J. R. Claxton (1999) Chronic and fatal fascioliasis in llamas in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 315-316.

Dugdale, A. H. A. and Nicola J. Grint (2013) Neuroanesthesia for South American Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 612-618.

Duke, T., C. M. Egger, J. G. Ferguson and M. M. Frketic (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol infusion in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 58, 153-156.

Dukti, S. A., L. L. Southwood and D. C. v. Metre (2007) Survival and factors affecting survival in small ruminants and camelids attacked by dogs: 62 cases (1994-2004). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 17, 257-261.

Dulphy, J. P., J. M. Ballet, M. Jailler and A. Detour (1997) Comparison of intake behaviour of llamas and sheep fed dry roughage. Annales de Zootechnie, 46, 117-125.

----------------, C. Dardillat, M. Jailler and J. M. Ballet (1997) Comparative study of forestomach digestion in llamas and sheep. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 37, 709-725.

----------------, C. Dardillat, M. Jailler and J. P. Jouany (1994) Comparison of the intake and digestibility of different diets in llamas and sheep: a preliminary study. Annales de Zootechnie, 43, 379-387.

------------------- (1998) Intake and digestibility of different forages in llamas compared to sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 47, 75-81.

Dumont, B. and M. Meuret (1993) Intake dynamics of goats and llamas feeding on garrigue grazing lands. Annales de Zootechnie, 42, 193.

---------------, M. Meuret and M. Prud'hon (1995) Direct observation of biting for studying grazing behavior of goats and llamas on garrigue rangelands. Small Ruminant Research, 16, 27-35.

Duncanson, G. R. (2008) Camelid consult overview: Part One. Veterinary Times, 38, 18.

------------------ (2008) Camelid consults - Part Two: Recumbency and reproduction. Veterinary Times, 38, 20.

------------------ (2010) Facing camelid postmortems: preparation, action, results. Veterinary Times, 40, 26-27.

-------------------(2012) Cause of sudden death and post-mortem technique. 168-174, in G. Duncanston Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Westover Veterinary Centre, UK

-------------------(2012) Medicine and surgery of the gastroenteric system. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 80-111.

-------------------(2012) Medicine and surgery of the locomotory system. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 153-156.

-------------------(2012) Medicine and surgery of the neurological system. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 145-152.  

-------------------(2012) Medicine and surgery of the respiratory and circulatory systems. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp.112-120.

-------------------(2012) Medicine and surgery of the urino-genital system. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 121-144.

-------------------(2012) Nutrition and metabolic diseases. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 13-21.

-------------------(2012) Poisons. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp.175-213.

-------------------(2012) Sample taking and simple diagnostic tests. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp.32-43.

-------------------(2012) Sedation, anaesthesia, surgical conditions and euthanasia. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 68-79.

-------------------(2012) Skin conditions. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 157-167.

-------------------(2012) Vaccines. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp.63-67.

-------------------(2012) Veterinary equipment. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 44-47.

-------------------(2012) Veterinary medicines. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp. 48-62.

-------------------(2012). Zoonotic diseases. in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CAB International pp.214-223.

-------------------(2012) Veterinary treatment of llamas and alpacas. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: .

-------------------(2013) Farm animal medicine and surgery for small animal veterinarians.

Dunkel, B., R. W. Sweeney, P. L. Habecker and A. M. Komaromy (2011) Intraocular nematodiasis in a llama (Lama glama). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52, 181-183.

Dykgraaf, S., N. Pusterla and L. M. v. Hoogmoed (2006) Rattlesnake envenomation in 12 New World camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20, 998-1002.

E

Ebel, S. (1989) The llama industry in the United States. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 1-20.

Ebensperger, G., R. Ebensperger, E. A. Herrera, R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, F. Lesage, J. J. Marengo, R. I. Tejo, A. J. Llanos and R. V. Reyes (2005) Fetal brain hypometabolism during prolonged hypoxaemia in the llama. Journal of Physiology, 567, 963-975.

Ebling, G. A.(1991) The biochemical and antibiogram characteristics of aerobic gram negative enteric bacilli from Llamas (Lama glama) Ph.D. dissertation.

Echalar, J., J. Barreta, V. Iniguez, F. Romero, A. M. Callisaya, V. Saavedra V. (2020) Intraspecific genetic analysis of Bolivian alpacas and interspecific relationship with llamas and vicunas Small Ruminant Research. 2020;189.

Eckerlin, R. H. and C. E. Stevens (1973) Bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach. Cornell Veterinarian, 63, 436-445.

Edwards, E. E., B. C. Garner, L. H. Williamson, B. E. Storey and K. Sakamoto (2016) Pathology of Haemonchus contortus in New World camelids in the southeastern United States: a retrospective review. J Vet Diagn Invest, 28, 105-9.

Edwards, L. A., J. L. Kaplan, M. S. Oldach, K. G. Magdesian, E. W. Louie, J. A. Stern, E. Berryhill (2022). Closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in a 2-week-old llama cria using an Amplatz canine duct occluder. Can Vet J. Jul; 63 (7) 706-710.

Egerbacher, M. and H. Schöpper (2016) 31st Conference of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Vienna, Austria, 27-30 July 2016. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 45, 1-98.

Ehrlein, H. J. and W. V. Englehardt (1971) [Studies on the gastric motility of the llama.]. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin, 181-191.

Eliseev, I. E., A. N. Yudenko, V. V. Vysochinskaya, A. A. Svirina, A. V. Evstratyeva, M. S. Drozhzhachih, E. A. Krendeleva, A. K. Vladimirova, T. A. Nemankin, V. M. Ekimova, A. B. Ulitin, M. I. Lomovskaya, P. A. Yakovlev, A. S. Bukatin, N. A. Knyazev, F. V. Moiseenko and O. B. Chakchir (2018) Crystal structures of a llama VHH antibody BCD090-M2 targeting human ErbB3 receptor. F1000Res, 7, 57.

Ellis, R. P., A. Ramirez, R. J. Todd, L. Phillips, T. McConnell, M. Fowler, R. Walker and E. Hoffman.(1990) An overview of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxemia in alpacas and llamas. 2-3. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

-------------, R. J. Todd, L. A. Metelman-Alvis, A. L. Newton, T. J. Thompson, L. W. Johnson and A. Ramirez.(1990) Response of llamas to Clostridium perfringens types C and D vaccines. 4-5. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Elmahi, M. M., M. O. Hussien, A. R. E. Karrar, A. M. Elhassan and A. R. M. El-Hussein (2021) Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan. Irish Veterinary Journal 74 (9) pp. (26 March ).

El-Nouty, F. D., M. K. Yousef, A. B. Magdub and H. D. Johnson (1976) Thyroid secretion hormones in Camelidae and Equidae. Federation Proceedings, 35, 216.

--- (1978) Thyroid hormones and metabolic rate in burros, Equus asinus, and llamas, Lama glama: effects of environmental temperature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 60, 235-237.

Emmanuel, F. X., A. L. Seagar, C. Doig, A. Rayner, P. Claxton and I. Laurenson (2007) Human and animal infections with Mycobacterium microti, Scotland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 1924-1927.

Enciso, J., A. Santiani and C. Cisneros-Huamaní (2021) Determination of some biological characteristics of primary isolates of chorion cells from the alpac placenta (Vicugna pacos) Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 32 (4).

Engel, H. N. and B. J. Watrous. (1988) The unique course of the vertebral artery in llamas. 366-367.

Engelhardt, W. (1998) Forestomach motility in llamas and camels. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 105, 472-474.

-------------------& W. V. Engelhardt. (1976) Diminished renal urea excretion in the llama at reduced food intake. 61-62. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

--------------------, K. E. Ali and E. Wipper (1979) Absorption and secretion in the tubiform forestomach (compartment 3) of the llama. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 132, 337-341.

--------------------, G. Becker, W. Engelhardt, R. Hauffe, S. Hinderer, K. Rubsamen and W. Schneider. 1975. Energy, water and urea metabolism in the llama. 111-122. Vienna: IAEA.

Enke, N., R. A. Runa, L. Brinkmann, K. H. Südekum, E. Tholen and M. Gerken (2022) Preference and discrimination behaviour of llamas to saline drinking water Small Ruminant Research 207.

England, B. G. (1967) Ovulation, corpus luteum function and estrous behavior in the llama.

------------------, W. C. Foote, A. G. Cardozo, D. H. Matthews and S. Riera (1971) Oestrous and mating behaviour in the llama (Llama glama). Animal Behaviour, 19, 722-726.

Eo, K., D. Kwak, T. Shin, Y. Yeo, K. Jung, S. Kwon, S. Kim and O. Kwon (2010) Skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in a llama (Lama peruana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 178-180.

Erdoğan, S., S. Villar Arias and W. Pérez (2016) Morphofunctional structure of the lingual papillae in three species of South American camelids: alpaca, guanaco, and llama. Microscopy Research and Technique, 79, 61-71.

Erskine Molina, D. and M. Miqueles Rodriguez (1975) Gastro-intestinal parasites of South American llamas in the first region of Chile. Boletin, Servicio Agricola y Ganader (Chile), 19-22.

Eschbaumer, M., C. Schulz, R. Wäckerlin, M. Gauly, M. Beer and B. Hoffmann (2011) Limitations of sandwich ELISAs for bluetongue virus antibody detection. Veterinary Record, 168, 643.

Espinosa, M. I., A. Bertin, F. A. Squeo, A. Cortés and N. D. Gouin (2015) Comparison of DNA extraction methods for polymerase chain reaction amplification of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) fecal DNA samples. Genet Mol Res, 14, 400-6 ST - Comparison of DNA extraction methods for polymerase chain reaction amplification of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) fecal DNA samples.

Espinoza, J. E. (1981) Mineral status comparisons between llamas and sheep in the Bolivian Altiplano Ph.D. Disseration, University of Florida.

------------------, L. R. McDowell, J. Rodriguez, J. K. Loosli, J. H. Conrad and F. G. Martin (1982) Mineral status of llamas and sheep in the Bolivian Altiplano. Journal of Nutrition, 112, 2286-2292.

Estafanddez, D. M. (2005) Internal sociology of El llano en llamas. Ph.D. thesis.

Esteban, L. R. and J. R. Thompson (1988) The digestive system of new world camelids - common digestive diseases of llamas. Veterinary Student (Iowa State University Veterinarian), 50, 117-121.

Evangelista V, S., A. Cordero R, A. Santiani A, M. Vásquez E, O. Cárdenas M and W. Huanca L (2009) Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ECG) stimulation during the luteal and non-luteal phases on ovarian response and embryo quality in llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 20, 33-40.

Evermann, J. F. (2006) Pestiviral infection of llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 201-206.

-------------------, J. F., E. S. Berry, T. V. Baszler, T. L. Lewis, T. C. Byington and P. M. Dilbeck (1993) Diagnostic approaches for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus and related pestiviruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 265-269.

F

Fagiolini, M., R. P. Lia, P. Laricchiuta, P. Cavicchio, R. Mannella, C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto, R. Finotello and S. Perrucci (2010) Gastrointestinal Parasites in Mamals of Two Italian Zoological Gardens. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 662-670.

Fatih, A., A. Wajid, M. M. Tariq, M. A. Bajwa, M. E. Babar, P. A. Burger and T. Hussain (2021) Mitochondrial phylogeny and population structure of Pakistani dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25 (5) pp. 981-984.

Falcón Florido, J. T., M. C. Fernández, J. M. Galán González, A. Hardisson de la Torre and L. M. Wildpret Dixkes (1984) Metallic ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) in wines from Tenerife estimated by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Anales de Bromatología, 35, 31-40.

Fan, R., Z. Gu Z, X. Guang, J. C. Marín, V. Varas V, B. A. González, et al. (2020) Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca Genome Biol. 21 (1), p. 159.

Farag, M. R., A. H. Abou-Hadeed, M. H. Ghoniem, M. Alagawany, V. Laudadio and V. Tufarelli (2015) Chemical composition and mineral contents differentiation in hairs of some wild animal species. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47, 1189-1191.

---------------, M. H. Ghoniem, A. H. Abou-Hadeed and D. Kuldeep (2015) Forensic identification of some wild animal hair using light and scanning electron microscopy. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3, 559-568.

Faraji, F., N. Tajik, M. Behdani, M. A. Shokrgozar, A. H. Zarnani, F. Shahhosseini and M. Habibi-Anbouhi (2018) Development and characterization of a camelid single-domain antibody directed to human CD22 biomarker. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 65, 718-725.

Farid, M. F. A. 1981. Camelids bibliography. 546pp. Damascus: Arab Centre for Studies of Arid Zones, PO Box 2440.

Farrand, A., G. Hosey and H. M. Buchanan-Smith (2014) The visitor effect in petting zoo-housed animals: aversive or enriching? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 151, 117-127.

Featherstone, C. A., A. P. Foster, S. A. Chappell, T. Carson and G. C. Pritchard (2011) Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in camelids. Veterinary Record, 168, 194-195.

Feder, F. H., H. González and P. Arias (1999) Comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (Lama guanicoe glama). II. Oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 28, 139-142.

Felinski, L., G. Kaczmarek and M. Kurpios (1971) [Lipid metabolism in ruminants from the zoological gardens in Poland. II. Characteristics of lipids and free fatty acids of adipose tissue from different body sites of camel, llama and other ruminants]. Przeglad Zoologiczny, 15, 201-205.

Felipe, L. (1976) Poetica de la Llama. Litoral, 54-56.

Fenwick, B. W., M. Fowler, M. Kock and L. Matern (1982) Complete choanal atresia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181, 1409-1410.

Feracho, L. (2005) Linking the Americas : race, hybrid discourses, and the reformulation of feminine identity. New York: State University of New York ; Bristol : University Presses Marketing [distributor].

----------------, C. Ulloa-Leal, M. Silva, C. Norambuena, G. P. Adams, M. Guerra and M. H. Ratto (2014) The effect of repeated administrations of llama ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) during the peri-ovulatory period on corpus luteum development and function in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 149, 345-352.

Fernandez, F. M. and G. Oliver (1988) Proteins present in llama milk. I. Quantitative aspects and general characteristics. Milchwissenschaft, 43, 299-302.

------------ (1992) Studies of α-lactalbumin in llama milk. Small Ruminant Research, 8, 97-106.

Fernández, G. P., Á. Segura, M. Herrera, W. Velasco, G. Solano, J. M. Gutiérrez and G. León (2010) Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation. Toxicon, 55, 642-645.

Fernandez, J. A., M. N. Hidalgo, E. Hodzic, S. S. Diab and F. A. Uzal (2018) Pathology of coccidioidomycosis in llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30, 560-564.

Fernández-Rodríguez, M., J J. M Mancilla-Leytón D de la Lama-Calvente and R Borja (2022) “Evaluation of Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Raw and Trampled Llama and Dromedary Dungs: Methane Potential and Kinetic Study.” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery  1-9.

Ferrari, A., M. M. Rodríguez, P. Power, F. S. Weill, E. A. d. Simone, G. Gutkind and J. Leoni (2007) Immunobiological role of llama heavy-chain antibodies against a bacterial β-lactamase. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 117, 173-182.

------------, F. S. Weill, M. L. Paz, E. M. Cela, D. H. González Maglio and J. Leoni (2012) Activity modulation of microbial enzymes by llama (Lama glama) heavy-chain polyclonal antibodies during in vivo immune responses. Animal, 6, 510-517.

Ferré, L., T. G. Malik, H. Nigro, J. Aller and R. Alberio (1996) Semen production in llamas with two frequencies of ejaculation in the spring. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 367-373.

----------, G. Malik, J. F. Aller, R. H. Alberio, C. Fresno and M. E. Kjelland (2015) Llama (Lama glama) semen collection via thermo-electric artificial vagina: effect of seasonality and collection interval on ejaculate characteristics. Small Ruminant Research, 133, 140-147.

Ferrer, M. S. (2013) Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Evaluation of High-Risk Pregnancy In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 250-256.

---------------, A. Agüero, M. G. Chaves, A. F. Russo and B. Rutter (2002) Follicular wave synchronization using buserelin in llama (Lama glama). InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 4, 7-11.

---------------, K. L. Schulz and D. E. D.-O. D.-j. Anderson (2015) Theriogenology Question of the Month. Twins in an alpaca. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 247, 889-92 ST - Theriogenology Question of the Month. Twins in an alpaca.

Ferreyra, H. D. V., J. Rudd, J. Foley, R. E. T. , A. M. Martín, E. Donadio, M. M. (2022) Sarcoptic mange outbreak decimates South American wild camelid populations in San Guillermo National Park, Argentina. PLoS One. Jan 21; 17 (1) .

Firshman, A. M., C. K. Cebra, B. J. Schanbacher and E. R. Seaquist (2013) Evaluation of insulin secretion and action in New World camelids. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 96-101.

Fischer, K. and D. Hendrix (2012) Conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis secondary to conjunctival plant foreign bodies in a herd of alpacas (Lama Pacos). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 15, 110-114.

Fisher, D. J. and J. G. Zinkl (1996) Eperythrozoonosis in a one-day-old llama. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 25, 93-94.

Fitzgerald, S. D. and D. D. Harrington (1991) Pulmonary nocardiosis in a young llama. Equine Practice, 13, 26-29.

Fleck, K., G. Erhardt and Lühken (2016) From single nucleotide substitutions up to chromosomal deletions: genetic pause of leucism-associated disorders in animals. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 129, 269-81.

Fleis, R. I. and D. W. Scott (2010) The microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 716-719.

Fliegerová, K., S. Pažoutová, J. Mrázek and J. Kopečný (2002) Special properties of polycentric anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 71, 441-444.

Flores Alarcón, M. A. D., R. Y. Arenas Jarro, M. A. Ahmed, K. A. García Bustos Pacheco Tanaka DA, Terán Hilares R.Intensification of Red-G dye degradation used in the dyeing of alpaca wool by advanced oxidation processes assisted by hydrodynamic cavitation. Ultrason Sonochem. Sep;; (89) 106144.

Flores C, B., R. Pinedo V, F. Suárez A, R. Angelats M and A. Chávez V (2014) Prevalency of fascioliasis in llamas and alpacas in two rural communities of Jauja, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 25, pp. 284-292.

Flores, D. L. 2002. Componentes bioquimicos en la secrecion de las galdnulas bulbouretrales de llama (Lama glama) en tres edades. La Paz, Bolivia.

Flores, E. R. and G. A. Gutierrez.(1996) Ingestive mastication and forage fragmentation in sheep, Alpacas and llamas. Denver: Society for Range Management. Pp. 151-152.

Flores, G. E. and F. H. Aballay (2016) Two Evaniosomini Species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Associated with Decaying Carcasses in Argentina, with Remarks on the Tribal Assignment of Achanius Erichson. Coleopterists' bulletin.

Foley, J. E., C. Rand, M. J. Bannasch, C. R. Norris and J. Milan (2002) Molecular epidemiology of feline bordetellosis in two animal shelters in California, USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 54, 141-156.

Fondevila, N. A., F. J. Marcoveccio, J. Bianco Viera, V. K. O'Donnell, B. J. Carillo, A. A. Schudel, M. David, A. Torres and C. A. Mebus (1995) Susceptibility of llamas (Lama glama) to infection with foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 42, 595-599.

Fontana, C., D. Bassi, C. López, V. Pisacane, M. C. Otero, E. Puglisi, A. Rebecchi, P. S. Cocconcelli and G. Vignolo (2016) Microbial ecology involved in the ripening of naturally fermented llama meat sausages. A focus on lactobacilli diversity. Int J Food Microbiol, 236, 17-25.

Fontana, C., D. Bassi, C. López, V. Pisacane, M. C. Otero, E. Puglisi, A. Rebecchi, P. S. Cocconcelli and G. Vignolo (2016) Microbial ecology involved in the ripening of naturally fermented llama meat sausages. A focus on lactobacilli diversity. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 236, 17-25.

Foote, B. C., J. S. Smith, A. C. Bowden, R. A. Allbaugh and L. Sebbag (2021) Successful management of refractory keratomycosis in an alpaca using penetrating keratoplasty and combination antifungal therapy (caspofungin 0.5% and terbinafine 1%). Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (March).

Foreyt, W. J. (1997) Veterinary parasitology reference manual. Pullman: SCAVMA Bookstore.

--------------- and J. Lagerquist (1992) Experimental Infections of Eimeria alpacae and Eimeria punoensis in Llamas (Lama glama). The Journal of Parasitology, 78, 906-909.

----------------& S. Parish (1990) Experimental Infection of Liver Flukes (Fascioloides magna) in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21, 468-470.

----------------, L. G. Rickard and W. Boyce (1992) Psoroptes sp. in two llamas (Lama glama) in Washington. Journal of Parasitology, 78, pp. 153-155.

----------------, L. G. Rickard, S. Dowling, S. Parish and M. Pipas (1991) Experimental Infections of Two Llamas with the Meningeal Worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 22, pp. 339-344.

Forsman, A., E. Beirnaert, M. M. I. Aasa-Chapman, B. Hoorelbeke, K. Hijazi, W. Koh, V. Tack, A. Szynol, C. Kelly, Á. McKnight, T. Verrips, H. d. Haard and R. A. Weiss (2008) Llama antibody fragments with cross-subtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing properties and high affinity for HIV-1 gp120. Journal of Virology, 82, pp. 12069-12081.

Forsman, A. M. (2009) Characterisation of llama antibody fragments able to act as HIV-1 entry inhibitors. University College London.

Foster, A. (2008) Abortion in South American camelids and the role of BVD. 34-36. Romford: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

------------(2012) An update on Schmallenberg virus infection in the UK. 33-34. Romford: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Foster, A., M. Houlihan, J. Holmes, E. Watt, R. Higgins, J. Errington, G. Ibata and P. Wakeley (2007) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (Vicugnapacos) in the UK. Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association, 161.

Fowle, K. J. and R. M. Santymire (2022) Characterizing zoo-housed Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) reproduction using gonadal steroid metabolite analysis in feces Domestic Animal Endocrinology 80.

Fowler, M. E. (1994) Model regulation for interstate transport of llamas. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 98, pp. 271-276.

------------------(1982) Angular limb deformities in young llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181, pp. 1338-1342.

------------------(1983) The Jugular Vein of the Llama (Lama peruana) pp. A Clinical Note. The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 14, pp. 77-78.

------------------(1984) Congenital and hereditary diseases of llamas. Verhandlungsbericht des Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 26, pp. 153-158.

------------------(1985) Plant poisoning [Sierra laurel, Leucothoe davisiae] in two pack llamas. California Veterinarian, 39, 17-20.

------------------(1986) Lice in llamas. Avian/Exotic Practice, 3, pp. 22-25.

------------------(1987) Ulceration and obstruction of the spiral colon in the llama. Verhandlungsbericht des Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 29, 201-208.

------------------(1989) Medicine and surgery of South American camelids: llama, alpaca, vicuña, guanaco, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. vii + 391 pp. [General Biology and Evolution pp. 1-11; Feeding and Nutrition pp. 12-48; Restraint and Handling pp. 49-68; Clinical Diagnosis: Examination and Procedures pp. 69-88; Anesthesia pp. 89-107; Surgery pp. 108-147; Infectious Diseases pp. 148-194; Parasites pp. 195-230; Multisystem Disorders pp. 231-249; Integumentary System pp. 250-269; Musculoskeletal System pp. 270-294; Respiratory System pp. 295-304; Digestive System pp. 305-359; Endocrine System pp. 360-363; Hemic and Lymphatic Systems pp. 364-376; Cardiovascular System pp. 377-380; Reproduction pp. 381-429; Urinary System pp. 430-437; Organs of Special Sense pp. 438-445; Nervous System pp. 446-451; Neonatology pp. 452-467; Congenital/Hereditary Conditions pp. 468-497; Toxicology pp. 498-516.; Conformation and Gaits pp. 517-530; Disaster and Emergency Management pp. 531.

------------------------- and J.G. Zinkl, (1989) Reference ranges for hematologic and serum biochemical values in llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1989. 50(12) pp. 2049-2053.

------------------(1990) Hypophosphatemia in llamas and alpacas. 20-24. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

------------------(1994) Health care of the geriatric llama and alpaca. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, pp. 391-399.

------------------(1994) Hyperthermia in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, pp. 309-317.

------------------(1996) Husbandry and diseases of camelids. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 15, pp. 155-169.

------------------(1996) Johne's disease in llamas and alpacas: not a threat to other animals. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 100, 276-282.

------------------(1997) Unique parasitisms of South American camelids in North and South America. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 4, 257-260.

------------------(1999) Llama and alpaca behaviour: a clue to illness detection. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 135-152.

-------------------& B. Frost (1999) Prevalence of selected diseases of llamas and alpacas. 268-276. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

-------------------& D. Gillespie (1985) Middle and Inner Ear Infection in Llamas. The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 16, pp. 9-15.

-------------------& D. Gillespie and J. Harkema (1985) Lymphosarcoma in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187, pp. 1245-1246.

-------------------& H. J. Olander (1990) Fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 51, pp. 1495-1500.

-------------------& Pappagianis and I. Ingram (1992) Coccidioidomycosis in llamas in the United States: 19 cases (1981-1989). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, pp. 1609-1614.

-------------------& J. Paul-Murphy (1985) Cephenemyia sp. infestation in the llama. California Veterinarian, 39, 10-12.

-------------------& J. G. Zinkl (1989) Reference ranges for hematologic and serum biochemical values in llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, pp. 2049-2053.

Frank, E. N., M. H. V. Hick and M. Pesarini. (2001) SUPREME-project: a new approach for histological description of skin follicular complex in Argentine llamas. Progress in South American camelids research. Proceedings of the 3rd European Symposium and SUPREME European Seminar, Göttingen, Germany, pp. 27-29 May 243-250. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

----------------& C. M. Nuevo Freire (1985) Production of a flock of llamas in Catamarca. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 5, pp. 505-512.

Frank, N., L. L. Coutëtil and K. A. Clarke (1998) Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 39, pp. 100-102.

Frank, W., E. C. Reisinger, W. Brandt-Hamerla, I. Schwede and W. Handrick (2009) Mycobacterium microti - pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 121, pp. 282-286.

Franke, A., D. Hoffmann, R. G. Ulrich, M. Jenckel, B. Hoffmann and M. Beer. (2015) Cowpox virus: virulence studies in different animal species. Montpellier: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. P. 134.

Franklin, W. L. (1973) High, wild world of the vicuña. National Geographic 143 (1), pp. 76-91.

---------------------- (1981) Living with guanacos: wild camels of South America. National Geographic 160 (1) pp.62-75.

-------------------------- (1983) Contrasting socioecologies of South American wild camelids: the vicuña and the guanaco. in J.F. Eisenberg and D.G. Kleiman (Eds.). Advances in the study of mammalian behavior. Spec. Publ. Am. Soc. of Mammals. No. 7. Pp. 573-629.

-----------------------, R. J. Sarno, R. J., S. J. O'Brien, and W. E. Johnson (2001) Assessing genetic differentiation between an island and mainland population of guanacos in southern Chile utilizing mtDNA and microsatellite markers. Animal Conservation 4 (2) pp. 93-101.

--------------------- M. S. Bank, M. S., R.J. Sarno, N. K. Campbell (2002). Predation of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) by southernmost mountain lions (Puma concolor) during a historically severe winter in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Journal of Zoology 258:215-222.

-------------------and J. K. Young (2004) Territorial fidelity of male guanacos in the Patagonia of southern Chile. Journal of Mammalogy 85 (1) pp.72-78. Grigione (2005) The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton. Journal of Biogeography 32:661-675.

---------------------- S. Poncet, J. Poncet (2005) The history of Staats Island in the West Falkland Islands: its guanacos, foxes, shanty, and sojourners. The Falkland Islands Journal 8 (4) pp. 21-64.

-------------------------- (2005) Penguins, dolphins and guanacos: an adventure to the Falkland Islands. International Camelid Quarterly 4 (1) pp. 7-20.

----------------------------J. Sarno, M. S. Bank, H. A. Stern. (2006) Effects of age, sex, season, and social dynamics on juvenile guanaco subordinate behavior. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1) pp.41-47.

---------------------------- and R. S. Sarno (2015)   Estimating effective population size of guanacos in Patagonia: an integrative approach for wildlife conservation. Conservation Genetics. Guanaco Ne_Con Gen_10.1007_s10592-015-0730-4.pdf

------------------- and B. A. González (2011-2014) la vicuña. publicaciónes por tópico de los miembros del grupo especialista en camelidos sudamericanos (gecs) perteneciente a la comision de supervivencia de especies, unión internacional para la conservación de la naturaleza (uicn). 26 pages. http://camelid.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/listado_publicaciones_vicu..

-------------------- (2012) Vicuña and guanaco behavioral ecology. A necessary understanding for their conservation and management. pp. 11-20 in: Raggi S., L.A., Rojas S., I., Parraguez G., V.H. and Sepúlveda H., N. (eds.). Resúmenes VI Congreso Mundial Camélidos. Arica, Chile.

------------------, N. K. Drufke, and K. J. Powell (2012) Guard llamas: their use and effectiveness in North America for protecting sheep, goats, cattle, and poultry against canid predators. Pp. 21-36 in: Raggi S., L. A., Rojas S., I., Parraguez G., V. H. and Sepúlveda H., N. (eds.). Resúmenes VI Congreso Mundial Camélidos. Arica, Chile.

------------------------------and B. A. González, B. A., P. Orozcoter-Wengel, R. von Borries, W. E., Johnson, J. C. Marín. (2014) Maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of Guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation. PLoS One 9(3) pp. e91714. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091714.

---------------------and B. A. González (2011-2014) el guanaco. publicaciónes por tópico de los miembros del grupo especialista en camelidos sudamericanos (gecs) perteneciente a la comision de supervivencia de especies, unión internacional para la conservación de la naturaleza (uicn). 24 pages http://camelid.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/listado_publicaciones_guan..

---------------- (2011) Family Camelidae (Camels). Pp. 206-246 in: Wilson, D.E. and Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2. Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain. 885pp.

------------------- (2010) The vicuña and guanaco of South America: an overview of behavioral and population ecology. Pp. 67-75 in XXXIII Reunión Científica Annual de la Asociación Peruana de Producción Animal, Conferencias y Exposición de Artículos Cientificos. Huancavelica, Peru.

---------------------- (2020) Foreword. Pp. xi-xiii in: Safley, M. J. Vicunas - Survival of the Finest. Publisher Quechua Benefit, Hillsboro, OR. 240pp.

----------------------- (2020) Preface. La Vicuña Austral. González, B.A. (Editor). Publisher Faculty of Forest Sciences and Nature Conservation, National Forestry Corporation, and Specialist Group on Wild South American Camelids, Santiago, Chile.

Franz, S., J. Spergser, I. Schwendenwein, A. Stanitznig, B. Lambacher, A. Tichy and T. Wittek (2016) "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" infections in clinically asymptomatic Austrian South American Camelids. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 129, 318-322.

------------(2016) The occurrence of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" infections in clinically asymptomatic South American Camelids in Austria. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 129, 318-22.

Franz, S., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, B. Hinney and A. M. Dadak (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Veterinary Journal, 204, 255-262.

Franz, S., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, B. Hinney and A. M. D.-J. D.-j. t. Dadak (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Vet. J, 204, 255-62 ST - Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control.

Fraser, M. D.(1994) Grazing ecology of goats, red deer and South American camelids.

French, R. A. and C. D. Ashworth (1994) Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 31, 120-122.

French, S., A. Sawran and M. Betson (2021) Survey of anthelmintic use in South American camelids in the UK Veterinary Record 189 (11).

Frost, B. (1998) Research update on diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in llamas/alpacas. 726-727. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

Fugal, R. A., V. J. Anderson and B. Roundy (2010) Exotic grass and shrub production evaluation and llama preference on the Bolivian Altiplano. Small Ruminant Research, 94, 150-160.

Fugaro, M. N., M. Kiupel, F. Montiani-Ferreira, J. F. Hawkins and E. B. Janovitz (2005) Retinoblastoma in the eye of a llama (Llama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 8, 287-290.

Fulton, I. C., J. P. Caron and P. LeBlanc (1989) Surgical Repair of a Bilateral Choanal Atresia in a Llama. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 20, 488-490.

Fumuso, F. G., S. M. Giuliano, M. G. Chaves, D. M. Neild, M. H. Miragaya, M. C. Gambarotta and M. I. Carretero (2018) Seminal plasma affects the survival rate and motility pattern of raw llama spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci, 192, 99-106.

--------------------, S. M. Giuliano, G. Chaves, D. M. Neild, M. H. Miragaya, M. L. Bertuzzi, et al. (2020) Incubation of frozen-thawed llama sperm with seminal plasma Andrologia. 52 (6).

Futas, J., J. Oppelt, P. A. Burger and P. Horin (2021) A deadly cargo: gene repertoire of cytotoxic effector proteins in the Camelidae. Genes 12 (2).

G

Gabor, M., L. J. Gabor, S. Mukesh, M. Booth and R. Reece (2010) Chronic myositis in an Australian alpaca (Llama pacos) associated with Sarcocystis spp. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 966-969.

Galbreath, E. J., R. E. Holland, A. L. Trapp, E. Baker-Belknap, R. K. Maes, B. Yamini, F. A. Kennedy, A. K. Gilardy and D. Taylor (1994) Adenovirus-associated pneumonia and hepatitis in four llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 424-426.

Gall, D. A., L. J. Zekas, D. v. Metre and T. Holt (2006) Imaging diagnosis - pulmonary metastases in New World camelids. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 47, 571-573.

Galleguillos, M., M. A. Valenzuela, R. Riquelme, E. Sanhueza, G. Sánchez, J. P. Figueroa and A. J. Llanos (2001) Nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 129, 605-614.

Gallelli, M. F., C. Bianchi, E. Zampini, V. Trasorras, M. Gambarotta, M. Miragaya (2020) Corpus luteum vascularization during the maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (Lama glama) Reprod Domest Anim. 55 (1) pp. 74-80.

----------------------------------------------------, M. Bertuzzi, M. Aba, D. Neild and M. Miragaya (2022) Effect of hCG administration on Day 7 post-mating on accessory corpus luteum development and progesterone concentration in llamas Theriogenology 180: 154-160.

Gallinger, M. M., S. Arevalo and C. Garriz (1995) Rheological meat quality characters in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 15, 973-975.

Galotta, D. R. (1988) Osteology of the llama. Revista de Ciencias Agrarias y de Tecnologia de los Alimentos, 9, 19-61

----------------- and J. M. Galotta (1987) Arteriovenous system of the lama stomach. Revista de Ciéncias Agrárias, 8, 27-33.

------------------J. M. Galotta and E. Stöver (1985) The quadratus plantae muscle in the lama. Revista de Ciéncias Agrárias, 4, 55-57.

Galotta, J. M., H. Tríbulo, E. N. Frank, G. P. Bollati and M. C. Bulaschevich (1990) Fistulation of the major compartment of the stomach in South American domestic camelids. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 10, 81-89.

Garaicoechea, L., A. Aguilar, G. I. Parra, M. Bok, S. V. Sosnovtsev, G. Canziani, K. Y. Green, K. Bok (2015) Llama nanoantibodies with therapeutic potential against human norovirus diarrhea. PLoS One, 10, e0133665 ST - Llama nanoantibodies with therapeutic potential against human norovirus diarrhea.

--------------------(2010) Desarrollo de nuevas metodologÃÂas para la determinación de plastificantes y retardantes de llama organofosforados y sus derivados en muestras medioambientales memoria para optar al grado de Doctor en QuÃÂmica. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio CientÃÂfico.

Garlick, D. S., T. J. Doherty and M. R. Paradis (1990) Gemistocytic astrocytoma in a one-month-old llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 2009-2010.

Garmendia, A. E., W. López, N. Ortega and M. J. D.-O. D.-j. v. Chamorro (2015) Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the Andean Region of Cusco, Peru. Vet Microbiol, 180, 109-12 ST - Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the Andean Region of Cusco, Peru.

-------------------- and T. C. McGuire (1987) Mechanism and isotypes involved in passive immunoglobulin transfer to the newborn alpaca (Lama pacos). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1465-1471.

---------------------, G. H. Palmer, J. C. DeMartini and T. C. McGuire (1987) Failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer: a major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (Lama pacos). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1472-1476.

Garmory, H. S., N. Chanter, N. P. French, D. Bueschel, J. G. Songer and R. W. Titball (2000) Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens β2-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays. Epidemiology and Infection, 124, 61-67.

Garnica, J., L. Chavez and P. W. Bravo.(1993) Immunoglobulin G in mammary secretions and crias of llamas and alpacas. 88. Gainsville: International Society of Veterinary Perinatology.

Gariépy, A, A. Desrochers, E. Guarnieri, A. Torabi, D. Francoz D. (2022) Surgical treatment of a paraphimosis in a castrated alpaca secondary to a preputial avulsion. Can Vet J.  Sep; 63 (9) 943-946.

Garry, F. (1989) Clinical pathology of llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 55-70.

----------- (1994) Assessment of colic in llamas. Equine Practice, 16, 34-36.

------------, M. G. Weiser and E. Belknap (1994) Clinical pathology of llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 201-209.

Gașpar, T., V. Herman, L. Costinar and C. Pascu (2022) Camelpox, current status, epidemiology and challenges. Lucrari Stiintifice - Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a Banatului Timisoara, Medicina Veterinara 55 (1) pp. 45-49.

Gasthuys, F., M. Steenhaut and A. Martens (1996) Ostectomy for congenital flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints in llama. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 9, 40-42.

Gatica G, R., M. Ratto F, C. Schüler C, M. Ortíz L, J. Oltra C and J. Correa S (1994) Successful pregnancy obtained by embryo transfer to a llama. Agricultura Técnica (Santiago), 54, 68-71.

Gauly, M. (1997) Reproduction in South American camelids. A review. Tierärztliche Praxis, 25, 74-79.

-------------(1997) Seasonal changes in semen characters and serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17β, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in male llamas (Lama glama) in Central Europe. 163 pp.: Justus-Liebig-Universität, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Giessen.

------------(2002) New World Camelidae. A manual for owners, breeders and veterinarians. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag.

----------- (2004) Aspects of animal welfare in South American Camelids husbandry. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 111, 127-130.

------------ and D. Bourke (1997) Pregnancy testing in American camelids. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 15-17.

------------- W. Egen and M. Trah (1997) Husbandry of South American camelids kept in central Europe. Tierärztliche Umschau, 52, 343-350.

-------------, M., G. Erhardt and V. Dzapo (1997) Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in male llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 4, 159-163.

--------------, C. Pouillion and G. Erhardt (2003) Suckling behaviour of llamas (Lama glama). Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 110, 412-416.

--------------, J. Vaughan, S. K. Hogreve and G. Erhardt (2005) Brainstem auditory-evoked potential assessment of auditory function and congenital deafness in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (L. pacos). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 756-760.

Gauna Añasco, L., G. Oliva, O. Affricano, A. Montesano and G. Graziotti (2005) Morphology of the superficial cervical lymph center of the llama (Lama glama). InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 7, 25-30.

Gauna, C. D., C. M. Nuevo Freire, E. N. Frank, M. H. V. Hick, G. P. Bollati, M. Uriozte, S. Delarada and C. Renieri. (2001) SUPREME-project: a study of growth and development in Argentine llamas. 260-266. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Gavier, D., M. D. Kittleson, M. E. Fowler, L. E. Johnson, G. Hall and D. Nearenburg (1988) Evaluation of a combination of xylazine, ketamine, and halothane for anesthesia in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 49, 2047-2055.

-------------, M. D. (1987) Evaluation of the combination of xylazine, ketamine and halothane for anesthesia in llamas. Davis, Calif.

-------------, M. D., M. Kittleson, M. E. Fowler, L. Johnson, G. Hall and D. Nearenberg (1986) Evaluation of xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride and halothane for anaesthesia in llamas. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 127.

Gazitúa, F. J., P. Corradini, G. Ferrando, L. A. Raggi and V. H. Parraguez (2001) Prediction of gestational age by ultrasonic fetometry in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Animal Reproduction Science, 66, 81-92.

Geary, T. W., G. W. Burns, J. G. N. Moraes, J. I. Moss, A. C. Denicol, K. B. Dobbs, M. S. Ortega, P. J. Hansen, M. E. Wehrman, H. Neibergs, E. O'Neil, S. Behura and T. E. Spencer (2016) Identification of beef heifers with superior uterine capacity for pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction, 95, 47.

Gehring, H. (1981) Sarcoptes in llama (Lama guanicoe glama) and alpaca (Lama guanicoe pacos). 257-260. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Geiser, F. (2012) Malformations by Schmallenberg virus - what's coming towards us? Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10.

Genin, D. and M. Tichit (1997) Degradability of Andean range forages in llamas and sheep. Journal of Range Management, 50, 381-385.

-------------, Z. Villca and P. Abasto (1994) Diet selection and utilization by llama and sheep in high altitude-arid rangeland of Bolivia. Journal of Range Management, 47, 245-248.

Gentz, E. J., E. G. Pearson, E. D. Lassen, S. P. Snyder and E. Sharpnack (1994) Polycythemia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 1490-1492.

Geoghegan, E. M., H. Zhang, P. J. Desai, A. Biragyn and R. B. Markham (2015) Antiviral activity of a single-domain antibody immunotoxin binding to glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus 2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59, 527-535.

George, J. W. and S. L. O'Neill (2001) Comparison of refractometer and biuret methods for total protein measurement in body cavity fluids. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 30, 16-18.

Gerhardwagener, M., S. Neubert, T. M. Punsmann, S. B. Wiegand and M. Ganter (2021) Relationships between body condition score (BCS), famacha©-score and haematological parameters in alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and llamas (Lama glama) presented at the veterinary clinic Animals 11 (9).

Gerken, M. and C. Renieri. (2006) South American camelids research, Volume 1. Proceedings of the 4th European symposium on South American camelids and DECAMA European seminar. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Gerken, M., F. Scherpner, M. Gauly, D. Jaenecke and V. Dzapo (1998) Social behaviour and social distance in female llamas. KTBL-Schrift, 173-181.

Gerros, T. C. (1998) Recognizing and treating urolithiasis in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 583-590.

-----------------& C. B. Andreasen (1999) Analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (Llama glama). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 28, 29-32.

Gerros, T. C. and W. C. Stone (1994) What is your diagnosis? [Complete bilateral choanal atresia in a llama]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 205, 179-180.

Geurden, T., E. Claerebout and J. Vercruysse (2005) Parasite infections in llamas in temperate zones. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 74, 347-354.

-------------- and K. V. Hemelrijk (2005) Ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in New World camelids in Belgium. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 71-73.

Gevrey, J. (1989) Llamas and sheep : cross infection studies. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie, 7, 245-249.

Giannitti, F., C. A. Margineda, M. S. Cid, S. S. Diab, N. Weber, A. Rodríguez, C. M. Campero and E. R. Odriozola (2012) Mortality of a captive axis deer (Axis axis) and a llama (Lama glama) due to ingestion of Wedelia glauca. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 24, 1068-1072.

Gibney, K. B., S. Robinson, J. P. Mutebi, D. E. Hoenig, B. J. Bernier, L. Webber, C. Lubelczyk, R. J. Nett and M. Fischer (2011) Eastern equine encephalitis: an emerging arboviral disease threat, Maine, 2009. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11, 637-639.

Gidlewski, T., N. F. Cheville, J. C. Rhyan, L. D. Miller and M. J. Gilsdorf (2000) Experimental Brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. Veterinary Pathology, 37, 77-82.

Gilbert, R. M., K. E. Bird and M. A. Kutzler (2009) Platelet aggregation responses in clinically healthy adult llamas. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 38, 42-45.

Gillespie, R. A. M., L. H. Williamson, T. H. Terrill and R. M. Kaplan (2010) Efficacy of anthelmintics on South American camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology, 172, 168-171.

Gilsdorf, M. J., C. O. Thoen, R. M. S. Temple, T. Gidlewski, D. Ewalt, B. Martin and S. B. Henneger (2001) Experimental exposure of llamas (Lama glama) to Brucella abortus: humoral antibody response. Veterinary Microbiology, 81, 85-91.

Gionfriddo, J. R. (1994) Ophthalmology [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 371-382.

---------------------(2010) Ophthalmology of South American camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 26, 531-555.

---------------------& M. Blair (2002) Congenital cataracts and persistent hyaloid vasculature in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5, 65-70.

---------------------H. Davidson, E. K. Asem and S. G. Krohne (2000) Detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1294-1297.

---------------------M. A. Gabal and D. M. Betts (1992) Fungal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 643-645.

---------------------J. P. Gionfriddo and S. G. Krohne (1997) Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 1784-1787.

---------------------T. Melgarejo, E. A. Morrison, C. A. Alinovi, E. K. Asem and S. G. Krohne (2000) Comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1289-1293.

---------------------R. Rosenbusch, J. M. Kinyon, D. M. Betts and T. M. Smith (1991) Bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52, 1061-1064.

Giudicelli, B. (2001) Veterinary interventions in small camelids (llamas and alpacas). Point Vétérinaire, 32, 30-37.

Giudicelli, E. (2017) Lamas. Bulletin des G.T.V., 53-64.

Giuliano, S., M. Carretero, M. Gambarotta, D. Neild, V. Trasorras, M. Pinto and M. Miragaya (2010) Improvement of llama (Lama glama) seminal characteristics using collagenase. Animal Reproduction Science, 118, 98-102.

----------------, H. Cisale and M. R. Ferrari (2018) Morphology, morphometry and chromatin distribution in llama sperm nuclei. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53, 502-511.

----------------, A. Director, M. Gambarotta, V. Trasorras and M. Miragaya (2008) Collection method, season and individual variation on seminal characteristics in the llama (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 104, 359-369.

Giussani, D. A., R. A. Riquelme, C. R. Gaete, F. A. Moraga, E. M. Sanhueza, M. A. Hanson and J. A. Llanos (1993) Rapid, intense peripheral vasoconstriction in the llama fetus in utero during acute hypoxaemia at 0.6-0.7 of gestation. Journal of Physiology, 473, 64P.

------------R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, M. A. Hanson, C. E. Blanco and A. J. Llanos (1999) Adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 515, 233-241.

Göbel, B. (2001) The symbolism of llama breeding in North-Western Argentina. 175-180. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Godynicka, M. and S. Godynicki (1971) A case of persistent arterial trunk in a guanaco llama (Lama guanicoe, Miller, 1776). Folia Morphologica (English edition), 30, 212-215.

Goe, M. R. (1983) Current status of research on animal traction. World Animal Review, 2-17.

Goepfert, N., E. Dufour, G. Prieto, J. Verano (2020) Herds for the Gods? Selection Criteria and Herd Management at the Mass Sacrifice Site of Huanchaquito-Las Llamas During the Chimu Period, Northern Coast of Peru Environmental Archaeology. 25 (3) pp.296-309.

Goldman, E. R., G. P. Anderson, J. Conway, L. J. Sherwood, M. Fech, B. H. Vo, J. L. Liu and A. Hayhurst (2008) Thermostable llama single domain antibodies for detection of botulinum A neurotoxin complex. Analytical Chemistry (Washington), 80, 8583-8591.

Gomes, M. J. P. (2010) Paratuberculosis in Brazil: challenges and opportunities. unpaginated. Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

Gomez-Puerta, L. A., K. A. Alroy, D. Santiago Ticona, M. T. López-Urbina and A. E. Gonzalez (2013) A case of nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in a llama (Lama glama). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 22, 608-610.

---------------------------, A. E. Gonzalez, A. Vargas-Calla, M. T. López-Urbina, V. Cama, L. Xiao (2020) Cryptosporidium parvum as a risk factor of diarrhea occurrence in neonatal alpacas in Peru Parasitol Res. 119 (1) pp.243-8.

Goniakowska-Witalinska, L. and W. Witalinski (1977) Occurrence of microtubules during erythropoiesis in llama, Lama glama. Journal of Zoology, 181, 309-313.

Gonzalez., B. (2015) Evaluacia del impacto ambiental asociado al uso de nuevos retardantes de llama. Universitat de Barcelona.

González Arribas, J. L., Y. Moral Llamas, S. Domínguez Hermosa and L. Agredano Marcos (2014) Therapeutic approach to autoimmune skin disease in the dog and cat. Argos - Informativo Veterinario, 44, 46.

González, B. A., A. M. Agapito, F. Novoa-Muñoz, J. Vianna, W. E. Johnson, J. C. Marín (2020) Utility of genetic variation in coat color genes to distinguish wild, domestic and hybrid South American camelids for forensic and judicial applications Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2020;45:102226.

González, E., R. Ahumada, V. Medina, J. Neira and U. González (2004) Thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) pp. application for total determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in fresh waters, seawater and marine sediments. Química Nova, 27, 873-877.

González, M. J., D. M. Lombardo, G. A. Delhon and I. v. Lawzewitsch (1998) Determination of haematological parameters in three species of South American camelids in captivity. Veterinaria Argentina, 15, 102-108.

Gonzalez-Romero, M. A., A. Hernandez-Llamas, J. M. J. Ruiz-Velazco, T. N. Plascencia-Cuevas and J. T. Nieto-Navarro (2014) Stochastic bio-economic optimization of pond size for intensive commercial production of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 433, 496-503.

Gonzalo-Sanz, L. M. and A. Llamas-Marcos (1973) [Development of the caudal portion of the ductus mesonephricus. An experimental study in chick embryos]. Acta Anatomica, 85, 550-562.

Gorman, T., J. P. Arancibia, M. Lorca, D. Hird and H. Alcaino (1999) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and alpacas (Llama pacos) in Chile. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 40, 143-149.

Gose, P. (1990) The Flocks of the Wamani: A Study of Llama Herders on the Punas of Ayacucho., Kent V. Flannery. Man, 25, 729-729.

Grabkowski, M. and B. Rutkowiak (1989) Blood values of guanacos, llamas, Cameroon goats and buffaloes in a zoo. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 45, 349-352.

Grambow, H. J. and D. Timm (1973) [Use of the Steriven catheter for continuous intravenous infusion in cattle]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 80, 568-571.

Graziotti, G. H., C. Ríos, J. R. Rodríguez Menėndez and C. L. Victorica (2000) Arteries of the hindfoot of the llama (Lama glama). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 29, 273-276.

----------------J. M. Rodríguez Menéndez, C. M. Ríos and C. L. Victorica (2007) Distribution of the internal pudendal artery in male and female llama (Lama glama). Annals of Anatomy, 189, 295-298.

----------------J. M. Rodríguez Menendez, C. L. Victorica, G. F. Fux Solveyra and C. M. Ríos (2003) Systematic study of the internal iliac artery in llama (Lama glama). Annals of Anatomy, 185, 461-463.

Greene, S. A. and T. C. Thurmon (1988) Xylazine-a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 11, 295-313.

Gregory, P. C., R. Heller and W. v. Engelhardt (1985) Control of stomach motility in the llama (Lama guanacoe F. Glama). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 70, 51-61.

Grint, N. J. and A. Dugdale (2009) Brightness of venous blood in South American camelids: implications for jugular catheterization. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36, 63-66.

------------ and Alexandra H.A. Dugdale (2013) Obstetric Anesthesia in South American Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 609-612.

Groot, A. J., M. El-Khattabi, N. Sachs, P. v. d. Groep, E. v. d. Wall, P. J. v. Diest, A. Sonnenberg, C. T. Verrips and M. Vooijs (2009) Reverse proteomic antibody screening identifies anti adhesive VHH targeting VLA-3. Molecular Immunology, 46, 2022-2028.

Grubb, T. L. (2006) Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 33, 351-355.

----------------& D. E. Anderson (2017) Assessment of clinical application of pulse oximetry probes in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 3, 169-175.

----------------, T. W. Riebold and M. J. Huber.(1992) Evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine for epidural anesthesia in the llama. 499.

---------------- (1993) Evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine for epidural analgesia in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 203, 1441-1444.

----------------, J. W. Schlipf, T. W. Riebold, C. K. Cebra, L. Poland, X. Zawadzkas and N. Mailhot (2003) Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223, 1167-1169.

----------------- (2013) Pain Management in Camelids: Systemic Techniques in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 618-624.

-------------------(2013) Local and Regional Analgesic Techniques in Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 600-606.

Grüss, A. and N. Priymenko (2009) Cotoneaster sp. poisoning in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21, 247-249.

Grzybowska, D. and A. Snarska (2021) Zinc in llamas and alpacas Journal of Elementology 26 (4) pp. 913-922.

Guan, M., O. Jacobson, G. Sarafianos, J. Baroch, T. J. Deliberto and X. Wan (2022) Exposure of white-tailed deer in North America to influenza D virus Virology 573: 111-117.

Guardado-Calvo, P., G. C. Fox, A. L. Llamas-Saiz and M. J. v. Raaij (2009) Crystallographic structure of the α-helical triple coiled-coil domain of avian reovirus S1133 fibre. Journal of General Virology, 90, 672-677.

Guardado-Calvo, P., L. Vazquez-Iglesias, J. Martinez-Costas, A. L. Llamas-Saiz, G. Schoehn, G. C. Fox, X. L. Hermo-Parrado, J. Benavente and M. J. v. Raaij (2008) Crystal structure of the avian reovirus inner capsid protein σA. Journal of Virology, 82, 11208-11216.

Guedon, J. T., K. Luo, H. Zhang and R. B. C.-P. D.-J. D.-Q. Markham (2015) Monoclonal and Single Domain Antibodies Targeting β-Integrin Subunits Block Sexual Transmission of HIV-1 in In Vitro and In Vivo Model Systems. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 69, 278-85 ST - Monoclonal and Single Domain Antibodies Targeting β-Integrin Subunits Block Sexual Transmission of HIV-1 in In Vitro and In Vivo Model Systems.

Guerra Gomez, P. and . (2011). AnÃylisis de retardantes de llama halogenados emergentes y su impacto en el medio ambiente y en humanos. Universitat de Barcelona.

Guimaraes, A. M. S., B. Toth, A. P. Santos, N. C. d. Nascimento, J. E. Kritchevsky and J. B. Messick (2012) Genome sequence of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" strain Purdue, a red blood cell pathogen of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Bacteriology, 194, 6312-6313.

Gultom, M., A. Kratzel, J. Portmann, H. Stalder, A. C. Bätzner, H. Gantenbein, C. Gurtner, N. Ebert, H. H. Gad, R. Hartmann, H. Posthaus, P. Zanolari, S. Pfaender, V. Thiel and R. Dijkman (2022) Establishment of well-differentiated camelid airway cultures to study Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus Scientific Reports 12 (6).

Gunsser, I. (2009) Problems in keeping and in transporting of llamas and alpacas. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 116, 121-124.

-------------, T. Hänichen and J. Maierl (1999) Liver fluke infection in South American camelids: parasitology, pathology, clinical aspects and therapy. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 27, 187-192.

Gustafson, L. L., W. L. Franklin, R. J. Sarno, R. L. Hunter, K. M. Young, W. E. Johnson and M. J. Behl (1998) Predicting Early Mortality of Newborn Guanacos by Birth Mass and Hematological Parameters: A Provisional Model. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 24-35.

Güttler, E. (1986) Investigations on the management, breeding, physiology and pathology of reproduction and diseases in llamas in the Argentinian Andes. 169pp.: Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.

------------(1992) Problems in the husbandry and breeding of llamas in the Argentinian Andes. Zoologische Garten, 62, 23-32.

Güzel, Ö., D. O. Erdİkmen, S. Özsoy and B. İnal (2013) Treatment of a distal radius and ulna fracture in a young llama with a combination of external and internal fixation. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 37, 125-128.

H

Haard, H. J. W. D., S. Bezemer, A. M. Ledeboer, W. H. Müller, P. J. Boender, S. Moineau, M. C. Coppelmans, A. J. Verkleij, L. G. J. Frenken and C. T. Verrips (2005) Llama antibodies against a lactococcal protein located at the tip of the phage tail prevent phage infection. Journal of Bacteriology, 187, 4531-4541.

Hackenbroich, C., M. Gerwing and L. F. Litzke (2002) Surgical repair of a femur fracture in a Ilama (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 30, 58-62.

Haibel, G. K. and E. D. Fung (1991) Real-time ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurement for the prediction of gestational age in llamas. Theriogenology, 35, 683-687.

Hajsig, M., T. Naglić, D. Hajsig and M. Herceg (1985) Systemic mycoses in domestic and wild ruminants. I. Candidosis of forestomachs in the lamb, calf, kid and newborn llama. Veterinarski Arhiv, 55, 53-58.

Hallowell, G.(2014) South American camelids; more than just big sheep. 251-252. Quedgeley: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Hamir, A. N., C. B. Andreasen and E. G. Pearson (1997) Endogenous lipid pneumonia (alveolar histiocytosis) and hydrocephalus in an adult llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 141, 474-475.

----------------, P. L. Habecker and C. Tillman (1998) Pancreatic necrosis in a llama. Veterinary Record, 142, 644-645.

-----------------& G. Moser (1998) Immunohistopathological findings in an adult llama with listeriosis. Veterinary Record, 143, 477-479.

-----------------, V. Pierce and D. Richardson (1997) Intraosseous hemangiosarcoma with metastasis in a three-month-old llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 9, 210-213.

------------------, K. I. Timm (2003) Nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (Lama glama) from north-west USA. Veterinary Record, 152, 507-508.

------------------, K. I. Timm and B. B. Smith (2000) Thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 146, 226-228.

Hammer, S., M. Gauly and K. H. Bonath. (2001) Medetomidine/ketamine-anaesthesia of llama (Lama glama) under field conditions and its influence on haemodynamics, respiration and metabolism. 267-268. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Hamzah, A. M., A. M. Hussein and J. M. Khalef (2013) Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain from fecal samples of zoo animal. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, Article ID 843968.

Hänichen, T. and H. Wiesner (1995) Disorders and causes of death among New World camelids. Tierärztliche Praxis, 23, 515-520.

Harmon, D. A. R. 1989. Llama packing : a guide for the low impact use of llamas in the backcountry.

Harmsen, M. M., H. P. D. Fijten, A. Dekker and P. L. Eblé (2008) Passive immunization of pigs with bispecific llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease and porcine immunoglobulin. Veterinary Microbiology, 132, 56-64.

-------------------, H. P. D. Fijten, B. Engel, A. Dekker and P. L. Eblé (2009) Passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments reduces foot-and-mouth disease transmission between pigs. Vaccine, 27, 1904-1911.

-------------------, R. C. Ruuls, I. J. Nijman, T. A. Niewold, L. G. J. Frenken and B. d. Geus (2000) Llama heavy-chain V regions consist of at least four distinct subfamilies revealing novel sequence features. Molecular Immunology, 37, 579-590.

-------------------, C. B. Solt, H. P. D. Fijten, L. v. Keulen, R. A. Rosalia, K. Weerdmeester, A. H. M. Cornelissen, M. G. M. d. Bruin, P. L. Eblé and A. Dekker (2007) Passive immunization of guinea pigs with llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease. Veterinary Microbiology, 120, 193-206.

-------------------, C. B. v. Solt, H. P. D. Fijten and M. C. v. Setten (2005) Prolonged in vivo residence times of llama single-domain antibody fragments in pigs by binding to porcine immunoglobulins. Vaccine, 23, 4926-4934.

-------------------, C. B. v. Solt, A. Hoogendoorn, F. G. v. Zijderveld, T. A. Niewold and J. v. d. Meulen (2005) Escherichia coli F4 fimbriae specific llama single-domain antibody fragments effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion in vitro but poorly protect against diarrhoea. Veterinary Microbiology, 111, 89-98.

-------------------, C. B. v. Solt, A. M. v. Zijderveld-van Bemmel, T. A. Niewold and F. G. v. Zijderveld (2006) Selection and optimization of proteolytically stable llama single-domain antibody fragments for oral immunotherapy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72, 544-551.

Harreveld, P. D. v., S. M. Angelos, D. P. Gnad and D. C. v. Metre (2000) Llama castration. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 22, S88-S91.

Harrison, R. A., S. S. Hasson, M. Harmsen, G. D. Laing, K. Conrath and R. D. G. Theakston (2006) Neutralisation of venom-induced haemorrhage by IgG from camels and llamas immunised with viper venom and also by endogenous, non-IgG components in camelid sera. Toxicon, 47, 364-368.

Hart, H. (2009) Riding the SPCA's Llama in the Christmas Parade. Ploughshares, 35, 74-75.

Harwood, D., J. Nuttall and C. Bidewell (2008) Fasciolosis in camelids. Veterinary Record, 162, 424.

Haselberg, R., G. J. d. Jong and G. W. Somsen (2009) Capillary electrophoresis of intact basic proteins using noncovalently triple-layer coated capillaries. Journal of Separation Science, 32, 2408-2415.

Hashimoto, K. (2006) Commodification of farm products in Andes highlands, production of llama meat of Bolivia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 50, 288-292.

Hathcock, J. T., D. G. Pugh, R. E. Cartee and L. Hammond (1995) Computed tomography of the llama head: technique and normal anatomy. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 36, 290-296.

Haurie Ibarra, L., A. I. s. Fernndez Renna, J. I. Velasco Perero, B. Universitat de and M. Â. l. r. Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria. 2006. Estudio de la hidromagnesita sinica como retardante de llama en EVA y mezclas LDPE/EVA.

Hawkey, C. M. and F. M. D. Gulland (1988) Haematology of clinically normal and abnormal captive llamas and guanacoes. Veterinary Record, 122, 232-234.

Hawkins, I. K., M. Ilha, E. Anis and R. P. Wilkes (2017) Septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in two neonatal llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 29, 700-703.

Hearn, F. P. D. (2007) Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society for Theriogenology, Monterey, California, USA, 7-11 August 2007. Theriogenology, 68, 295-520.

Heath, A. M., D. G. Pugh, E. A. Sartin, B. Navarre and R. C. Purohit (2002) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of testicular biopsies in llamas. Theriogenology, 58, 1125-1130.

Heath, D., P. R. Smith, R. Fitch and P. Harris (1985) Comparative pathology of the enlarged carotid body. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 95, 259-271.

----------------P. Smith, D. Williams, P. Harris, J. Arias-Stella and H. Krüger (1974) The heart and pulmonary vasculature of the llama (Lama glama). Thorax, 29, 463-471.

Heath, R. B. (1989) Llama anesthetic programs. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 71-80.

Heck, H. and E. Rivenburg (1972) Dosages of M-99 used on hoofed mammals at Catskill Game Farm. Zoologische Garten, 2, 282-287.

Heller, R., V. Cercasov and W. v. Engelhardt (1986) Retention of fluid and particles in the digestive tract of the llama (Lama guanacoe f. glama). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 83, 687-691.

Hendrickson, D. A. and A. N. Baird.(2013) Turner and McIlwraith's techniques in large animal surgery. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell.

Hendrix, D. V. H., P. N. Bochsler, B. Saladino, M. A. Cawrse and J. Thomas (2000) Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a llama. Veterinary Pathology, 37, 680-683.

Henry, K. A., G. Hussack, C. Collins, J. C. Zwaagstra, J. Tanha and C. R. MacKenzie (2016) Isolation of TGF-β-neutralizing single-domain antibodies of predetermined epitope specificity using next-generation DNA sequencing. Protein Eng Des Sel, 29, 439-43.

Henry, K. A., T. Sulea, H. van Faassen, G. Hussack, E. O. Purisima, C. R. MacKenzie and M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi (2016) A Rational Engineering Strategy for Designing Protein A-Binding Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies. PLoS One, 11, e0163113.

------------------, J.Tanha and G. D.-O. D.-p. g. Hussack (2015) Identification of cross-reactive single-domain antibodies against serum albumin using next-generation DNA sequencing. Protein Eng Des Sel, 28, 379-83 ST - Identification of cross-reactive single-domain antibodies against serum albumin using next-generation DNA sequencing.

Herceg, M., I. Huber and V. Gomercic. 1976. Hyaline membranes in the lungs of a newborn llama (Lama glama). 123-125. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Herdt, T. H. (1995) Blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (Lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of United States, reproductive stage, and health of offspring. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 337-344.

Herrera, C., J. M. Tremblay, C. B. Shoemaker and N. J. C.-P. D.-N. D.-j. M. Mantis (2015) Mechanisms of Ricin Toxin Neutralization Revealed through Engineered Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Camelid Antibodies. J Biol Chem, 290, 27880-9 ST - Mechanisms of Ricin Toxin Neutralization Revealed through Engineered Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Camelid Antibodies.

Herrera, E. A., R. V. Reyes, D. A. Giussani, R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, G. Ebensperger, P. Casanello, N. Méndez, R. Ebensperger, E. Sepúlveda-Kattan, V. M. Pulgar, G. Cabello, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson, J. T. Parer and A. J. Llanos (2008) Carbon monoxide: a novel pulmonary artery vasodilator in neonatal llamas of the Andean altiplano. Cardiovascular Research, 77, 197-201.

------------R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, L. A. Raggi and A. J. Llanos (2002) Use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 74, 101-109.

Herrera J. M., L. Rossetto, M. F. Herrera, M. F. Gallelli, BC. P. Bianchi (2022) A feasible method for llama embryo paraffin embedding. Acta Histochem. Dec;124 (8) 151.

Herrid, M., M. Billah and J. A. Skidmore (2017) Successful pregnancies from vitrified embryos in the dromedary camel: avoidance of a possible toxic effect of sucrose on embryos. Animal Reproduction Science, 187, 116-123.

Hertzberg, H. and L. Kohler (2006) Prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in South American Camelids in Switzerland. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 119, 291-294.

Hewson, J. and C. K. Cebra (2001) Peritonitis in a llama caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42, 465-467.

Hicks, K., B. W. Newcomer, M. Sandey, B. Kennis, A. White A. (2020) Acquired cutaneous angiomatosis and Chorioptes species dermatitis in an adult llama Veterinary Record Case Reports 2020;8(3).

Higginbotham, M. L., D. L. McCaw, D. E. Anderson, J. C. Lattimer, L. Armbrust, G. A. Andrews and B. D. D.-M. D.-j. McBride (2015) Treatment of a maxillary fibrosarcoma in an adult alpaca. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 246, 674-80 ST - Treatment of a maxillary fibrosarcoma in an adult alpaca.

Hilbe, M., C. Kaufmann, K. Zlinszky, P. Zanolari and F. Ehrensperger (2012) New World camelids and Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 154, 155-158.

Hilbe, M., N. Robert, A. Pospischil and C. Gerspach (2015) Pulmonary arterial lesions in New World camelids in association with Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica infection. Veterinary Pathology, 52, 1202-1209.

Hildebrand, S. V. and T. Hill (1993) Neuromuscular blockade by use of atracurium in anesthetized llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 429-433.

Hilton, C. D., D. G. Pugh, J. C. Wright, B. M. Waldridge, S. A. Simpkins and A. M. Heath (1998) How to determine and when to use body weight estimates and condition scores in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 1015-1018.

Himsworth, C. G. (2008) Polioencephalomalacia in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49, 598-600.

Hinderer, S. and W. V. Engelhardt (1975) Urea metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 619-622.

--------------- and W. V. Engelhardt. (1976). Entry of blood urea into the rumen of the llama. 59-60. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Hinrichs, K., L. C. Buoen and G. R. Ruth (1999) XX/XY chimerism and freemartinism in a female llama co-twin to a male. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1140-1141.

Hinrichs, K., S. E. Horin, L. C. Buoen, Q. Ting and G. R. Ruth (1997) X-chromosome monosomy in an infertile female llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 1503-1504.

Hirsch, N. and J. Knubben (2017) Hygienic assessment of the joint husbandry of commercial poultry and other animal species. Praktische Tierarzt, 98, 480-492.

Hochachka, P. W., T. P. Mommsen, J. H. Jones and C. R. Taylor (1987) Substrate and O2 fluxes during rest and exercise in a high-altitude-adapted animal, the llama. American Journal of Physiology, 253, R298-R305.

Hoffman, K. A. (1992) Llamas: an overview. Veterinary Technician, 13, 135-140, 142-143.

Holasová, M., A. Pechová and T. Husáková (2017) The evaluation of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations in the hair of South American camelids. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 86, 141-149.

Hollister, N. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 461.

Holmes, L. A., N. W. Frame, R. K. Frame, J. P. Duff and G. C. Lewis (1999) Suspected tremorgenic mycotoxicosis (ryegrass staggers) in alpacas (Llama pacos) in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 462-463.

Holzlöhner, P., M. Butze, N. Maier, N. Hebel, E. Schliebs, B. Micheel, J. Füner, G. Heidicke and K. Hanack (2018) Generation of murine monoclonal antibodies with specificity against conventional camelid IgG1 and heavy-chain only IgG2/3. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 197, 1-6.

Hong, C. B. and J. M. Donahue (1995) Rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a llama. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 113, 85-88.

Hoogmoed, L. M. V., C. M. Drake and J. R. Snyder (2004) In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2α on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 220-224.

-------------------------, F. A. Harmon and J. Snyder (2003) Microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64, 346-350.

-------------------------, P. C. Rakestraw, J. R. Snyder and F. A. Harmon (1998) Role of nitric oxide in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1166-1169.

-------------------------, G. Roberts, J. R. Snyder, T. Yarbrough and F. Harmon (1998) Use of computed tomography to evaluate the intestinal tract of adult llamas. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 39, 117-122.

-------------------------, J. R. Snyder, S. M. Stover, C. Drake, K. Taylor, T. A. Harmon and L. McDuffee (1996) In vitro biomechanical comparison of the strength of the linea alba of the llama, using two suture patterns. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 938-942.

-------------------------, J. R. Snyder and P. Vasseur (1998) Surgical repair of patellar luxation in llamas: 7 cases (1980-1996). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 860-865.

-------------------------, J. R. Synder, G. Roberts and F. A. Harmon (1997) Unilateral nephrectomy in a juvenile llama. Veterinary Surgery, 26, 497-501.

Hopkins, S. M., G. C. Althouse, L. L. Jackson and L. E. Evans (1991) Surgical treatment of uterine torsion in a llama (Lama glama). Cornell Veterinarian, 81, 425-428.

Horstkotte, M. A., I. Sobottka, C. K. Schewe, P. Schäfer, R. Laufs, S. Rüsch-Gerdes and S. Niemann (2001) Mycobacterium microti llama- type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 406-407.

House, J. A., D. A. Gregg, J. Lubroth, E. J. Dubovi and A. Torres (1991) Experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 137-143.

Houten, D. v., M. G. Weiser, L. Johnson and F. Garry (1992) Reference hematologic values and morphologic features of blood cells in healthy adult llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1773-1775.

Hovda, L., S. McGuirk and D. Lunn (1990) Total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 319.

-------------, S. M. McGuirk and D. P. Lunn (1990) Total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 319-322.

Hribljan, J. A., D. J. Cooper, J. Sueltenfuss, E. C. Wolf, K. A. Heckman, E. A. Lilleskov and R. A. Chimner (2014) Carbon storage and long-term rate of accumulation in high-altitude Andean peatlands of Bolivia. Mires and Peat, 15, Article 12.

Huanca, W. (2013) The challenges in reproductive management of South American camelids. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 21, 233-236.

---------------(2015) Reproductive biotechnologies in domestic South American camelids as alternatives for genetic improvement. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 23, 1-4.

----------------, A. Cordero, T. Huanca, O. Cardenas, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2009) Ovarian response and embryo production in llamas treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin alone or with a progestin-releasing vaginal sponge at the time of follicular wave emergence. Theriogenology, 72, 803-808.

Huang, P. N., H. C. Wang, H. C. Hung, S. N. Tseng, T. Y Chang, M. Y. Chou, et al. (2020) Antiviral Activity of a Llama-Derived Single-Domain Antibody against Enterovirus A71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(5).

Huber, M. J. (2011). Practical analgesic techniques for small ruminants and camelids. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  pp. 101-102. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

----------------(2011) Regional perfusion of antimicrobials as a complementary treatment for soft tissue, bone, or joint infections in sheep, goats, and camelids. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  106-110. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitiopp. ners.

----------------(2011) Simple techniques for managing complicated fractures in camelids and small ruminants. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  pp. 103-105. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

----------------(2012) Small ruminant fracture repair. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. unpaginated

Huidobro Bellido, J., F. Arce Helguero, P. Quispe Condori, J. C. a. l. m. a. Huidobro Bellido, J. S. d. l. l. e. l. i. d. S. Huidobro Bellido and J. D. a. n. h. m. Huidobro Bellido.(1994) La verdadera escritura aymara. La Paz: Asociacio\0301n Socio Econo\0301mica de Productores Indi\0301genas del Tawantinsuyo \201CA-Sepiita\201D.

Hultberg, A., N. J. Temperton, V. Rosseels, M. Koenders, M. Gonzalez-Pajuelo, B. Schepens, L. I. Ibañez, P. Vanlandschoot, J. Schillemans, M. Saunders, R. A. Weiss, X. Saelens, J. A. Melero, C. T. Verrips, S. v. Gucht and H. J. d. Haard (2011) Llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules. PLoS ONE, e17665.

---------------, D. M. Tremblay, H. d. Haard, T. Verrips, S. Moineau, L. Hammarström and H. Marcotte (2007) Lactobacilli expressing llama VHH fragments neutralise Lactococcus phages. BMC Biotechnology, 7, (17 September 2007).

Hung, A. L., A. Alvarado, T. López, R. Perales, O. Li and E. Garcia (1991) Detection of antibodies to mycoplasmas in South American camelids. Research in Veterinary Science, 51, 250-253.

Hünigen, H., E. Butendieck and R. Berg (2001) Capillarisation of the myocardium of lama (Lama glama). Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 114, 117-120.

Hunter, B., K. F. Duesterdieck-Zellmer, M. J. Huber, J. E. Parker and S. A. Semevolos (2014) Carpal valgus in llamas and alpacas: retrospective evaluation of patient characteristics, radiographic features and outcomes following surgical treatment. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 55, 1153-1159.

Hunter, D. (2010) Brucellosis and Johne's disease in cervids and bovids. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 309-311.

Hunter, R. P., R. Isaza, D. E. Koch, C. C. Dodd and M. A. Goately (2004) Moxidectin plasma concentrations following topical administration to llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Small Ruminant Research, 52, 275-279.

Hunter, R. P., R. Isaza, D. E. Koch, C. C. Dodd and M. A. Goatley (2004) The pharmacokinetics of topical doramectin in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27, 187-189.

Husáková, T., K. Hauptmanová and L. Pavlata (2013) Alpaca and llama - premature birth of youngs and care for them. Veterinářství, 63, 625-630.

----------------, L. Pavlata, A. Pechova, K. Hauptmanova and L. Tichy (2014) Assessment of selenium status in alpaca. Small Ruminant Research, 117, 176-182.

----------------, B. Schillová and L. Pavlata (2015) Recumbency in llama guanaco. Veterinářství, 65, 383-387.

Hussack, G., S. Raphael, M. J. Lowden and K. A. Henry (2018) Isolation and characterization of camelid single-domain antibodies against HER2. BMC Res Notes, 11, 866.

Hutchinson, J. M. (1992) Immunodeficiency in juvenile llamas. Large Animal Veterinary Report, 3, 49.

---------------------(1997) Measurable aspects of the immune response in llamas : an epidemiologic approach.

----------------------M. D. Salman, F. B. Garry, S. W. Johnson, J. K. Collins and T. J. Keefe (1995) Comparison of two commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kits for quantitation of llama immunoglobulin G. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 7, 515-519.

---------------------, Salman, F. Garry, L. Johnson, T. Keefe and R. Ellis (1997) Evaluation of factors affecting the response of llamas to vaccination with Clostridium perfringens C toxoid. Épidémiologie et Santé Animale, 08.06.1-08.06.2.

---------------------E. B. Belknap and R. J. Williams (1993) Acute renal failure in the llama (Lama glama). Cornell Veterinarian, 83, 39-46.

---------------------& F. Garry (1994) Ill thrift and juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 331-343.

---------------------F. B. Garry, E. B. Belknap, D. M. Getzy, L. W. Johnson, R. P. Ellis, S. L. Quackenbush, J. Rovnak, E. A. Hoover and G. L. Cockerell (1995) Prospective characterization of the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of an immunodeficiency syndrome affecting juvenile llamas. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 49, 209-227.

---------------------F. B. Garry, L. W. Johnson, S. L. Quackenbush, D. M. Getzy, W. A. Jensen and E. A. Hoover (1992) Immunodeficiency syndrome associated with wasting and opportunistic infection in juvenile llamas: 12 cases (1988-1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1070-1076.

---------------------, M. D. Salman, F. B. Garry, L. W. Johnson and T. J. Keefe (1998) Characterization of plasma immunoglobulin G concentrations of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 406-409.

I

Illanes Callejas, J. (2005) Bloques nutricionales en la suplementación de llamas (Lama glama) en el último tercio de gestación en el CEAC.

Ingram, K. A. and R. L. Sigler. (1983) Cataract removal in a young llama. 95-97.

Isaac, P. (1999) Understanding some of the needs and requirements of the llama. Veterinary Times, 29, 31-32.

Isaza, R.(1999) Degenerative myelopathy as a cause of spinal ataxia in llamas.

Ismail, Z. B., M. Levy, T. Qureshi and M. W. Lankester (2011) Clinico-pathological findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in llamas (Lama glama) experimentally infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57, 175-181.

Iturrizaga, D. M., F. T. Verechia, T. C. Santos, P. P. Bombonato, D. G. Teixeira and M. A. Miglino (2007) The materno-fetal interface in llama (Lama guanicoe glama). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 27, 221-228.

J

Jackling, F. C., J. L. Vaughan, M. E. Goddard and B. R. Appleton. (2011) Genetic diversity in alpacas: can inbreeding explain the high prevalence of congenital defects? , 442-445. Armidale: Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics.

Jain, N. C. and K. S. Keeton (1974) Morphology of camel and llama erythrocytes as viewed with the scanning electron microscope. British Veterinary Journal, 130, 288-291.

James, A., J. Smith, J. Sheldon and R. Videla (2022) Failure of passive transfer in camel calves: 4 cases (2010-2019). Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2022.

Jankovsky, J. M. and R. L. Donnell (2018) Blastomyces dermatitidis pneumonia in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30, 576-579.

Jarvinen, J. A. (1999) Prevalence of Eimeria macusaniensis (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in midwestern Lama spp. Journal of Parasitology, 85, 373-376.

----------------- (2008) Infection of llamas with stored Eimeria macusaniensis oocysts obtained from guanaco and alpaca feces. Journal of Parasitology, 94, 969-972.

-----------------, J. P. Dubey and G. C. Althouse (1999) Clinical and Serologic Evaluation of Two Llamas (Lama glama) Infected with Toxoplasma gondii during Gestation. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 142-144.

----------------- and J. M. Kinyon (2010) Preputial microflora of llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Small Ruminant Research, 90, 156-160.

-----------------, J. A. Miller and D. D. Oehler (2002) Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 150, 344-346.

-----------------, E. M. Whitley, A. J. Kreuder and J. A. Schleining (2014) Identification of Lamanema chavezi Becklund 1963 infection in a llama (Lama glama) in the United  States. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 26, 178-183.

Jayathangaraj, M. G., M. C. John, N. S. Manohar and V. R. Baskar (1999) Pyloric obstruction in a llama (Lama glama) - a case report. International Journal of Animal Sciences, 14, 249-250.

Jean, G. S., L. R. Bramlage and P. D. Constable (1989) Repair of fracture of the proximal portion of the radius and ulna in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 194, 1309-1311.

Jenkins, D. (2003) Guard animals for livestock protection: existing and potential use in Australia. Orange: NSW Agriculture.

Jensen, O., J. A. Iriarte, M. Mossello, M. L. Gertiser, H. G. Avila, M. Pavan, P. Amiotti and V. Poggio (2017) The recombinant EG95 vaccine in intermediary hosts. Trials in Argentina. Period 1995 - 2016. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 152.

Jeřábek, J. (1999) Something about rabies. Veterinářství, 49, 535-537.

Jia, N. and J. Liu (2009) Comparative observation on the structure of lungs and wall of pulmonary arteries of Tibetan mastiff from different altitudes areas. Chinese Veterinary Science / Zhongguo Shouyi Kexue, 39, 349-352.

Jin, L., C. K. Cebra, R. J. Baker, D. E. Mattson, S. A. Cohen, D. E. Alvarado and G. F. Rohrmann (2007) Analysis of the genome sequence of an alpaca coronavirus. Virology, 365, 198-203.

Johnson, C. R., A. N. Baird, D. K. Baird and J. G. W. Wenzel (2000) Long-bone fractures in llamas: six cases (1993-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216, 1291-1293.

Johnson, C. T., C. E. Winkler, E. Boughton and J. W. F. Penfold (1993) Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a llama. Veterinary Record, 133, 243-244.

Johnson, D. H. (2005) Experience using Critical CareTM and Carnivore CareTM with wildlife and zoo species. 43. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Johnson, L. W. (1989) Eperythrozoonosis (EPE) in llamas: a new disease? Proceedings - Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 93, 240.

-------------------(1989) Llama medicine. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders.

-------------------(1989) Llama reproduction. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 159-182.

-------------------(1989) Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 37-54.

-------------------(1990) Female llama infertility. 6-13. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

-------------------(1993) Infertility evaluation in llamas and alpacas. 536-540. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

------------------ (1994) Llama herd health. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 248-258.

-------------------(1994) Llama nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 10, 187-201.

-------------------(2005). Dermatologic problems of small ruminants. Gainesville: Eastern States Veterinary Association. Pp. 299-300.

-------------------(2005) Neonatology of llamas and alpacas. Gainesville: Eastern States Veterinary Association. Pp. 306-308.

-------------------(2005) Small ruminant tips for the small animal practitioner. Gainesville: Eastern States Veterinary Association. Pp. 301-303.

-------------------(2010) Camelid committee conception. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 346-347.

-------------------(2010) Keeping small ruminant field anesthesia simple. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. P. 345.

-------------------, F. M. Garry, G. M. Weiser, R. P. Ellis, A. R. Smith, B. G. McLaughlin, D. Morris, B. Frye, P. Schultheis and D. Jorgenson.(1990) Experimental eperythrozoonosis in llamas. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Pp. 17-19.

-------------------& E. J. Gentz (1990) Multiple non lethal congenital anomalies in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 630-631.

-------------------, A. R. Smith, B. McFarlane, F. Garry, G. Weiser, R. Ellis, P. Schultheiss, B. Frye and D. Jorgenson (1991) Experimental eperythrozoonosis in llamas. Proceedings - Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 95, 135-137.

-------------------, C. O. Thoen and P. C. Schultheiss (1989) Diagnostic procedures for detecting llamas exposed to mycobacteria. Proceedings - Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 93, 241-244.

-------------------- (2013) Camelid Herd Health and Nutrition In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 11-12.

--------------------- (2013) Physical Examination and Conformation in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 328-337.

Johnson, R. (1974) Una virgen llama a tu puerta, Ramón J. Sender. Books Abroad, 48, 746-746.

Johnston, N. A., S. M. Parish, J. W. Tyler and C. B. Tillman (1997) Evaluation of serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 1165-1166.

Jones, M. and M. Boileau (2009) Camelid herd health. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 239-263.

Jones, M. L.(2013) Blood transfusion. In David E Anderson; Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 333-336.

-----------(2013) Castration. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 293-297.

-----------(2013) Cerebrospinal fluid collection and interpretation. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 305-308. ,

-----------(2013) Chute restraint. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 23-25.

-----------(2013) Cystocentesis. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 233-235. ,

-----------(2013) Dental examination and trimming. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 99-103.

-----------(2013) Ear squeeze (ear twitch). in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 27-28.

-----------(2013) First compartment paracentesis (rumenocentesis) and fluid evaluation. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 175-178.

-----------(2013) Haltering. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 11-13.

-----------(2013) Injections - subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intradermal (ID), intravenous (IV). in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 29-32.

-----------(2013) Liver biopsy. 171-174.

-----------(2013) Nasolacrimal duct cannulation. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 315-316.

-----------(2013) Plasma transfusion. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 337-338.

-----------(2013) Regional intravenous drug perfusion. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 213-215.

-----------(2013) Skin biopsy. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 131-134.

-----------(2013) Toenail trimming. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 135-137.

-----------(2013) Urethral catheterization. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 223-226.

-----------(2013) Urinary tract examination and anatomy. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 219-221.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - auricular artery and vein. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 69-70.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - cephalic vein. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 63-64.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - femoral artery. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 71-72.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - jugular vein. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 57-62.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - lateral thoracic vein. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 67-68.

-----------(2013) Vascular catheterization - saphenous vein. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 65-66.

-------------------, M. A. Gilmour and R. N. Streeter (2007) Use of grid keratotomy for the treatment of indolent corneal ulcer in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 416-419.

------------------- and M. D. Miesner.(2013) Neurological examination and anatomy. 301-303. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

------------------- and P. Payne.(2013) Skin scraping. in Anderson, D. E.,  M. L. Jones and M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 127-129.

Jonsson, N. N. and M. Rozmanec (1997) Tick paralysis and hepatic lipidosis in a llama. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75, 250-253.

Joosten, V. (2005) Production of bifunctional proteins by Aspergillus awamori : llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragments (VHHS) coupled to Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP).

Joseph, S., J. Kinne, P. Nagy, J. Juhász, R. Barua, N. A. G. Patteril, D. Hoffmann, F. Pfaff, B. Hoffmann and U. Wernery (2021) Outbreak of a systemic form of camelpox in a dromedary herd (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates Viruses 13 (10).

Jost, S. M., A. Knoll, G. Lühken, C. Drögemüller, P. Zanolari (2020) Prevalence of coat colour traits and congenital disorders of South American camelids in Austria, Germany and Switzerland Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 62 (56), (18 September 2020).

Jovcevska, I. (2015) Llama heavy-chain antibody-derived nanobodies as tools to identify protein markers for human glioma : [doctoral dissertation]. Ljubljana.

Juarez Iglesias, M., T. Manzano Parra and I. Martinez Castro (1978) Determination of calcium in milk by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Anales de Bromatologia, 30, 13-20.

Judson, G. J. and A. Feakes (1999) Vitamin D doses for alpacas (Lama pacos). Australian Veterinary Journal, 77, 310-315.

Juliá, S., M. I. Craig, L. S. Jiménez, G. B. Pinto and E. L. Weber (2009) First report of BVDV circulation in sheep in Argentina. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 90, 274-277.

Juneja, R. K., M. C. T. Penedo, H. E. B. Larsson, B. Gahne and A. T. Bowling (1989) Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the plasma proteins of alpacas and llamas: genetic polymorphism of α1B-glycoprotein and three other proteins. Animal Genetics, 19, 395-406.

Junge, R. E. and L. Thornburg (1989) Copper poisoning in four llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 195, 987-989.

Junkins, K., D. M. Boothe, J. Jensen, T. Herzog and J. Chatfield (2003) Disposition of sulfadimethoxine in male llamas (Llama glama) after single intravenous and oral administrations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 34, 9-15.

-------------, D. M. Boothe, J. Jensen, T. Herzog, J. Chatfield and K. Junkkins (2003) Disposition of Sulfadimethoxine in Male Llamas (Llama glama) after Single Intravenous and Oral Administrations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 34, 9-15.

Jürgens, K. D., M. Pietschmann, K. Yamaguchi and T. Kleinschmidt (1988) Oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 158, 469-477.

K

Kadwell, M., M. Fernandez, H. F. Stanley, R. Baldi, J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio and M. W. Bruford (2001) Genetic Analysis Reveals the Wild Ancestors of the Llama and the Alpaca. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 268, 2575-2584.

Kalicki, M. (2004) Pregnancy complications and cases of dystocia in mammals in Gdańsk Zoo in 1995-1999. Życie Weterynaryjne, 79, 152-153.

Kaneps, A. J. (1996) Orthopedic conditions of small ruminants. Llama, sheep, goat and deer. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 12, 211-231.

-----------------, A. J., M. J. Huber and S. P. Snyder (1999) Comparison of autogenous cancellous bone grafts obtained from the sternum and proximal portion of the tibia of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 362-365.

-----------------, T. W. Riebold, W. B. Schmotzer, B. J. Watrous and M. J. Huber (1989) Surgical correction of congenital medial patellar luxation in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 194, 547-548.

Kapil, S., T. Yeary and J. F. Evermann (2009) Viral diseases of new world camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 323-337.

Karesh, W. B., M. M. Uhart, E. S. Dierenfeld, W. E. Braselton, A. Torres, C. House, H. Puche and R. A. Cook (1998) Health Evaluation of Free-Ranging Guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 29, 134-141.

Kasiwong, S.(1997) Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin, gentamicin, amikacin, and omeprazole in llamas.

Kastelic, D., S. Frković-Grazio, D. Baty, G. Truan, R. Komel and D. Pompon (2009) A single-step procedure of recombinant library construction for the selection of efficiently produced llama VH binders directed against cancer markers. Journal of Immunological Methods, 350, 54-62.

Kastelic, D., N. Soler, R. Komel and D. Pompon (2013) The Global Sequence Signature algorithm unveils a structural network surrounding heavy chain CDR3 loop in Camelidae variable domains. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects, 1830, 3373-3381.

Kataria, A. K. (2007) Camel immunology: myths and facts. 63-67. Rajasthan: College of Veterinary and Animal Science.

Kaufmann, C . (2009) Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: blood parasites in New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-11.

-----------------, M. L. Meli, R. Hofmann-Lehmann, B. Riond and P. Zanolari (2011) Epidemiology of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' infection in South American camelids in Central Europe. Journal of Camelid Science, 4, 23-29.

------------------, M. L. Meli, R. Hofmann-Lehmann and P. Zanolari (2010) First detection of "Candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae" in South American Camelids of Switzerland and evaluation of prevalence. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 123, 477-481.

Kayouli, C., C. Dardillat and J. P. Jouany (1993) Comparative study of the muralytic activity of rumen microbes measured in situ in llamas and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 42, 184.

Keane, C., K. M. Marchetto, L. G. R. Oliveira-Santos, A. Wünschmann, T. M. Wolf  (2022) Epidemiological Investigation of Meningeal Worm-Induced Mortalities in Small Ruminants and Camelids Over a 19 Year Period. Front Vet Sci. Apr 6, 9.

Keleman Saxena, A., X. Cadima Fuentes, R. Gonzales Herbas and D. L. Humphries (2016) Indigenous Food Systems and Climate Change: Impacts of Climatic Shifts on the Production and Processing of Native and Traditional Crops in the Bolivian Andes. Front Public Health, 4, 20.

Kempf, I., D. Patureau and A. M. Pourcher (2017) Antibiotics, resistant bacteria and resistance genes in farm effluents and what becomes of them. Bulletin des G.T.V., 33-39.

Kennel, A. J. (2001) Llama medical research of South American camelids in North America. 274-277. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Kessler, M.(1997) Studies on the geneology of New-World camelids (llama, alpaca and guanaco) by means of mitochondrial DNA. Structure and composition of the New-World camelid population of Germany. 176 pp.: Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.

Khalkhali-Evrigh, R., N. Hedayat, L. Ming and Jirimutu (2022) Identification of selection signatures in Iranian dromedary and Bactrian camels using whole genome sequencing data Scientific Reports 12 (6).

Kiani, A., L. Alstrup and M. O. Nielsen (2015) Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 53, 9-16.

-----------, L. Alstrup and M. O. Nielsen (2015) Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 53, 9-16 ST - Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets.

Kiełtyka-Kurc, A., H. Frąckowiak, M. Zdun, M. Nabzdyk, K. Kowalczyk and M. Tołkacz (2014) The arteries on the base of the brain in the camelids (Camelidae). Italian Journal of Zoology, 81, 215-220.

Kik, M. J. L. and M. H. v. d. Hage (1999) Cecal impaction due to dysautonomia in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30, 435-438.

----------------& M. H. van der Hage (1999) Cecal Impaction Due to Dysautonomia in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30, 435-438.

Kilburn, J. J., D. P. Murphy, M. Titus, M. E. Payton and K. A. Backues (2011) Vaccination of llamas, Llama glama, with an experimental killed encephalomyocarditis virus vaccine. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 65-68.

Kimberling, C. V. (1993) An overview of the drug needs and present lack of approved drugs for sheep, goats, llamas, deer and bison. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 35, 2-3.

Kinimi, E., S. Muyldermans, C. Vincke, S. Odongo, R. Kock, S. Parida, M. Mahapatra and G. Misinzo (2021) Development of nanobodies targeting Peste des petits ruminants virus: the prospect in disease diagnosis and therapy Animals 11 (8).

King, J. S., J. L. Vaughan and P. A. D.-J. D.-a. Windsor (2015) Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in alpacas from eastern Australia. Aust Vet J, 93, 259-61 ST - Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in alpacas from eastern Australia.

King, M. R., D. A. Hendrickson, L. L. Southwood, T. N. Trumble and L. W. Johnson (1998) Laparoscopic ovariectomy in two standing llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 213, 523-525.

Kingston, J. K. and H. R. Stäempfli (1995) Silica urolithiasis in a male llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 36, 767-768.

Kiorpes, A. L., C. E. Kirkpatrick and D. D. Bowman (1987) Isolation of Giardia from a llama and from sheep. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 51, 277-280.

-----------------, W. A. Lindsay and W. M. Adams (1986) Repair of complete choanal atresia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 189, 1169-1171.

Kirby, B. M. (1990) Oral flaps principles, problems, and complications of flaps for reconstruction of the oral cavity. Problems in Veterinary Medicine, 2, 494-509.

Kiupel, M., W. VanAlstine and C. Chilcoat (2003) Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Polioencephalomalacia in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 34, 309-313.

Klarenbeek, A., C. Blanchetot, G. Schragel, A. S. Sadi, N. Ongenae, W. Hemrika, J. Wijdenes, S. Spinelli, A. Desmyter, C. Cambillau, A. Hultberg, A. Kretz-Rommel, T. Dreier, H. J. De Haard and R. C. Roovers (2016) Combining somatic mutations present in different in vivo affinity-matured antibodies isolated from immunized Lama glama yields ultra-potent antibody therapeutics. Protein Eng Des Sel, 29, 123-33.

Klarenbeek, A., K. El Mazouari, A. Desmyter, C. Blanchetot, A. Hultberg, N. de Jonge, R. C. Roovers, C. Cambillau, S. Spinelli, J. Del-Favero, T. Verrips, H. J. de Haard and I. C.-P. D.-. Achour (2015) Camelid Ig V genes reveal significant human homology not seen in therapeutic target genes, providing for a powerful therapeutic antibody platform. MAbs, 7, 693-706 Klein, D., J. Hassan, A. Fuchs-Baumgartinger and W. Baumgartner (2007) Esophageal dilatation in a llama - a case report. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 94, 304-308.

Klein, D., H. Prosl, D. Thaller and M. Floeck (2012) Diagnosis of a Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in New World Camelids: a case report. Veterinární Medicína, 57, 154-162.

Klopfleisch, R., E., V. D. Grinten and A. D. Gruber (2009) Metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma and hepatic lipomatosis in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21, 280-282.

Knafo, S. E., L. M. Getman, D. W. Richardson and M. E. Fecteau (2012) Long-bone fractures in llamas and alpacas: 28 cases (1998-2008). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 53, 775-779.

Knauf, S., A. Schwalm and A. Wehrend (2008) Physiology of reproduction in domesticated South American camelids. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 313-318.

Knight, A. P. (2004) Plant poisoning of small ruminants. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,   pp. 127-134. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Kobatake, M., S. Tanabe and S. Hasegawa (1973) [A new red-pigmented, radioresistant Micrococcus isolated from the faeces of a llama, and its use as a microbiological indicator of radiosterilisation]. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie, 167, 1506-1510.

Kock, M. D. (1984) Canine tooth extraction and pulpotomy in the adult male llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 185, 1304-1306.

---------------& M. E. Fowler (1982) Urolithiasis in a three-month-old llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181, 1411.

Koenig, J. B., B. J. Watrous, A. J. Kaneps, J. G. Adams and J. E. Parker (2001) Otitis media in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218, 1619-1623.

Kofler, J., E. Eberspcher, K. Fischl and B. Vidoni (2016) Surgical treatment of scapulohumeral subluxation in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) using osteotomy of the acromion, open reduction and extracapsular tension sutures. N Z Vet J, 64, 193-7.

----------, B. Martinek and W. Hochsteiner (2002) Footpad abscessation caused by a metallic foreign body penetration in the sole cushion of a llama. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 89, 131-135.

Koh, W. W. L. a. 2009. Characterisation of subtype C HIV-I envelope glycoproteins and their recognition by llama antibody fragments. University College London (University of London).

Konkle, D. M., K. M. Nelson and D. P. Lunn (1997) Nosocomial transmission of Cryptosporidium in a veterinary hospital. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 11, 340-343.

Koochakzadeh, A., T. Z. Salehi, B. N. Fasaei, M. A. Badouei and K. Oskouizadeh (2015) Detection of Salmonella spp. from some wild captive herbivores in Iran and determination of serogroup, antibiotic susceptibility and presence of invA gene in the isolated strains. Archives of Razi Institute, 70, 81-87.

Kotorri, S., K. Korro, R. Bakiu, P. Muhedini and B. Gora (2016) Enterotoxemia in Albanian zoo-Park llama (Lama glama) pp. Clostridium perfringens-type C was the causative agent. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 11, 42-46.

Kovàcs, B. Z., M. Gauly and G. Stranzinger (1999) Synaptonemal complex investigations on llamas (Lama glama) with differing fertility recordings. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 116, 235-242.

Kozikowski, T. A., K. G. Magdesian and B. Puschner (2009) Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235, 305-310.

Koziol, J. H., M. A. Edmondson, D. F. Wolfe and J. E. C.-P. D.-J. Bayne (2015) Successful resolution of a preputial prolapse in an alpaca using medical therapy. Can Vet J, 56, 753-5 ST - Successful resolution of a preputial prolapse in an alpaca using medical therapy.

Krahn, N., M. Spearman, M. Meier, J. Dorion-Thibaudeau, M. McDougall, T. R. Patel, G. De Crescenzo, Y. Durocher, J. Stetefeld and M. Butler (2017) Inhibition of glycosylation on a camelid antibody uniquely affects its FcγRI binding activity. Eur J Pharm Sci, 96, 428-439.

Kramer, D. (2020) Cats and llamas could offer a path to coronavirus therapies Physics Today. 73 (9), pp. 22-25.

Krajewska-Wędzina, M., M. A. Miller, A. Didkowska, A. Kycko, Ł. Radulski, M. Lipiec and M. Weiner (2022) The potential risk of international spread of Mycobacterium bovis associated with movement of alpacas Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (1) pp. 53-59.

Krajewska-Wędzina, M., B. Orłowska, A. M. Pyziel-Serafin, A. Didkowska, K. Anusz and M. Weiner (2022) Zoonotic diseases of potential concern among alpacas Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78 (9) pp. 434-441.

Kramer, J. W., D. Bowman, S. Parish and D. Tumas (1994) What is your diagnosis? [Idiopathic fungal pleocytosis in a llama.]. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 23, 37, 46.

Krajewska-Wędzina, M., M. A. Miller, A. Didkowska, A. Kycko, Ł. Radulski, M. Lipiec and M. Weiner (2022) The potential risk of international spread of Mycobacterium bovis associated with movement of alpacas Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (1) pp. 53-59.

Krajewska-Wędzina, M., B. Orłowska, A. M. Pyziel-Serafin, A. Didkowska, K. Anusz and M. Weiner (2022) Zoonotic diseases of potential concern among alpacas Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78 (9) pp. 434-441.

Kramsky, J. A., D. S. Miller, A. Hope and M. T. Collins (2000) Modification of a bovine ELISA to detect camelid antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 333-337.

Kraus, M. S., C. A. Calvert, A. W. Spier, K. M. Meurs and D. E. Anderson (2004) Determination of electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 1719-1723.

Krebs, J. W., E. J. Mandel, D. L. Swerdlow and C. E. Rupprecht (2005) Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227, 1912-1925.

Kreil, V., P. Otero, I. Ambros, S. Waxman-Dova, L. Montoya, G. Albarellos, M. Rebuelto and R. Hallu (2001) Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in llamas (Lama glama). InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 3, 55-61.

----------------, A. P. Prados, L. Ambros, A. Monfrinotti, P. Quaine, R. Hallu and M. Rebuelto (2014) Comparative pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ampicillin following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to llamas. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 46, 271-276.

Kreil, V. E., L. Ambros, L. Montoya, R. Hallu, M. Rebuelto and G. Bramuglia (2012) Pharmacokinetics of sodium and trihydrate amoxicillin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in llamas (Lama glama). Small Ruminant Research, 102, 208-212.

Kreuder, A. (2015) Small ruminant and camelid pregnancy diagnosis and fetal counting using ultrasound. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). Pp. 288-290.

--------------, J. F. Coetzee, L. W. Wulf, J. A. Schleining, B. KuKanich, L. L. Layman and P. J. Plummer (2012) Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, (21 June 2012).

Kriegl, C., D. Klein, J. Kofler, K. Fuchs and W. Baumgartner (2005) South American Camelid husbandry in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 92, 119-125.

Krogdahl, D. W., J. P. Thilsted and S. K. Olsen (1987) Ataxia and hypermetria caused by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 190, 191-193.

Kubus, K., C. Felton, J. Schwarzenberger and A. D.-T.-. Sobiraj (2015) Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of an urachal fistula in an alpaca cria. A case report. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 43, 368-73

Kujaszewska, J. and E. Kuzacute˜nicka (2012) Alpacas - breeding conditions, management procedures and prophylactic measurements. Życie Weterynaryjne, 87, 590-593.

Kumar, A., D. Anderson, R. G. Amachawadi, T. G. Nagaraja and S. K. Narayanan (2013) Characterization of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from llama and alpaca. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 502-507.

Kuntze, A. (1991) Arthritis et periarthritis tuberculosa. Some aspects of diagnosis of tuberculosis in zoo ruminants (Cervidae, llama, goat). (Brief communication). Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin, 46, 362-365.

---------------, A. and O. Kuntze (1991) Ivermectin in exotic animals: scabies in tylopodes (Camelus bactrianus, Lama guanicoe, L. glama), and scabies and ascariasis in bears (Thalarctos maritimus and Ursus arctos). Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 46-48.

Kutzler, M. A. (2013) West Nile virus serosurveillance in camelids. Journal of Camelid Science, 6, 81-89.

------------------, R. J. Bildfell, K. K. Gardner-Graff, R. J. Baker, J. P. Delay and D. E. Mattson (2004) West Nile virus infection in two alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 225, 921-924.

Kutzler, M. A. and M. Ing (2021) Use of hysteroscopy for diagnosing causes of infertility in camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 37 (1) pp. 139-147.

Kuzacutenicka, E. and A. Grondkowska (2013) The quality of camel wool held in the Tunisian Sahara Desert. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Animal Science, 91-94.

Kwok, K., S. Ghrear, V. Li, T. Haddock, P. Coleman and S. A. Birch (2016) Children Can Learn New Facts Equally Well From Interactive Media Versus Face to Face Instruction. Front Psychol, 7, 1603.

L

Labarta, F. E., N. B. Farfán, N. Chavarria, M. Echenique, A. R. Perea, A. L. Quintana, M. Zimerman and G. Grigioni (2022) Effect of two levels of supplementation on the productive response of llamas (Lama glama) in grazing Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 30 (2) pp. 109-120.

Lackey, M. N., E. B. Belknap, D. S. Greco and M. J. Fettman (1996) Single intravenous and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 1193-1199.

-----------------, M. N., E. B. Belknap, M. D. Salman, L. Tinguely and L. W. Johnson (1995) Urinary indices in llamas fed different diets. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 859-865.

Lakritz, J., J. R. Middleton, D. E. Anderson, D. R. Linden, R. A. Sams, R. K. Tessman and J. W. Tyler (2006) Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered caffeine in healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67, 1063-1069.

Lam, C. H. (1978) The physical properties and processing behaviour of llama fibres. Leeds.

Lamas, L. P., J. Edmonds, W. Hodge, L. Zamora-Vera, J. Burford, R. Coomer and G. Munroe (2012) Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal, 44, 399-403.

----------------, R. P. Main and J. R. Hutchinson (2014) Ontogenetic scaling patterns and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb musculature in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). PeerJ, 2, e716.

Lambacher, B., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, A. Dadak, A. Stanitznig, B. Hinney, A. Tichy, G. Duscher and S. Franz (2016) From the New World to the Old World: endoparasites of South American camelids in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 103, 33-42.

Lang, K. D. M., Y. Wang and Y. Plante (1996) Fifteen polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellites in llamas and alpacas. Animal Genetics, 27, 293.

Lange, I. G., A. Daxenberger and H. H. D. Meyer (2001) Studies on the antibody response of Lama glama - evaluation of the binding capacity of different IgG subtypes in ELISAs for clenbuterol and BSA. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 83, 1-9.

Larrieu, E., R. Bigatti, R. Lukovich, C. Eddi, E. Banazzi, E. Gomez, R. Niec and N. Oporto (1982) A contribution to the study of gastrointestinal parasitism in guanacos and llamas. Gaceta Veterinaria, 44, 958-960.

Lascola, K. M., A. M. Hoffman, M. R. Mazan and D. Bedenice (2007) Respiratory mechanics in sedated and nonsedated adult llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 676-684.

Lassell, D. (2020) End of the Llamas. 2020. p. 49-52.

Lassen, E. D., E. G. Pearson, P. Long, W. B. Schmotzer, A. J. Kaneps and T. W. Riebold (1986) Clinical biochemical values of llamas: reference values. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 47, 2278-2280.

Lawrence, T. L. J., V. R. Fowler and J. E. Novakofski. 2012. General aspects of growth. 1-5.

Ledeboer, A. M., S. Bezemer, J. J. W. d. Haard, I. M. Schaffers, C. T. Verrips, C. v. Vliet, E. M. Düsterhöft, P. Zoon, S. Moineau and L. G. J. Frenken (2002) Preventing phage lysis of Lactococcus lactis in cheese production using a neutralizing heavy-chain antibody fragment from llama. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 1376-1382.

Ledesma, M. M., A. M. Díaz, C. Barberis, C. Vay, M. A. Manghi, J. Leoni, M. S. Castro and A. Ferrari (2017) Identification of Lama glama as reservoirs for Acinetobacter lwoffii. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 278.

Leguía, G. (1991) The epidemiology and economic impact of llama parasites. Parasitology Today, 7, 54-56.

Leichner, T. L., O. Turner, G. L. Mason and G. M. Barrington (2001) Cutaneous metastases of a mammary carcinoma in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42, 204-206.

Leichty, M. D. and I. A. Davis (1992) Llama failure to thrive syndrome. Iowa State University Veterinarian, 54, 78-81.

Leipold, H. W., T. Hiraga and L. W. Johnson (1994) Congenital defects in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 401-420.

Leite, R. C., H. Negrelli Filho and C. H. Langenegger (1975) Corynebacterium equi infection in a llama. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, Serie Veterinaria, 10, 57-59.

Lemosquet, S., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler and J. P. Dulphy (1996) Voluntary intake and gastric digestion of two hays by llamas and sheep: influence of concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 127, 539-548.

Leon, J. B. (1989) Reproductive endocrinology and vaginal cytology of the female llama (lama glama).

--------------, B. B. Smith and K. I. Timm (1989) Growth characteristics of the llama (Lama glama) from birth to 12 months old. Veterinary Record, 125, 644-645.

--------------, B. B. Smith, K. I. Timm and G. LeCren (1990) Endocrine changes during pregnancy, parturition and the early post-partum period in the llama (Lama glama). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 88, 503-511.

León M, E., A. Sato S, M. Navarrete Z and J. Cisneros S (2011) Macroscopic anatomy, irrigation and venous drainage of female reproductive apparatus of llama (Lama glama). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 22, 1-8.

Leroy, J., T. Geurden, G. Meulemans, K. Moerloose and A. d. Kruif (2003) Severe Sarcoptes scabiei mange in llamas. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 72, 359-363.

-----------, T. Flahou, K. Moerloose and A. d. Kruif (2004) The reproduction in llama and alpaca mares. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 73, 310-316.

Levine, S. A., W. A. Lindsay and K. A. Beck (1987) The use of a silicone T-tube to treat tracheal stenosis in a llama. Veterinary Surgery, 16, 241-244.

Lewis, W. J. K. (2007) Novel llama antibody fusion proteins as deposition aids for particles containing encapsulated actives for use in industrial applications.

Li, H., D. T. Shen, D. A. Jessup, D. P. Knowles, J. R. Gorham, T. Thorne, D. O'Toole and T. B. Crawford (1996) Prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition ELISA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32, 437-443.

Li, Q., F. Zhang, Y. Lu, H. Hu, J.Wang, C., Guo C., Q. Deng, C. Liao, Q. Wu, T, Z. Chen, J. Lu. (2022) Highly potent multivalent VHH antibodies against Chikungunya isolated from an alpaca naïve phage display library. J Nanobiotechnology. May 14; 20 (1) 231.

Li, Y., J. Yang, Z. Chen, G. Qin, Y. Li, Q. Li, J. Liu, Z. Liu, G. Guan, H. Yin, J. Luo and L. Zhang (2015) Anaplasma infection of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) and ticks in Xinjiang, China. Parasites and Vectors, 8, (10 June 2015).

Li, X, M. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Liu, H. Xiang, M. Huang M, et al. (2020) The novel llama-human chimeric antibody has potent effect in lowering LDL-c levels in hPCSK9 transgenic rats Clinical and Translational Medicine, 9 (1), pp.1-12.

Lichtenwalner, A. (1995) Mechanism of oviductal transport in the mare and reproductive behavior, ejaculatory pattern and seminal parameters in the male llama.

-----------------------(1996) Seminal collection, seminal characteristics and pattern of ejaculation in llamas. Theriogenology, 46, 293-305.

-----------------------(1998) Male llama choice between receptive and nonreceptive females. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59, 349-356.

-----------------------G. L. Woods and J. A. Weber (1996) Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology, 46, 285-291.

Lieven, C. (1985) Utilization of the meat of llama, alpaca and capybara in tropical South America. 136pp.: Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Lillich, J. D. and D. E. Anderson (1997) Facilitated ankylosis for treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a llama. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75, 636-638.

Lima, A. N. D., B. S. Gomes, A. L. Brito, R. Oliveira, O. M. C. Magalhães and C. M. d. Souza-Motta (2012) Laboratory diagnosis and pathogenic factors of fungi isolated naturally of Lhamas (Lama glama Linnaeus 1758) of the Parque Zoológico Dois Irmãos, Recife-PE. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 6, 147-150.

Limon, G., J. Guitian and N. G. Gregory (2009) A note on the slaughter of llamas in Bolivia by the puntilla method. Meat Science, 82, 405-406.

--------------(2012) A review of the humaneness of puntilla as a slaughter method. Animal Welfare, 21, 3-8.

Lin, M., E. A. Sugden, M. E. Jolley and K. Stilwell (1996) Modification of the Mycobacterium bovis extracellular protein MPB70 with fluorescein for rapid detection of specific serum antibodies by fluorescence polarization. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 3, 438-443.

Lin, T. Y., A. Hamberg, R. Pentecost, M. Wellman and P. Stromberg (2010) Mast cell tumors in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 808-811.

Linden, D. R. (1999) Unique characteristics of llama heavy chain antibody fragments. s.n.].

-----------------(2004) Apparent digestibility of chelated and non-chelated forms of zinc in Llama (Lama glama) and Alpaca (Lama pacos).

----------------, D. E. Anderson, J. Lakritz, D. M. Rings, P. M. Ramsey and N. Evans (2007) Apparent digestibility of organic zinc forms in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 181-185.

-----------------, D. E. Anderson and P. M. Ramsey (2006) Seasonal variation in water intake in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) species. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 13, 201-205.

-----------------, B. d. Geus, W. Stok, W. Bos, D. v. Wassenaar, T. Verrips and L. Frenken (2000) Induction of immune responses and molecular cloning of the heavy chain antibody repertoire of Lama glama. Journal of Immunological Methods, 240, 185-195.

Liu, L., W. Wang, J. Matz, C. Ye, L. Bracq, J. Delon, J. T. Kimata, Z. Chen, S. Benichou and P. Zhou (2016) The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Variable Region of Llama Heavy Chain-Only Antibody JM4 Efficiently Blocks both Cell-Free and T Cell-T Cell Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J Virol, 90, 10642-10659.

Llamas, A. (2010) Fluid administration. Argos - Informativo Veterinario, 34, 35-36.

---------------, A. and E. Bregua Gil (2009) Ischaemia-reperfusion syndrome. Argos - Informativo Veterinario, 56-, 58.

Llamas, J. R. (2007) Fosfomycin susceptibility of pig isolates of different bacterias from commercial farms. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 27, 334-335.

Llamas, M. J., E. Prats and D. Rubiales (2010) Durability of resistance to rust in sunflower: implications for resistance breeding. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo, 47, 435-438.

Llamas Moya, S., L. A. Boyle, P. B. Lynch and S. Arkins (2006) Influence of teeth resection on the skin temperature and acute phase response in newborn piglets. Animal Welfare, 15, 291-297.

Llamas-Saiz, A. L., M. Agbandje-McKenna, J. S. L. Parker, A. T. M. Wahid, C. R. Parrish and M. G. Rossmann (1996) Structural analysis of a mutation in canine parvovirus which controls antigenicity and host range. Virology (New York), 225, 65-71.

Llanos, A. J., R. A. Riquelme, F. A. Moraga, G. Cabello and J. T. Parer (1995) Cardiovascular responses to graded degrees of hypoxaemia for the llama fetus. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7, 549-552.

-----------------------, R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, E. Herrera, G. Cabello, D. A. Giussani and J. T. Parer (2002) Regional brain blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 538, 975-983.

Llanos Parez, M. J. (2005) Digestibilidad in vivo en llamas (Lama glama), alimentadas con heno de cebadilla y paja brava en el C.E.A.C.

Llorente, P., L. Leoni and M. Martinez Vivot (2002) Leptospirosis in South American camelids: A study on the serological prevalence in different regions of Argentina. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 34, 59-68.

Loayza M, E., E. Casas A, A. Chávez V, L. Coronado S and C. Venturini De Arana (2011) Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in female llamas from two peasant communities in Puno. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 22, 239-243.

Locklear, T. R., R. Videla, R. M. Breuer, P. Y. Mulon, M. Passmore, J. P. Mochel, R. Gerhold, J. J. Schaefer and J. S. Smith (2021) Presentation, clinical pathology abnormalities, and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) presenting to two north American veterinary teaching hospitals. A retrospective study: 1980-2020 Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (March).

Long, P. (1989) Llama herd health. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 227-232.

-----------(1997) The birth of a healthy llama. Equine Practice, 19, 14-15.

-----------(1999) A practitioner approach to llama and alpaca nutrition. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 275-277.

-----------(2010) Camelid herd health and husbandry - basics and how to communicate them. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 362-364.

-----------(2010) Cria care - how to deal with the normal and abnormal. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 357-359.

-----------(2010) Uterine torsion correction in alpacas - a field approach.  Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. P. 367.

Longo, F., L. Finotti, L. Bellini, B. Zavan, R. Busetto and M. Isola (2016) Bovine xenograft application for treatment of a metatarsal nonunion fracture in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos). N Z Vet J, 64, 188-92.

Lopes, T., A. Silva, R. Thiago, A. Carneiro, F. A. Dorella, F. S. Rocha, A. R. d. Santos, A. R. J. Lima, L. C. Guimarães, E. G. V. Barbosa, D. Ribeiro, K. K. Fiaux, C. A. A. Diniz, V. A. C. d. Abreu, S. S. d. Almeida, S. S. Hassan, A. Ali, S. M. Bakhtiar, F. F. Aburjaile, A. C. Pinto, S. d. C. Soares, U. d. P. Pereira, M. P. C. Schneider, A. Miyoshi, J. Edman and S. Spier (2012) Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strain Cp267, isolated from a llama. Journal of Bacteriology, 194, 3567-3568.

López, A., M. S. Morales, C. R. Cabrera and C. X. Urra (2000) Intake and apparent digestibility of forages in llamas (Lama glama). I. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) at different proportions. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 32, 201-208.

------------& L. A. Raggi (1992) Nutritional requirements of South American Camelidae: llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 24, 121-130.

López, B. (2021) Approach to veterinary management of adult camelids In Practice 43 (6) pp. 329-337

López C, Á. M., W. F. Garzón M, M. Rosero-Moreano and G. Taborda O (2015) Analysis of cocaine in different samples by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Revista Colombiana de Química, 44, 19-22.

López López, L. C. (2008) Hair, feces and breath isotope fractionation in alpacas (llama pacos), llamas (llama glama) and guanacos (llama guanacoe) from Bolivia and Chile.

López, M. J., M. D. Markel and R. Dubielzig (1998) Urinary obstruction in a hermaphroditic Llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 710-712.

---------------& J. R. Snyder (1995) Tetanus in a llama. Equine Practice, 17, 26-28,30-31.

López, Steinmetz R. L., S. B. Fong, E. Boyer, S. L. C. Sinmetz, N. E. Tejerina, V. Meuric (2020) Lithium and Boron in Calcified Tissues of Vicuna and Their Relation to Chronic Exposure by Water Ingestion in The Andean Lithium Triangle Environ Toxicol Chem.39 (1), pp. 200-9.

López, V., F. A. Moraga, A. J. Llanos, G. Ebensperger, M. I. Taborda and E. Uribe (2018) Plasmatic Concentrations of ADMA and Homocystein in Llama (UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29896110. 9, 606.

López-Valladares, G., M. L. Danielsson-Tham and W. Tham (2013) Listeriosis in South American camelids - a review. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 20, 129-132.

Loupal, G. (1982) Gastric phytobezoariasis in a llama. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 95, 14-16.

Lubelczyk, C., J. P. Mutebi, S. Robinson, S. P. Elias, L. B. Smith, S. A. Juris, K. Foss, A. Lichtenwalner, K. J. Shively, D. E. Hoenig, L. Webber, S. Sears and R. P. Smith, Jr. (2013) An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, Maine, USA in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 95-102.

Lubroch, J. and R. J. Yedloutschnig (1987) Foot-and-mouth disease studies in the llama (Lama glama). Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 91, 313-316.

Lubroth, J., R. J. Yedloutschnig, V. K. Culhane and P. E. Mikiciuk (1990) Foot-and-mouth disease virus in the llama (Lama glama) pp. diagnosis, transmission, and susceptibility. J Vet Diagn Invest, 2, 197-203.

Luciano, L., E. Reale and W. v. Engelhardt (1980) The fine structure of the stomach mucosa of the llama (Llama guanacoe). II. The fundic region of the stomach. Cell and Tissue Research, 208, 207-228.

---------------, G. Voss-Wermbter, M. Behnke, W. v. Engelhardt and E. Reale (1979) Structure of the gastric mucosa in llama (Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomachs. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 125, 519-549.

Luis, A. and S. Raggi (2000) Adaptation to a mountain environment, with reference to South American camelids (alpacas and llamas). Monografías de Medicina Veterinaria, 20, 56-67.

Luiz, M. B., S. S. Pereira, N. D. R. Prado, N. R. Gonçalves, A. M. Kayano, L. S. Moreira-Dill, J. C. Sobrinho, F. B. Zanchi, A. L. Fuly, C. F. Fernandes, J. P. Zuliani, A. M. Soares, R. G. Stabeli and C. F. C. Fernandes (2018) Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies (VHHs) against Crotoxin: A Basis for Developing Modular Building Blocks for the Enhancement of Treatment or Diagnosis of Crotalic Envenoming. Toxins (Basel), 10.

Lunn, D. P. and K. W. Hinchcliff (1989) Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia and ataxia in five llamas. Veterinary Record, 124, 302-305.

Luppi, M. M., M. C. C. Malta, N. M. Ocarino, S. A. França and R. Serakides (2010) Cutaneous angiomatosis in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, 223-227.

Lusat, J. (2011) Importance and management of mange mites and gastrointestinal parasites in alpaca and llama populations in the UK.

----------, E. R. Morgan and R. Wall (2009) Mange in alpacas, llamas and goats in the UK: incidence and risk. Veterinary Parasitology, 163, 179-184.

Lyashchenko, K., R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, M. Meylan, I. H. Burri and P. Zanolari (2007) Antibody responses in New World camelids with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti. Veterinary microbiology, 125, 265-273.

---------------------------, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, M. Meylan, I. H. Burri and P. Zanolari (2007) Antibody responses in New World camelids with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti. Veterinary Microbiology, 125, 265-273.

-----------------------------, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, S. Rhodes, G. Dean, R. d. l. Rua-Domenech, M. Meylan, H. M. Vordermeier and P. Zanolari (2011) Diagnostic value of animal-side antibody assays for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium microti infection in South American camelids. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 18, 2143-2147.

Lynch, N., J. Adams, M. Perrier (2020) Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a mature llama. Can Vet J. 61 (5), pp. 521-4.

M

Maass, D. R., J. Sepulveda, A. Pernthaner and C. B. Shoemaker (2007) Alpaca (Lama pacos) as a convenient source of recombinant camelid heavy chain antibodies (VHHs). Journal of Immunological Methods, 324, 13-25.

Ma, M., X. Bai, Z. Wang, Y. Dong, Y. Chen, J. Cao (2022) Distribution of intraepithelial lymphocytes, mast cells, and goblet cells in the intestine of alpaca.  Anat Histol Embryol. Jul; 51 (4) 501-508.

Malbon, A. J. , R. Dürrwald, J. Kolodziejek, N. Nowotny, R. Kobera, D. Pöhle, A. Muluneh, E. Dervas, C. Cebra, F. Steffen, G. Paternoster, C. Gerspach, M. Hilbe (2022) New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. Mar; 69 (2) 451-464.

Macaldowie, C., I. A. P. Patterson, P. F. Nettleton, H. Low and D. Buxton (2005) Louping ill in llamas (Lama glama) in the Hebrides. Veterinary Record, 156, 420-421.

Machaca Machaca V., L. Dueñas Gayona, V. Bustinza Choque, R. Machaca Machaca, M. Escobedo Enríquez, J. E. Quispe Coaquira (2020) Orphological characterization of llamas (Lama glama) of the Ch'acu breed of Cusco, Peru Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú . 2020;31(2).

Madrid Vicente, R. and A. R. Garciá Fernández (1981) Interferences produced by BaCl2-TEA in the joint determination of sodium and potassium by flame photometry. Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología, 40, 537-544.

Mahajan, S. P., B. Meksiriporn, D. Waraho-Zhmayev, K. B. Weyant, I. Kocer, D. C. Butler, A. Messer, F. A. Escobedo and M. P. DeLisa (2018) Computational affinity maturation of camelid single-domain intrabodies against the nonamyloid component of alpha-synuclein. Sci Rep, 8, 17611.

Makvandi-Nejad, S., T. Fjällman, M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi, C. R. MacKenzie and J. C. Hall (2011) Selection and expression of recombinant single domain antibodies from a hyper-immunized library against the hapten azoxystrobin. Journal of Immunological Methods, 373, 8-18.

Malbon, A. J., R. Dürrwald, J. Kolodziejek, N. Nowotny, R. Kobera, D. Pöhle, A. Muluneh, E. Dervas, C. Cebra, F. Steffen, G. Paternoster, C. Gerspach and M. Hilbe (2021) New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 69 (2) pp. 451-464.

Mama, K. R., A. E. Wagner, D. A. Parker, P. W. Hellyer and J. S. Gaynor (1999) Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 28, 121-125.

----------------, A. E. Wagner and E. P. Steffey (2001) Circulatory, respiratory and behavioral responses in isoflurane anesthetized llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 28, 12-17.

Mamani C, R., T. Huanca M, J. Pacheco C, R. Zapana V and N. Condori R (2013) Ovulation rate using gonadotropin releasing hormone and seminal plasma in alpacas and llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 24, 194-198.

Mamani-Linares, L. W., F. Cayo and C. Gallo (2013) Effect of season on proximate composition and fatty acids profile of llama meat in extensive rearing. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 24, 417-424.

------------------------------(2013) Technological quality of twelve muscles from young llamas (Lama Glama) reared under an extensive production system. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 24, 168-175.

------------------------------(2014) Carcass characteristics, quality of meat and chemical composition of meat llama: a review. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 25, 123-150.

-------------------------------& C. B. Gallo (2014) Meat quality, proximate composition and muscle fatty acid profile of young llamas (Lama glama) supplemented with hay or concentrate during the dry season. Meat Science, 96, 394-399.

Mannerová, S., R. Pantůček, J. Doškař, P. Švec, C. Snauwaert, M. Vancanneyt, J. Swings and I. Sedláček (2003) Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1647-1654.

Maraqa, T., B. H. Alhajeri and H. Alhaddad (2021) FGF5 missense mutation is associated with dromedary hair length variation Animal Genetics 52 (6) pp. 848-856Malone, E., K. Roertgen and C. Kobluk (1996) Anaplastic sarcoma of the mandible in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 37, 426-428.

Marcoppido, G., V. Parreño and B. Vilá (2010) Antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) population in the Argentinean Andean Altiplano. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46, 608-614.

-----------------, A. Venzano, J. Schapiro, D. Funes and C. Rossetti (2013) Haemonchus-induced anemia in llamas (Lama glama) from Argentina. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2, 111-114.

Marcoppido, G. and B. Vila (2013) Management of extra-Andean llamas. Comments that contribute to their welfare in non-originating context. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 33, 139-154.

Margiocco, M. L., B. A. Scansen and J. D. Bonagura (2009) Camelid cardiology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 423-454.

Marín, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. González, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey, M. W. Bruford, R. E. Palma, E. Poulin, M. A. Alliende and Á. E. Spotorno (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80, 121-140.

Marin, R. E., B. Brihuega and G. Romero (2008) Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in Llamas from Jujuy province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 25, 281-287.

------------------, J. F. Micheloud, N. D. Vignale, E. J. Gimeno, D. O'Toole, D. R. Gardner, et al. (2020) Intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. Garbancillo in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32 (3) pp.467-70.

---------------, D. R. Gardner, A. G. Armien, R. H. Fortunato and F. A. Uzal (2022) Intoxication of llamas by Astragalus punae in Argentina Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 34 (4) pp. 674-678.

----------------, G. Moré, B. Brihuega, G. Cantón and H. E. Lamas (2022) Potential causes of reproductive losses in llamas from Jujuy province Argentina. Revista Veterinaria 33 (1) pp. 63-68.

Markemann, A., A. Stemmer, M. Siegmund-Schultze, H. P. Piepho and A. V. Zárate (2009) Stated preferences of llama keeping functions in Bolivia. Livestock Science, 124, 119-125.

------------------- (2010) Functions and selection criteria for a llama population in the Bolivian Andes. American Anthropologist, 92, 1047-1048.

Markowska-Daniel, I., J. Kita and M. Kalicki (2018) Camelids as potential source of zoonotic agents. Życie Weterynaryjne, 93, 470-475.

Marley, S. E. and G. A. Conder. 2002. The use of macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of domesticated wild ruminants. 371-393. .

Marqués, F. J. (2008) Fluid therapy: general practical recommendations for camelids. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 8, 6 pp.

Martanez Pastur, G., R. Soler, H. Ivancich, M. V. Lencinas, H. Bahamonde and P. L. Peri (2016) Effectiveness of fencing and hunting to control Lama guanicoe browsing damage: Implications for Nothofagus pumilio regeneration in harvested forests. J Environ Manage, 168, 165-74.

Mathias, M. L, D. Hoeltig, M. Ganter, Z. Rentería-Solís, C. Bauer, W. Baumgärtner, P. Wohlsein (2022) First report about a cerebrospinal nematode infection in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. Aug; 50 (4) 280-285.

Martí-Herrero, J., R. Alvarez, R. Cespedes, M. R. Rojas, V. Conde, L. Aliaga, M. Balboa and S. Danov (2015) Cow, sheep and llama manure at psychrophilic anaerobic co-digestion with low cost tubular digesters in cold climate and high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 181, 238-246.

Martin, F. S. and F. C. Bryant (1989) Nutrition of domesticated South American llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 2, 191-216.

Martin, J. M., B. A. Valentine and C. K. Cebra (2010) Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory findings in 12 llamas and 12 alpacas with malignant round cell tumors. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 1379-1382.

----------------, B. A. Valentine, C. K. Cebra, R. J. Bildfell, C. V. Löhr and K. A. Fischer (2009) Malignant round cell neoplasia in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Pathology, 46, 288-298.

Martin, M., C. Decker Franco, S. Romero, T. Carletti, L. Schnittger and M. Florin-Christensen (2016) Molecular detection of Sarcocystis aucheniae in the blood of llamas from Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 48, 200-205.

Martínez Carrillo, G., A. Lara Herrera, L. E. Padilla Bernal, M. Luna Flores, J. J. Avelar Mejía and J. J. Llamas Llamas (2015) Technical and financial evaluation of -greenhouse lettuce crop as a winter alternative. Terra Latinoamericana, 33, 251-260.

Mas-Coma, S., M. M. Cafrune, I. R. Funatsu, A. J. Mangold, R. Angles, P. Buchon, M. C. Fantozzi, P. Artigas, M. A. Valero and M. D. Bargues (2021) Fascioliasis in llama, Lama glama, in Andean endemic areas: experimental transmission capacity by the high altitude snail vector Galba truncatula and epidemiological analysis of its reservoir role Animals 11(9).

Masoliver, J. R. (1986) Cuando el gran Meaulnes se llama Cris. El Ciervo, 35, 27-28.

Maspi, N., T. Nayeri, M. Moosazadeh, S. Sarvi, M. Sharif and A. Daryani (2021) Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Camelidae Acta Parasitologica 66 (3) pp. 733-744.

Massa, K. L., C. J. Murphy, F. A. Hartmann, P. E. Miller, C. S. Korsower and K. M. Young (1999) Usefulness of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis in animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1671-1674.

Matthewman, L. and K. Allenspach (2013) Pre and probiotics - practical applicatons for VNs in practice. VN Times, 13, 8-9.

Mattoon, J. S., T. C. Gerros and M. Brimacombe (2001) Thoracic radiographic appearance in the normal llama. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 42, 28-37.

-----------------, T. C. Gerros, J. E. Parker, C. A. Carter and R. M. LaMarche (1997) Upper airway obstruction in a llama caused by aberrant nasopharyngeal bots (Cephenemyia sp.). Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 38, 384-386.

Mattson, D. E. (1994) Viral diseases [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 345-351.

Maw, J. (2011) Llamascape based on an interpretive cast : the inhabitanta llama the spatial analysta geographer the common humana phantom within the social imagination. Ottawa.

Mayer, H. and H. Gehring. (1975) Listeriosis in llamas. 307-312. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Mayr, B., H. Auer, W. Schleger, R. Czaker and H. Burger (1985) Nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the llama. Journal of Heredity, 76, 222-223.

Mazzega, E. and A. D. Marco (2018) Engineered cross-reacting nanobodies simplify comparative oncology between humans and dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, 16, E202-E206.

McAllister, A., B. Stang and M. A. Kutzler (2021) Investigating a method for pharmacologic semen collection in alpacas Animal Reproduction 18 (1).

McCauley, C. T., G. A. Campbell, C. A. Cummings and W. T. Drost (2000) Ossifying fibroma in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 12, 473-476.

McCoy, L. E., E. Groppelli, C. Blanchetot, H. de Haard, T. Verrips, L. Rutten, R. A. Weiss and C. Jolly (2014) Neutralisation of HIV-1 cell-cell spread by human and llama antibodies. Retrovirology, 11, 83.

McCracken, T. O., R. A. Kainer and T. L. Spurgeon.(1999) Spurgeon's color atlas of large animal anatomy: the essentials. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

McGee-Bennet, M. (1994) Llama handling and training. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 421-434.

-----------------------(2013) Camelid Management, Handling Techniques and Facilities, and Herd Management In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 22-50.

McGorum, B. C., H. W. Symonds, C. Knottenbelt, T. A. Cave, S. J. MacDonald, J. Stratton, I. Leon, J. A. Turner and R. S. Pirie (2017) Alterations in amino acid status in cats with feline dysautonomia. PLoS ONE, 12, e0174346.

McIntyre, K. M., C. Setzkorn, M. Wardeh, P. J. Hepworth, A. D. Radford and M. Baylis.(2013) What, where and weather? Integrating open-source taxonomic, spatial and climatologic information into a comprehensive database of livestock infections. 143-159. Roslin: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.

McKenna, P. B. (2003) Register of new host-parasite records. Surveillance (Wellington), 30, 12-13.

-------------(2006) Register of new host-parasite records. Surveillance (Wellington), 33, 6-7.

McKenzie, E. C., B. Seguin, C. K. Cebra, M. L. Margiocco, D. E. Anderson and C. V. Löhr (2010) Esophageal dysfunction in four alpaca crias and a llama cria with vascular ring anomalies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 237, 311-316.

McLaughlin, B. G., C. N. Evans and R. L. Colton (1993) Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in neonatal llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 208-211.

------------------------, C. N. Evans, P. S. McLaughlin, L. W. Johnson, A. R. Smith and J. F. Zachary (1990) An Eperythrozoon-like parasite in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 1170-1175.

--------------------------& N. C. Evans (1989) Urethral obstruction in a male llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 195, 1601-1602.

---------------------------, S. C. Greer and S. Singh (1993) Listerial abortion in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 105-106.

---------------------------, P. S. McLaughlin and C. N. Evans (1991) An Eperythrozoon-like parasite of llamas: attempted transmission to swine, sheep, and cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 352-353.

McNiven R, V., U. Guajardo G and L. A. Raggi S (1993) Cestrum parqui poisoning in South American camelids reared in the arid area of central Chile. Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 8, 66-68.

Meadows, L. E. and F. F. Knowlton (2000) Efficacy of guard llamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 614-622.

------------------ and F. F. C. Knowlton (2000) Efficacy of Guard Ilamas to Reduce Canine Predation on Domestic Sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006), 28, 614-622.

Means, P. A. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 268-269.

Medina, V., E. Aisen, A. González, N. Bérgamo, P. Deluchi, M. F. López and W. Huanca (2017) Analysis of morphometric and morphological parameters of ejaculated Lama glama semen using a filtered in semen processing. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 57.

---------------, E. G. Aisen and N. Bérgamo (2016) Improvement of sperm morphology of Lama glama using filter processing semen. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 36, 22.

Melendez, J. (2000) Serological analysis of llama immunoglobulins.

Meli, M. L., C. Kaufmann, P. Zanolari, N. Robert, B. Willi, H. Lutz and R. Hofmann-Lehmann (2010) Development and application of a real-time TaqMan® qPCR assay for detection and quantification of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' in South American camelids. Veterinary Microbiology, 146, 290-294.

Memon, M. A. and D. K. Stevens (1997) Termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report. Theriogenology, 47, 615-618.

Menchetti, L., M. Davide, Z. Abdelai and B. Padalino (2021) Camel welfare: survey on camel caretakers' perspectives Journal of Camelid Science 14: 1-21.

Memon, M. A. and D. K. Stevens (2016) Termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report. Theriogenology. Feb; 47 (3) pp.615.

Mendoza T, G., A. Castro, M. Lupidio, M. Domínguez, S. Gómez and M. Ghezzi (2012) Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of the reproductive glands of the male llama (Lama glama). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 23, 27-42.

Mendoza-Serrano, C. (2004) Land, family, and memory : a comparative approach to Go Down Moses and El Llano en Llamas [The Burning Plain].

Mengoni, Goñalons G. L. (2008) Camelids in ancient andean societies: a review of the zooarchaeological evidence Quaternary International 185:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.05.022

Mengoni Goñalons G. L. M., Yacobaccio, H. D. (2006) The Domestication of South American Camelids: A View from the South-Central Andes In: Zeder M, Bradley D, Emshwiller E, Smith B. (eds). En Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, Los Ángeles. University of California Press. pp. 228–244.

Mercado, E., S. Rodriguez, A. Elizondo, G. Marcoppido and V. Parreeño (2004) Isolation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from a South American camelid (Lama guanicoe) with diarrhea. Journal of clinical microbiology, 42, 4809-4811.

Merlian, C. P., J. D. Sikes, B. W. Read, W. J. Boever and D. Knox (1979) Comparative characteristics of spermatozoa and semen from a bactrian camel, dromedary camel and llama. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 10, 22-25.

Mesquita, F. S., R. S. Ramos, G. Pugliesi, S. C. Andrade, V. Van Hoeck, A. Langbeen, M. L. Oliveira, A. M. Gonella-Diaza, G. Gasparin, H. Fukumasu, L. H. Pulz, C. M. Membrive, L. L. Coutinho and M. D.-A. D.-b. Binelli (2015) The Receptive Endometrial Transcriptomic Signature Indicates an Earlier Shift from Proliferation to Metabolism at Early Diestrus in the Cow. Biol Reprod, 93, 52 ST - The Receptive Endometrial Transcriptomic Signature Indicates an Earlier Shift from Proliferation to Metabolism at Early Diestrus in the Cow.

Metre, D. C. v., G. M. Barrington, S. M. Parish and D. B. Tumas (1991) Otitis media/interna and suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 236-240.

Mettler, D. and P. Ineichen (2013) Protection herd with llamas: wishful thinking or success? Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 11-16.

Meyer, G., C. Lacroux, S. Leger, S. Top, K. Goyeau, M. Deplanche and M. Lemaire (2009) Lethal bluetongue virus serotype 1 infection in llamas. Emerging infectious diseases, 15, 608-611.

Mialot, J. P. and L. Villemain (1994) Ultrasonic diagnosis of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, 170, 23-27.

Middleton, J. R. (1999) Haematology of South American Camelidae. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 153-158.

--------------------(2007). Camelid brain-teasers: a case-based approach. 301-303. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

--------------------, M. Chigerwe, D. M. Fine, J. R. Turk and J. C. Lattimer (2006) Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in an adult llama with hepatic disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 756-759.

-------------------(2006) Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in an adult llama with hepatic disease J Am Vet Med Assoc, 228, 756-9.

--------------------, G. C. Johnson, I. Pardo, M. Chigerwe and D. P. O'Brien (2006) Dysautonomia and salmonellosis in an 11-year-old female llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20, 213-216.

-------------------& S. M. Parish (1999) Heat stress in a llama (Lama glama) pp. a case report and review of the syndrome. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 265-269.

Miesner, M. D. (2013) Abdominal ultrasound. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 161-165.

-------------------(2013) Abdominocentesis. . In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp.167-170.

-------------------(2013) Anatomical comments on the skin. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp.123-126.

-------------------(2013) Caudal (sacro-coccygeal) epidural anesthesia. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 81-82.

-------------------(2013) Epidural catheterization. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 83-87.

-------------------(2013) Examination of the ear. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 117-120.

-------------------(2013) Lumbo-sacral epidural anesthesia. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 89-91.

-------------------(2013) Mastectomy (udder amputation). In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp.257-260.

-------------------(2013) Percutaneous tracheal intubation (also referred to as retrograde tracheal intubation). In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 51-54.

-------------------(2013) Thorax anatomy and auscultation. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 141-142.

-------------------(2013) Tracheotomy/tracheostomy. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 143-146.

-------------------(2013) Transtracheal wash. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 151-154.

-------------------(2013) Ultrasound of the urinary system. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 227-231.

-------------------(2013) Conjunctival pedicle graft. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 327-329.

-------------------(2013) Eye exam. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 311-313.

-------------------(2013) Subpalpebral lavage system. In David E Anderson, Meredyth L Jones; Matt D Miesner Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley and Sons., pp. 323-326.

Miglino, M., D. Iturrizaga, A. Morini, F. Verechia, J. Kfoury Jr, J. Monteiro and F. Bazer (2005) 137 Iron Transfer Across The Llama Placenta. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 18, 177-177.

Miles, P. D. N., J. Lozano, J. M. Martin, P. Miquet and S. M. d. Pino (1984) Analysis of sodium in milk by flame photometry as an indicator of somatic cell count. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 4, 861-865.

Miller, B. A., S. H. Brounts, D. E. Anderson and E. Devine (2013) Cesarean section in alpacas and llamas: 34 cases (1997-2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242, 670-674.

Miller, D. S., M. T. Collins, B. B. Smith, P. R. Anderson, J. Kramsky, G. Wilder and A. Hope (2000) Specificity of four serologic assays for Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis in llamas and alpacas: a single herd study. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 12, 345-353.

----------------, B. B. Smith, T. Gerros, M. T. Collins, J. Cooley and J. McClure (1999) Paratuberculosis in llamas and alpacas. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 21, S220-S229.

Miller, G. R. and R. L. Burger (1995) Our Father the Cayman, Our Dinner the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavin de Huantar, Peru. American Antiquity, 60, 421-458.

Miller, P. D., A. F. Alexander, J. L. Lebel and N. Banchero (1972) Iatrogenic myocardial infarction and mitral valve insufficiency in a llama (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 639-647.

Miller, R. M. (1981) Azalea poisoning in a llama: a case report. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, 76, 104.

Miller, W. H., A. D. Weldon, J. R. Wellington and C. A. Smith (1991) Pemphigus vulgaris in a llama. Veterinary Dermatology, 2, 97-101.

Milton, M., P. Boden, C. Crocker, K. Krisher, S. McNabb, G. R. Istre and J. Perdue (1990) Rabies in a llama - Oklahoma. JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 2166.

Milz, C. (2000) Comparison of the behaviour of llamas and sheep at pasture. 219 pp. Giessen: Justus-Liebig-Universität, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin.

----------, M. Gauly, V. Dzapo and M. Gerken. (2001) Basic activities in llamas (Lama glama). 278-280. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Miranda-Cruz, M. M., J. J. Poom-Llamas, J. A. Godoy-Lugo, R. M. Ortiz, S. Gómez-Jiménez, J. A. Rosas-Rodríguez, E. F. Morán-Palacio and J. G. Soñanez-Organis (2018) Silencing of HIF-1 in WSSV-infected white shrimp: effect on viral load and antioxidant enzymes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Toxicology & Pharmacology, 213, 19-26.

Mitchell, S., B. Hopkins and C. Corfield (2016) Nematodirus lamae identified in an alpaca in the UK. Vet Rec, 178, 271-2.

Miyazaki, N., N. Kiyose, Y. Akazawa, M. Takashima, Y. Hagihara, N. Inoue, T. Matsuda, R. Ogawa, S. Inoue and Y. Ito (2015) Isolation and characterization of antigen-specific alpaca (Lama pacos) VHH antibodies by biopanning followed by high-throughput sequencing. J Biochem, 158, 205-15.

Mößler, M., K. Rychli, V. M. Reichmann, T. Albert and T. Wittek (2022) Immunoglobulin G concentrations in alpaca colostrum during the first four days after parturition Animals 12 (2).

Mock, D. E. (1973) Eggs of the horse bot fly, Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae), on pastured cattle. Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 34-37.

Moir, C. E., P. Young and C. L. Adam (1990) Plasma progesterone concentrations in llamas. Veterinary Record, 126, 561.

Moliner-Morro, A., G. M. McInerney and L. Hanke (2022) Nanobodies in the limelight: multifunctional tools in the fight against viruses. Journal of General Virology 103(5).

Moll, H. D., J. Schumacher and T. R. Hoover (1992) Entomophthoramycosis conidiobolae in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 200, 969-970.

Monegal, A., A. Olichon, N. Bery, T. Filleron, G. Favre and A. D. Marco (2012) Single domain antibodies with VH hallmarks are positively selected during panning of llama (Lama glama) naïve libraries. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 36, 150-156.

Mongoh, M. N., N. W. Dyer, C. L. Stoltenow and M. L. Khaitsa (2008) Risk factors associated with anthrax outbreak in animals in North Dakota, 2005: a retrospective case-control study. Public Health Reports, 123, 352-359.

Montenegro V, V., L. Maturrano H, J. C. Wheeler and R. Rosadio A (2012) Use of polimerase chain reaction for sexing south American camelids. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 23, 377-387.

Moonens, K., I.- Van den Broeck, E. Okello, E. Pardon, M. d. Kerpel, H. Remaut and H. d. Greve (2015) Structural insight in the inhibition of adherence of F4 fimbriae producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by llama single domain antibodies. Veterinary Research, 46, (24 February 2015).

-------------------, I. Van den Broeck, E. Okello, E. Pardon, M. De Kerpel, H. Remaut and H. De Greve (2016) Structural insight in the inhibition of adherence of F4 fimbriae producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by llama single domain antibodies. Veterinary research.

Moore, D. P. (2005) Neosporosis in South America. Veterinary Parasitology, 127, 87-97.

Mora, G. N., C. REGENSBURGER, M. L. GOS, L. PARDINI, S. K. VERMA, J. CTIBOR, M. E. SERRANO-MARTÍNEZ, J. P. DUBEY and M. C. VENTURINI (2016) Sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), and redescription of Sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (Lama glama), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Parasitology, 143.

Moraga, F., C. Monge, R. Riquelme and A. J. Llanos (1996) Fetal and maternal blood oxygen affinity: a comparative study in llamas and sheep. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Physiology, 115, 111-115.

Moré, G., L. Pardini, W. Basso, R. Marín, D. Bacigalupe, G. Auad, L. Venturini and M. C. Venturini (2008) Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis sp. in llamas (Lama glama) from Jujuy, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 155, 158-160.

------------, C. Regensburger, M. L. Gos, L. Pardini, S. K. Verma, J. Ctibor, M. E. Serrano-Martínez, J. P. Dubey and M. C. Venturini (2016) Sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), and redescription of Sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (Lama glama), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Parasitology, 143, 617-626.

Moreno-Figueroa, L. D., J. Naranjo-Páramo, A. Hernández-Llamas, M. Vargas-Mendieta, J. A. Hernández-Gurrola and H. Villarreal-Colmenares (2018) Performance of a photo-heterotrophic, hypersaline system for intensive cultivation of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with minimal water replacement in lined ponds using a stochastic approach. Aquaculture Research, 49, 57-67.

Morgante, M., C. Stelletta and V. Cuteri (2001) Sanitary aspects of american camelid's farming. Praxis Veterinaria (Milano), 22, 22-27.

Morin, D. E., F. B. Garry and M. G. Weiser (1993) Hematologic responses in llamas with experimentally-induced iron deficiency anemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 22, 81-86.

Morin, D. E., F. B. Garry, M. G. Weiser, M. J. Fettman and L. W. Johnson (1992) Hematological features of iron deficiency anaemia in llamas. Veterinary Pathology, 29, 400-404.

Morin, D. E., L. L. Rowan and W. L. Hurley (1995) Comparative study of proteins, peroxidase activity and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in llama milk. Small Ruminant Research, 17, 255-261.

----------------, L. L. Rowan, W. L. Hurley and W. E. Braselton (1995) Composition of milk from llamas in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 1713-1720.

----------------, J. G. Toenniessen, R. A. French, B. L. Knight and J. F. Zachary (1994) Degenerative myeloencephalopathy in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 938-943.

------------------, L. L. Rowan, W. L. Hurley and W. E. Braselton (2016) Composition of milk from llamas in the United States. Journal of dairy science (USA).

Morrow, C. K., G. M. Barrington, L. W. Johnson and D. A. Hendrickson (1998) How to perform laparoscopic ovariectomy in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 295-296.

Mosaad, A. A., A. R. Elbagory, A. M. Khalid, W. R. Waters, A. Tibary, M. J. Hamilton and W. C. Davis (2006) Identification of monoclonal antibody reagents for use in the study of the immune response to infectious agents in camel and water buffalo. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 13, 91-101.

Moseley, G. (1995) Commercial management of small Camelidae in northern Europe. Veterinary Annual, 35, 320-330.

Moseley, M. L. 1982. Anion transport in llama, dog, and human red blood cells.

Moser, I., K. Ternes, M. Peters, M. Büttner and M. Spanò (2015) Comments on the presence of tuberculosis in animals except bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Germany: findings from 2002-2014. Tierärztliche Umschau, 70, 167-176.

Motha, M. X. J. and K. M. Tham (1992) Pestivirus infection in a llama (Lama glama). New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 40, 126.

Moutel, S., N. Bery, V. Bernard, L. Keller, E. Lemesre, A. de Marco, L. Ligat, J. C. Rain, G. Favre, A. Olichon and F. Perez (2016) NaLi-H1: A universal synthetic library of humanized nanobodies providing highly functional antibodies and intrabodies. Elife, 5.

Moya, S. L. (2005) Effects of husbandry and low-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge on the acute phase reponse of young pigs : y Sara Llamas Moya.

Mudry, M., M. Meylan, G. Regula, A. Steiner, R. Zanoni and P. Zanolari (2010) Epidemiological study of pestiviruses in South American camelids in Switzerland. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24, 1218-1223.

Mueller, J. P. (2017) Community based small ruminant genetic improvement programs. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 25, 59-73.

Müller, K. (2015) Reproduction in South American Camelids - an Overview. British Veterinary Zoological Society: Proceedings of the Spring Meeting 2015

-------------( 2015) TB Testing in South American Camelids, British Veterinary Zoological Society: Proceedings of the Spring Meeting 2015

--------------(2015)Anaemia and Weight-Loss in South American Camelids. British Veterinary Zoological Society: Proceedings of the Spring Meeting 2015

Muir, S. and D. Pappagianis (1982) Coccidioidomycosis in the llama: case report and epidemiologic survey. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181, 1334-1337.

Mulrooney, D. M., M. R. Johnson, B. B. Smith and G. L. Zimmerman (1989) Clinical reference values for serum protein electrophoresis for the llama (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 1889-1892.

Murdande, S. B.(1994) The disposition of four therapeutically important antimicrobial agents in llamas.

Muyldermans, S., C. Cambillau and L. Wyns (2001) Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: the superfluous luxury of paired domains. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 26, 230-235.

N

Nagy, D. W., J. Chakwenya, J. W. Tyler and J. Holle (2002) A note on colostral immunoglobulin G concentrations vs. subsequent serum concentrations in naturally suckled llama (Llama glama) and alpaca (Llama pacos) crias. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 9, 171-172.

----------------, J. Lakritz, J. W. Tyler, J. Jarboe, C. M. Loiacono and M. F. Haddad (2002) The treatment of suspected cerebrospinal nematodiasis with moxidectin in 3 llamas (Llama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 9, 145-149.

Nancy, Z. (1999) Stealing the Llama Farm. The Kenyon Review, 21, 55-61.

Napolitano, L., A. Cantisani, A. Conti, J. Godovac-Zimmermann, O. Lucero, C. Donoso and I. Ramos (1991) Separation of whey proteins from llama (Lama glama L.) milk. Identification of a protein immunologically related to β-lactoglobulins. Milchwissenschaft, 46, 27-30.

Narnaware, S. D., R. Rakesh, S. S. Dahiya, P. Amar, B. Devika, F. C. Tuteja and R. K. Sawal (2021) Pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in India Heliyon 7 (2).

Navarre, C. B. (2007) Fluid therapy in small ruminants. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,   pp. 176-178. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

-----------------, D. G. Pugh, A. M. Heath and S. A. Simpkins (1999) Analysis of first gastric compartment fluid collected via percutaneous paracentesis from healthy llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 812-815.

--------------, W. R. Ravis, J. Campbell, R. Nagilla, S. H. Duran and D. G. Pugh (2001) Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in llamas following intravenous administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 223-226.

--------------, W. R. Ravis, R. Nagilla, D. Deshmukh, A. Simpkins, S. H. Duran and D. G. Pugh (2001) Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in llamas following a single intravenous dose. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 361-364.

---------------, W. R. Ravis, R. Nagilla, A. Simpkins, S. H. Duran and D. G. Pugh (2001) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in llamas following single intravenous and oral doses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 227-231.

Navia, R. 1969. De lo profundo. Poemas. Santiago, Chile: Talleres de Arancibia Hnos.

Navillod, F. V., M. D'Ottavio, L. Domenis, V. Botti, S. Robetto, M. Mancini, W. Mignone, A. Bertolla, M. Ragionieri, G. Savini, R. Orusa and C. Guidetti. 2010. Case of seropositivity. From BTV 8 in a llama bred in Valle d'Aosta. 310-311. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Navone, G. T. and M. L. Merino (1989) Contribution to knowledge of the endoparasitic fauna of Lama guanicoe Muller, 1776, from the Mitre Peninsula, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología, 44, 46-51.

Neiger-Aeschbacher, G. (1999) Llama - sedation and anaesthesia (review article). Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 141, 307-318.

Needleman., A. L., M. C. Wright, J. J. Schaefer, R. Videla, A. S. Lear (2022) Copper oxide wire particles effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in adult alpacas during a randomized clinical trial. Am J Vet Res. Sep 2; 83 (11) 1-5.

Nejad, M. R. E., M. Masoudifard, O. Azari, E. Sakhaee and N. Ghalekhani (2021) Echocardiographic assessment of intravenous administration of medetomidine and xylazine hydrochloride at different sedative doses in one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarious) Veterinary Research Forum 13 (1) pp. 39-46.

Nes, E. v. and M. C. Pieterse (2007) Reproduction in the llama and alpaca. Veehouder en Dierenarts, 21, 20-22.

Nettles, V. F. (1994) Report of the committee on wildlife diseases. Neubert, S., A. v. Altrock, M. Wendt and M. G. Wagener (2021) Llama and alpaca management in Germany - results of an online survey among owners on farm structure, health problems and self-reflection Animals 11 (1).

Newman, K. D. and D. E. Anderson (2006) Fracture management in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 241-258.

---------------------(2007) Humerus fractures in llamas and alpacas: seven cases (1998-2004). Veterinary Surgery, 36, 68-73.

---------------------(2009) Fracture management in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 507-522.

---------------------(2009) Gastrointestinal surgery in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 495-506.

Nguyen, V. S., L. Logger, S. Spinelli, A. Desmyter, T. T. Le, C. Kellenberger, B. Douzi, E. Durand, A. Roussel, E. Cascales and C. Cambillau (2015) Inhibition of type VI secretion by an anti-TssM llama nanobody. PLoS One, 10, e0122187.

------------------, S. Spinelli, A. Desmyter, T. T. Le, C. Kellenberger, E. Cascales, C. Cambillau and A. Roussel (2015) Production, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of a complex between a fragment of the TssM T6SS protein and a camelid nanobody. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun, 71, 266-71.

Nichols, S., D. E. Anderson and K. Schober (2007) Subtotal pericardiectomy for treatment of constrictive effusive pericarditis in a llama cria. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 33-37.

Nickolmann, S., S. Hoy and M. Gauly. (2001) Effects of castration on the behaviour, and testosterone and serum thyroid hormone levels of male llamas (Lama glama). 75-78. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

--------------------(2008) Effects of castration on the behaviour of male llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 319-323.

Nie, Y., S. Li, J. Zhu, R. Hu, M. Liu, T. He and Y. Yang (2018) Chemical shift assignments of a camelid nanobody against aflatoxin B. Biomol NMR Assign.

Niehaus, A. J. (2022) Medicine and surgery of camelids Hoboken, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Neill, J. D., E. J. Dubovi and J. F. Ridpath (2015) Identification of amino acid changes in the envelope glycoproteins of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from alpaca that may be involved in host adaptation. Vet Microbiol, 179, 299-303.

Niedbalska, J. (2010) Severe hepatic necrosis and thromboembolic disease in a llama. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell University

Niedbalski, W. (2013) Bluetongue in wildlife. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 69, 407-410.

Niedzacute˜wiedzka-Rystwej, P. and W. Deptuła (2011) Haematological and biochemical factors in selected species of reptiles, rodents and animals from artiodactyls order. Advances in Agricultural Sciences, 14, 45-51.

Niehaus, A. J. (2009) Dental disease in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 281-293.

-----------------(2017) Dental disease in camelids. 350-352. Orlando: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

------------------(2022) Medicine and surgery of camelids Hoboken, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

-------------- and D. E. Anderson (2007) Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231, 284-289.

Nielsen, M. O., A. Kiani, E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog and L. Alstrup (2014) Energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 68, 171-185.

-----------------, E. Tejada, V. G. Christensen and L. Nielsen (2010) Adaptive metabolic responses in sheep, goats and llama when fed grass based diets differing in protein content. In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition. 3rd EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Parma, Italy, 6-10 September, 2010 pp. 507-508. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

------------------, E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog, A. H. Tauson and L. Nielsen. 2010. Digestive efficiency, metabolism of nitrogen and methane emission in sheep, goats and llamas fed grass based diets differing in protein content. 497-498. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Nilsen, B., N. P. Johnston, N. Stevens and T. F. Robinson (2015) Degradation parameters of amaranth, barley and quinoa in alpacas fed grass hay. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 99, 873-9.

Nolen-Walston, R., D. Bedenice, C. Rodriguez, S. Rushton, A. Bright, M. E. Fecteau, D. Short, R. Majdalany, D. Tewari, D. Pedersen, M. Kiupel, R. Maes and F. d. Piero (2007) Eastern equine encephalitis in 9 South American camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21, 846-852.

Norambuena, M. C., Y. Gómez, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, A. v. Baer and M. Ratto (2013) Relationship between systemic leptin concentration and reproductive state in llamas (Lama glama) from southern Chile. Small Ruminant Research, 113, 402-404.

Norambuena, M. C., M. Silva, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams, W. Huanca and M. H. Ratto (2013) Effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 138, 252-260.

Nour-Mohammadzadeh, F., Z. B. Seyed, S. Hesaraki, Z. Yadegari, N. Alidadi and S. S. Tabrizi (2010) Septicemic salmonellosis in a two-humped camel calf (Camelus bactrianus). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1601-1604.

Novoa, C. and J. C. Wheeler. (1984). Llama and alpaca. In Mason, I. L. (ed.) Evolution of Domestic Animals. London: Longman,116 28.

Nuernberg, M. and A. Valle Zárate. (2001) Evaluation of camelid-based farming systems in rural communities in the highlands of Bolivia. 27-33. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Nuhsbaum, M. T., J. R. Gionfriddo, C. C. Powell and M. L. Aubin (2000) Intraocular pressure in normal llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3, 31-34.

O

Oancea, S., G. Pavel and A. V. Oancea (2010) On the shape of the erythrocytes from some herbivore mammals. Lucrări Științifice - Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, 53, 121-126.

Oatley, M. J., A. V. Kaucher, Q. Yang, M. S. Waqas and J. M. Oatley (2016) Conditions for long-term culture of cattle undifferentiated spermatogonia. Biology of Reproduction, 95, Article 14.

Oatley, M. J., A. V. Kaucher, Q. E. Yang, M. S. Waqas and J. M. Oatley (2016) Conditions for Long-Term Culture of Cattle Undifferentiated Spermatogonia. Biol Reprod, 95, 14.

Ober, R. H. (1988) Mute llama.

O'Brien, R. T. (1996) Intraoral dental radiography: experimental study and clinical use in two horses and a llama. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 37, 412-416.

O'Brien, T. D., T. P. O'Leary, J. R. Leininger, D. M. Sherman, D. L. Stevens and C. B. Wolf (1986) Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis in Minnesota. Minnesota Veterinarian, 26, 18-22.

Odbileg, R., S. Konnai, K. Ohashi and M. Onuma (2005) Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of Camelidae (llama and camel). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 67, 921-925.

--------------, S. Konnai, T. Usui, K. Ohashi and M. Onuma (2005) Quantification of llama inflammatory cytokine mRNAs by real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 67, 195-198.

Odbileg, R., S. Lee, K. Ohashi and M. Onuma (2005) Cloning and sequence analysis of llama (lama glama) pp. Th2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 104, 145-153.

------------, S. Lee, R. Yoshida, K. Chang, K. Ohashi, C. Sugimoto and M. Onuma (2004) Cloning and sequence analysis of llama cytokines related to cell-mediated immunity. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 99, 1-10.

------------, B. Purevtseren, Z. Batsukh, S. Konnai, K. Ohashi and M. Onuma (2006) Complete cDNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 68, 941-946.

Oevermann, A., G. E. Pfyffer, P. Zanolari, M. Meylan and N. Robert (2004) Generalized tuberculosis in llamas (Lama glama) due to Mycobacterium microti. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 1818-1821.

-------------------, P. Zanolari, G. E. Pfyffer, M. Meylan and N. Robert (2003) Mycobacterium microti infection in two llamas (Lama guanicoe f. glama). Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 217-220.

Ogden, N. H., Z. Woldehiwet and C. A. Hart (1998) Granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease? Journal of Medical Microbiology, 47, 475-482.

Olaechea, F. V. and J. R. Romero. (2007) Arthropods. Sheep scab and effects on production. 189-204. Anguil: EEA Anguil "Ing.Agr. Guillermo Covas" - INTA.

Olson, M. A., D. Zabetakis, P. M. Legler, K. B. Turner, G. P. Anderson and E. R. Goldman (2015) Can template-based protein models guide the design of sequence fitness for enhanced thermal stability of single domain antibodies? Protein Eng Des Sel, 28, 395-402.

Omorphos, S. A., C. M. Hawkey and C. Rice-Evans (1989) The elliptocyte: a study of the relationship between cell shape and membrane structure using the camelid erythrocyte as a model. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry, 94, 789-795.

Oplinger, H.(1996) Kinesthesia : University of Pennsylvania graduate school of veterinary studies and large animal research : in conjunction with Berry Acres Llamas. Roger Williams University.

Oquendo, G. G. , K. Salazar-Cubillas, V. Alvarado, C. A. Gómez-Bravo (2022).Estimation of carbon footprint and sources of emissions of an extensive alpaca production system. Trop Anim Health Prod. 54 (5)  331.

Ordoaez, T. H. (1994) Llamas, llama production and llama nutrition in the Ecuador highlands. Journal of arid environments, 26, 67-71.

Orlove, B. S. (1992). American Ethnologist, 19, 375-376.

Ortiz, C., J. Cavero, H. Sillau and S. Cueva (1974) The parotid saliva of the alpaca (Lama pacos). Research in Veterinary Science, 16, 54-56.

Ortiz-Chura A, M. Wawrzkiewicz, S. Cravero, M. G. Fernández Pepi, M. E. Cerón-Cucchi, G. Jaurena (2022) Llama and sheep ruminal fluid digestive capacity by in vitro gas production technique. J Sci Food Agric. Sep; 102 (12) 5210-5218.

Osmundson, S. D. (2011) Abdominal serosal cysts in an adult male llama (Lama glama).

P

Pachaly, J. R. (2001) Zoology of the South American camelids. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 4, 81-83.

Pacheco, J., V. Vélez and D. Pezo (2016) Evaluation of the efficiency of interspecies embryo transfer between alpacas and llamas obtained through single ovulation. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 27, 64-69.

Padula, A. M. and K. D. Winkel (2016) Successful use of camelid (alpaca) antivenom to treat a potentially lethal tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a dog. Toxicon, 114, 59-64.

Paggi, J.(1993) Factors in a female birth of a llama cria.

Paiva, L., M. Silva, R. Carrasco, M. H. Ratto (2022)  The ovulatory and luteotropic actions of the male-derived beta-nerve growth factor in South American camelids. Anim Front. Aug 12;12 (4) 87-94.

Palazzo, L., V. Quaranta, B. Brigante, S. Nesta, M. Vignola, M. N. Haouet and M. Muscarella.(2013) Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 399-400. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Palmer, A. C., W. F. Blakemore, B. O'Sullivan, D. G. Ashton and W. A. Scott (1980) Ataxia and spinal cord degeneration in llama, wildebeeste and camel. Veterinary Record, 107, 10-11.

Palomino, C. Y. G., F. G. Fumuso, M. L. Bertuzzi, S. M. Giuliano, N. V. González, M. V. Bariani and M. I. Carretero (2021) Use of Androcoll-E™ to separate frozen-thawed llama sperm from seminal plasma and diluent Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (January).

Palmero Llamas, D., L. Gálvez Patón, J. Gil-Serna and S. Benito Sáez (2012) Short communication. Rhizoctonia solani as causal agent of damping off of Swiss chard in Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 10, 1117-1120.

Pant, N., A. Hultberg, Z. Yaofeng, L. Svensson, H. Pan, xf, Q. m, K. Johansen, P. H. Pouwels, F. M. Ruggeri, P. Hermans, L. Frenken, Bor, xe, T. N, H. Marcotte, Hammarstr and L. M. (2006) Lactobacilli Expressing Variable Domain of Llama Heavy-Chain Antibody Fragments (Lactobodies) Confer Protection against Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194, 1580-1588.

----------, N., A. Hultberg, Y. Zhao, L. Svensson, Q. Pan-Hammarström, K. Johansen, P. H. Pouwels, F. M. Ruggeri, P. Hermans, L. Frenken, T. Borén, H. Marcotte and L. Hammarström (2006) Lactobacilli expressing variable domain of llama heavy-chain antibody fragments (lactobodies) confer protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194, 1580-1588.

Panuska, C., L. G. Rickard and D. D. Rudolph (2006) Isotype-specific serum IgG responses of llamas (Lama glama) to experimental liver fluke infection. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 195-199.

Papastergiu, D., G. Rapuntean, S. Rapuntean and G. Nadas (2009) Consideration regarding Mycobacterium paratuberculosis natural reservoires and their involvement in disease epidemiology. Lucrări Științifice - Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, 52, 1043-1050.

Paras, K. L., M. M. George, A. N. Vidyashankar and R. M. Kaplan (2018) Comparison of fecal egg counting methods in four livestock species. Veterinary Parasitology, 257, 21-27.

Paredes, G. F., C. E. Yalta-Macedo, G. A. Gutierrez, E. A. Veli-Rivera (2020) Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Llamas (Lama glama) from the Camelid Germplasm Bank—Quimsachata Genes. 11 (5) pp.541.

Parisien, A. (2009) Over-expression in Escherichia coli of the ToxA5.1 llama single domain antibody targeting Clostridium difficile enterotoxin A.

---------------(2010) Surexpression chez Escherichia coli de l'anticorps àdomaine simple ToxA5.1 provenant du lama et ayant pour cible l'entérotoxine A produite par Clostridium difficile = Over-expression in Escherichia coli of the ToxA5.1 llama single domain antibody targeting Clostridium difficile enterotoxin A. Ottawa.

Park, S. R., J. H. Lee, K. Kim, T. M. Kim, S. H. Lee, Y. K. Choo et al. (2020) Expression and In Vitro Function of Anti-Breast Cancer Llama-Based Single Domain Antibody VHH Expressed in Tobacco Plants International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (4), p.1354.

Párraga, M. E., M. I. Gonzatti and P. M. Aso (2016) Diagnosis of Venezuelan equine anaplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction. Revista Cientifica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad del Zulia, 26, 366-373.

Parraguez, V. H., S. Cortéz, F. J. Gazitúa, G. Ferrando, V. MacNiven and L. A. Raggi (1997) Early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) by ultrasound. Animal Reproduction Science, 47, 113-121.

Pasquel H, S., E. Casas A, W. Huanca L, L. Lopera B and T. Huanca M (2011) Determination of the presence of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in alpacas and llamas in the Puno region. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 22, 278-282.

Patel, J. H., C. Kosheluk and P. N. Nation (2004) Renal teratoma in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45, 938-940.

Patil, S. B., B. Webb, G. Mazza, M. Pinzani, Y. A. Soh, R. A. McKendry and J. W. Ndieyira (2015) Decoupling competing surface binding kinetics and reconfiguration of receptor footprint for ultrasensitive stress assays. Nat Nanotechnol, 10, 899-907.

Patitucci, A. N., M. J. Pérez, G. Barril, C. M. Cárcamo and A. Muñoz (2006) Serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in llamas and alpacas from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 179-182.

Patterson, W. A.(1996) Influence of llama, horse, and foot traffic on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western Montana.

Pauciullo, A. and G. Erhardt (2015) Molecular Characterization of the Llamas (Lama glama) Casein Cluster Genes Transcripts (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, CSN3) and Regulatory Regions. PLoS One, 10, e0124963.

----------------, M. Gauly, G. Cosenza, H. Wagner and G. Erhardt (2016) Lama glama: Identification of new polymorphisms at the CSN1S1 gene. J Dairy Sci.

Paul-Murphy, J., L. J. Gershwin, E. F. Thatcher, M. E. Fowler and W. H. Habig (1989) Immune response of the llama (Lama glama) to tetanus toxoid vaccination. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 1279-1281.

-------------------, L. A. Tell, W. Bravo, M. E. Fowler and B. L. Lasley (1991) Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VIII. Correspondence of urinary and plasma steroids in the Llama (Lama glama) during nonconceptive and conceptive cycles. Zoo Biology, 10, 225-236.

--------------------, J. R., J. P. Morgan, J. R. Snyder and M. E. Fowler (1991) Radiographic findings in young llamas with forelimb valgus deformities: 28 cases (1980-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 2107-2111.

Paulsen, M. E., S. Young, J. A. Smith and G. A. Severin (1989) Bilateral chorioretinitis, centropetal optic neuritis, and encephalitis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 194, 1305-1308.

Pausch, I. (2015) Slaughter of the animal species llama and animal welfare - a progress report. Fleischwirtschaft, 95, 98-106.

Pavlović, I., D. Nešić, D. Valter, G. Mitić and V. Hudina (1992) Helminth fauna of bison, camels, llamas, Barbary, Somali and domestic sheep, and goats in Belgrade zoo in 1990. Veterinarski Glasnik, 46, 271-275.

Pawlinski, S.(2014) Neonatal septicemia in a llama cria.

Pearson, E. G., A. M. Craig and E. D. Lassen (1986) Suspected chlorpyrifos toxicosis in a llama, and plasma pseudocholinesterase activity in llamas given chlorpyrifos. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 189, 1062-1064.

-------------------& S. P. Snyder (2000) Pancreatic necrosis in New World camelids: 11 cases (1990-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217, 241-244.

Pearson, L. K., J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2012) Uterine torsion in late gestation alpacas and llamas: 60 cases (2000-2009). Small Ruminant Research, 105, 268-272.

------------------, J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2013) Disorders and Diseases of Pregnancy in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 256-273.

--------------------, J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2013) Parturition and Obstetrics in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 274-286.

-----------------------, J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2013) Postpartum Disorders in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 297-309

------------------& A. Tibary (2014) Reproductive disorders of male camelids. Clinical Theriogenology, 6, 571-577.

-------------------, J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2013) infertility and Subfertility in the Male in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 194-216.

---------------------, J. S. Rodriguez and A. Tibary (2013) Breeding Management in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 162-168.

Peauroi, J. R., F. C. Mohr, D. J. Fisher, M. Misheff, G. J. Grindley and M. S. Campo (1995) Anemia, Hematuria, and Multicentric Urinary Neoplasia in a Llama (Lama glama) Exposed to Bracken Fern. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 26, 315-320.

Peduzzi, F. (2008) The rearing of llamas in southern Potosí, Bolivia. An analysis of the experience of the AZCCAs (Zonal Associations of Llama Breeders). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, 102, 161-181.

Pembro, C. (2013) Ollie (Diary of a Llama Farmer) Llama-Rama

Penedo, M. C. T., M. E. Fowler, A. T. Bowling, D. L. Anderson and L. Gordon (1988) Genetic variation in the blood of llamas, Lama glama, and alpacas, Lama pacos. Animal Genetics, 19, 267-276.

---------------------& R. K. Juneja (1989) Polymorphic plasma postalbumin (Po) of llamas and alpacas. Animal Genetics, 20, 221-223.

Pentecost, R. L., A. J. Niehaus and E. Santschi (2012) Arthroscopic approach and intraarticular anatomy of the stifle in South American camelids. Veterinary Surgery, 41, 458-464.

-------------------, A. J. Niehaus, N. Werle and J. Lakritz (2015) Absorption and disposition of florfenicol after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing in alpacas. Res Vet Sci, 99, 199-203.

--------------------, A. J. Niehaus, N. A. Werle and J. Lakritz (2013) Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after intravenous and intramuscular dosing in llamas. Research in Veterinary Science, 95, 594-599.

Pereira, F. L. G., S. A. Greene, M. M. McEwen and R. Keegan (2006) Analgesia and anesthesia in camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 227-233.

Pereira, S. S., L. S. Moreira-Dill, M. S. S. Morais, N. D. R. Prado, M. L. Barros, A. C. Koishi, G. A. C. A. Mazarrotto, G. M. Gonçalves, J. P. Zuliani, L. A. Calderon, A. M. Soares, L. H. P. d. Silva, C. N. D. d. Santos, C. F. C. Fernandes and R. G. Stabeli (2014) Novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of Araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9, e108067.

Pereyra, J. E. and L. M. Campero (2005) Determination of meat antigens in llamas (Lama glama) and sheep Ovis aries, using the immunodiffusion method. Veterinaria Argentina, 22, 344-351.

Perez, A. R. and P. Walker. (2012) La sangre llama.

Pérez, P., M. Maino, R. Guzmán, A. Vaquero, C. Köbrich and J. Pokniak (2000) Carcass characteristics of llamas (Lama glama) reared in Central Chile. Small Ruminant Research, 37, 93-97.

Perez-Guerra, U. H., Y. M. Quispe, H. I. Gonzáles, N. Luque, D. A. Ruelas, M. I. Carretero, M. A. Gutiérrez-Reinoso, M. G. Pérez-Durand, M. García-Herreros.(2022)  Oarian Follicular Dynamics and Its Functional Significance in Relation with Follicle Deviation, Vaginal Cytology, and Hormone Profiles in Llamas (Lama glama). Animals (Basel). Nov 25; 12 (23) 3299.

Perkins, N. R., G. S. Frazer and B. L. Hull (1996) Endocrine diagnosis of cryptorchidism in a llama. Australian Veterinary Journal, 74, 275-277.

Perosino, M., C. Grattarola, M. C. Abete, A. Dondo, I. Giorgi and S. Zoppi.(2013) Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 401-402. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Perruchini, C., F. Pecorari, J. P. Bourgeois, C. Duyckaerts, F. Rougeon and P. Lafaye (2009) Llama VHH antibody fragments against GFAP: better diffusion in fixed tissues than classical monoclonal antibodies. Acta Neuropathologica, 118, 685-695.

Pessatti, M. V., E. Udia, M. V. Blanco and F. Diego (2001) Clinical examination of llamas. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari, 22, 63-66.

Peters, J. (2020) Llama Unleashes the Alpacalypse. Booklist. 116 (15), p. 82.

Petsalaki, E., A. O. Helbig, A. Gopal, A. Pasculescu, F. P. Roth and T. Pawson (2015) SELPHI: correlation-based identification of kinase-associated networks from global phospho-proteomics data sets. Nucleic Acids Res, 43, W276-82.

Peyrassol, X., T. Laeremans, M. Gouwy, V. Lahura, M. Debulpaep, J. Van Damme, J. Steyaert, M. Parmentier and I. Langer (2016) Development by Genetic Immunization of Monovalent Antibodies (Nanobodies) Behaving as Antagonists of the Human ChemR23 Receptor. J Immunol, 196, 2893-901.

Pfister, J. A., F. San Martin, L. Rosales, D. V. Sisson, E. Flores and F. C. Bryant (1989) Grazing behaviour of llamas, alpacas and sheep in the Andes of Peru. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 23, 237-246.

Picton, R. A.(1993) Serologic survey of llamas in Oregon for antibodies to viral diseases of livestock.

Pidre, G. A., G. Eguinoa and F. E. Iribarren (2002) Sarcocystosis in llamas (Lama glama) in northern Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 19, 430-433.

Pikó, E., V. Faigl, M. Kulcsár and P. Nagy (2014) Induced ovulation in Camelids: the role of beta-nerve growth factor. Literature review. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136, 432-440.

Pillay, T. S. and S. Muyldermans (2021) Application of single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) to laboratory diagnosis. Annals of Laboratory Medicine 41(6) pp. 549-558.

Pillitteri, C. A. and L. E. Craig (2013) Hepatic encephalopathy associated with hepatic lipidosis in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 50, 177-181.

Pinn, T. L., H. S. Bender, T. Stokol, H. N. Erb, D. H. Schlafer and G. A. Perkins (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in camelids in the northeastern United States. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 54-60.

Pinto, J. B. (2012) Estudio de la variabilidad genética en camélidos bolivianos Ph. D. thesis, Universidad de León.

Pipas, M. J.(1992) Epizootiology of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in Pennsylvania and implications of transmission from white-tailed deer to llamas.

Pirie, C. G., S. Pizzirani and N. M. Parry (2008) Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a Llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 11, 111-113.

Plant, J. D., M. A. Kutzler and C. K. Cebra (2007) Efficacy of topical eprinomectin in the treatment of Chorioptes sp. infestation in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Dermatology, 18, 59-62.

Po, E., M. J. Allen, R. G. Whitelock and S. H. Elsayed (2022) Use of antimicrobial impregnated calcium sulphate beads in the surgical management of mandibular osteomyelitis in an 8-year-old huacaya alpaca Veterinary Record Case Reports 10 (2).

Pobel, T., D. Eclache and J. C. Lamer (1993) Improving oestrus synchronization before embryo collection in cattle by using a progesterone intravaginal device (PRID). Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, 169, 783-789.

Poggio, T. V., O. Jensen, M. Mossello, J. Iriarte, H. G. Avila, M. L. Gertiser, J. J. Serafino, S. Romero, M. A. Echenique, D. E. Dominguez, J. R. Barrios and D. Heath (2016) Serology and longevity of immunity against Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and llama induced by an oil-based EG95 vaccine. Parasite Immunol, 38, 496-502.

Polidori, P., M. Antonini, D. Torres, D. Beghelli and C. Renieri (2007) Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat. Meat Science, 77, 599-601.

--------------, C. Renieri, M. Antonini and G. Lebboroni (2007) Llama meat nutritional properties. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6, 857-858.

--------------, C. Renieri, M. Antonini, P. Passamonti and F. Pucciarelli (2007) Meat fatty acid composition of llama (Lama glama) reared in the Andean highlands. Meat Science, 75, 356-358.

Pollard, G. C. and I. M. Drew (1975) Llama Herding and Settlement in Prehispanic Northern Chile: Application of an Analysis for Determining Domestication. American Antiquity, 40, 296-305.

Ponce, R., S. Farías, G. B. Mitre, D. Vélez and R. Montoro (2006) Determination of total and inorganic arsenic in muscular and visceral tissues of autochthonous camel (Lama glama) from Jujuy-Argentine. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía (Universidad de Buenos Aires), 26, 105-109.

Popowics, T. E. and S. W. Herring. (2006) Teeth, jaws and muscles in mammalian mastication. 61-83.

Porcel R, R. E. (2016) Comparative histological study of reproductive mechanism of female llama (Lama glama). Ovary and oviduct.

Porter, V., L. Alderson, S. J. G. Hall and D. P. Sponenberg.(2016) Mason's world encyclopedia of livestock breeds and breeding. Volume 1 and Volume 2.

Potter, K. and J. L. Young (1994) Three cases of hepatic neoplasia in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 89, 914-916.

Potts, L. K.(1998) Of lentils and llamas, and other stories from the Palouse and writing truthfully in fiction an essay.

Pouillon, C., G. Erhard and M. Gauly. (2001) Suckling behaviour of llama (Lama glama). 135-139. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Poulsen, K. P., G. W. Smith, J. L. Davis and M. G. Papich (2005) Pharmacokinetics of oral omeprazole in llamas. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28, 539-543.

Powell, C. C., T. M. Nuhsbaum and J. R. Gionfriddo (2002) Aqueous misdirection and ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma after cataract removal in a llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5, 99-101.

Powell, S. A. (1999) The relationship of estradiol to embryo-maternal interactions in the llama.

----------------, S. A., B. B. Smith, K. I. Timm and A. R. Menino, Jr. (2007) Estradiol production by preimplantation blastocysts and increased serum progesterone following estradiol treatment in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 102, 66-75.

---------------(2007) Expression of estrogen receptors α and β in the corpus luteum and uterus from non-pregnant and pregnant llamas. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 74, 1043-1052.

Powers, B. E., L. W. Johnson, L. B. Linton, F. Garry and J. Smith (1990) Endometrial biopsy technique and uterine pathologic findings in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 1157-1162.

Prado, M. E., J. T. Ryman, M. J. Boileau, T. Martin-Jimenez and B. Meibohm (2011) Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after oral administration to healthy llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 1386-1389.

Prado, N. D., S. S. Pereira, M. P. da Silva, M. S. Morais, A. M. Kayano, L. S. Moreira-Dill, M. B. Luiz, F. B. Zanchi, A. L. Fuly, M. E. Huacca, C. F. Fernandes, L. A. Calderon, J. P. Zuliani, L. H. Pereira da Silva, A. M. Soares and R. G. Stabeli (2016) Inhibition of the Myotoxicity Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated Phospholipases A2 by Specific Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments. PLoS One, 11.

Prado, T. M., T. J. Doherty, E. B. Boggan, H. M. Airasmaa, T. Martin-Jimenez and B. W. Rohrbach (2008) Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69, 182-188.

---------------, G. L. Morgan, M. E. Prado, R. J. Bahr, R. N. Streeter and G. Emmett (2002) Case report - urethrovaginal fistula in a llama. Bovine Practitioner, 36, 22-26.

Prágai, A. and A. Kovács (2013) Hungarian alpaca breeders. Animal Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems, 9, 54-60.

Prantner, A. M., M. Turini, B. Kerfelec, S. Joshi, D. Baty, P. Chames and N. Scholler (2015) Anti-Mesothelin Nanobodies for Both Conventional and Nanoparticle-Based Biomedical Applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol, 11, 1201-12.

Preciado RodrÃguez, N. A. (2013) Water dispossession at the Llano en Llamas : a research study by a daughter of Mexican farmworkers in the land of her consciousness.

Premraj, A., A. G. Aleyas, B. Nautiyal and T. J. Rasool (2022) Beta interferons from the extant camelids: unique among eutherian mammals Developmental and Comparative Immunology 133.

Prescott, J. (1981) Suckling behaviour of llama (Lama glama glama) and Chapman's Zebra (Equus burchelli antiquorum) in captivity. Applied Animal Ethology, 7, 293-299.

Pritchard, C. E., R. Palme, et. al. (2020) Langkilde T. Glucocorticoid and triiodothyronine concentrations do not correlate with behavior in vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2020;286:113299.

Prkno, A., M. Kaiser, D. Goerigk, M. Pfeffer, T. W. Vahlenkamp, D. Hoffmann, M. Beer and A. Starke (2018) Clinical presentation of cowpox virus infection in South American camelids: a review. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 46, 50-56.

Proost, K., M. N. Boone, I. Josipovic, B. Pardon, K. Chiers, L. Vlaminck L. (2022) Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography - Part 2: Maxillary cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res. Jan 3; 18 (1) 6.

Pugh, D. G. and M. Gauly (1995) Castration technique for llamas. Praktische Tierarzt, 76, 461-463.

-------------- (1993) Polioencephalomalacia in a llama herd. Equine Practice, 15, 24-26.

--------------, A. N. Baird, D. F. Wolfe, J. G. W. Wenzel and H. C. Lin (1994) A prescrotal castration technique for llamas. Equine Practice, 16, 26-28.

---------------& E. B. Belnap (1997) Perinatal and neonatal care of South American camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 92, 291-295.

----------------, M. K. Causey, B. L. Blagburn and D. F. Wolfe (1995) Clinical parelaphostrongylosis in llamas. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 17, 600-606.

---------------, C. B. Navarre, D. C. Ruffin and E. B. Belknap (1999) A review of diagnostic procedures in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Medicine, 94, 654-659.

---------------, B. Waldridge and J. G. W. Wenzel (1999) Trace mineral nutrition in llamas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 209-216.

----------------& B. M. Waldridge. (2004) Goat and llama trace mineral nutrition. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,  pp. 112-113. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

---------------, J. Wright and S. Rowe (1995) Serologic response of llamas to a commercially prepared leptospirosis vaccine. Small Ruminant Research, 17, 193-196.

Puntel, M. (1997) Seroprevalence of viral infections in llamas (Lama glama) in Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 29, 38-46.

------------, N. A. Fondevila, J. B. Viera, V. K. O'Donnell, J. F. Marcovecchio, B. J. Carrillo and A. A. Schudel (1999) Serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (Lama glama) in Argentina. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 46, 157-161.

Purdy, C. M. and F. K. Lochner (1985) Proximal radial fracture in a Llama. Equine Practice, 7, 12-15.

Purohit, G. N. (2012) Dystocia in camelids: the causes and approaches of management. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2, 99-105.

Q

Qian, J. D. (2012) Affinity chromatography of camelid antibodies. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology.

Quesada, R. J., M. E. Gorman, C. K. Cebra, C. Verdugo and C. A. Mosley (2011) Direct colloid osmometry in healthy New World camelids. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 40, 248-252.

Quispe, Coaquira J. E., Dueñas Gayona L, Bustinza Choque V, MacHaca Machaca R, Bolívar Villegas NA, MacHaca Machaca V. (2020) Morphology of the K'ara llama (Lama glama) of Checacupe, Cusco, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú . 2020;31(2).

Quispe-Ccasa, H., N. Lloccallasi, W. Choquepuma, N. Huanca, I. Cayo-Colca, J. U. Saucedo et al. (2020) Objective evaluation of fineness and resistance characteristics in fleeces of Ch'aku llama (Lama glama) Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú . 2020;31(2).

Quist, C. F., D. M. Dutton, D. A. Schneider and A. K. Prestwood (1998) Gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 1438-1441.

R

Raczkowski, R. and C. V. Trimarchi (2001) Epizootic incidence of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in New York state. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, 55, 111-118.

Radi, Z. A., D. L. Miller and A. D. Liggett (2005) Cutaneous melanocytoma in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Research Communications, 29, 137-140.

Radostits, O. M., I. G. Mayhew and D. M. Houston. (2000) Veterinary clinical examination and diagnosis. London: W.B. Saunders.

Raggi, S. L., R. T. Ullrich, G. G. Castellaro, V. M. Zolezzi, R. Rojas C, G. Ferrando R and V. Parraguez G (1996) Use of different methods of pregnancy diagnosis in an experimental flock of alpacas (Lama pacos) and in llamas (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Region I of Chile. Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 11, 10-15.

--------------, S. L. A. (2000) Advances in research and management of llamas (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) in Chile. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 27, 27-37.

Rahn-Chique, K., N. Carrion and M. Murillo (2012) Determination of copper, magnesium and zinc in mononuclear leukocytes by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Investigación Clínica, 53, 342-352.

Raila, J., F. J. Schweigert, A. Stanitznig, B. Lambacher, S. Franz, S. Baldermann and T. Wittek (2016) No detectable carotenoid concentrations in serum of llamas and alpacas. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl).

Ramos G, M., J. Descailleaux L, M. Velásquez R, W. Huanca L, L. Iannuzzi and A. Perucatti (2014) Adaptation of the lymphocyte culture technique of alpacas and lamas for the analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú ,25, 461-467.

Ramos, P., P. Sepulveda-Garcia, A. Alabí, A. Romero, T. Pinto, A. Rojas, P. Bittencourt and A. Müller (2021) Molecular survey and genetic characterization of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Southern Chile Acta Tropica 222.

Ramos-Vara, J. A., C. M. Loiacono, F. Williams, III, I. Pardo and J. Lakritz (2004) Pulmonary neoplasia in two llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 41, 520-523.

----------------------- and M. A. Miller (2002) Metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14, 328-331.

Ramsey, P. M. (2001) Termination and synchronization of the follicular wave in alpacas and llamas.

------------------ (2005) Synchronization of the follicular wave exogenesis hormone therapy in llamas and alpacas.

Ranganathan, S., M. Thangam and S. A. M. Balajee (1996) Role of animals in the spread of human ringworm disease in Madras. Current Science, 71, 666.

Ratto, M., M. Berland, W. Huanca, S. Jaswant and G. P. Adams (2005) In vitro and in vivo maturation of llama oocytes. Theriogenology, 63, 2445-2457.

-----------, W. Huanca, S. Jaswant and G. P. Adams (2006) Comparison of the effect of natural mating, LH, and GnRH on interval to ovulation and luteal function in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 91, 299-306.

------------ (2006). Ovarian follicular synchronization, ovulation and oocyte development in llamas and alpacas. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.

-----------, R. Gatica and J. E. Correa (1997) Timing of mating and ovarian response in llamas (Lama glama) treated with pFSH. Animal Reproduction Science, 48, 325-330.

-----------, W. Huanca, S. Jaswant and G. P. Adams (2006) Comparison of the effect of ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) in the seminal plasma of llamas, alpacas, and bulls. Theriogenology, 66, 1102-1106.

------------, M. E. Silva, W. Huanca, T. Huanca and G. P. Adams (2013) Induction of superovulation in South American camelids. Animal Reproduction Science, 136, 164-169.

------------, M. H., J. Singh, W. Huanca and G. P. Adams (2003) Ovarian follicular wave synchronization and pregnancy rate after fixed-time natural mating in llamas. Theriogenology, 60, 1645-1656.

-----------, C. Ulloa-Leal, M. Silva, A. Fernandez and X. P. Valderrama (2016) Luteotrophic effect of OIF/NGF in llamas. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 24, 101-106.

-----------, M. H. Miragaya (2021) Editorial: reproduction in South American camelids Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (August).

Raudsepp, T. (2013) Cytogenetics and Infertility In C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 243-249.

Ravollo, O. R. (2002) Improving llama production in Bolivia. LEISA, 18, 22-23.

Ray, A. C., M. J. Murphy, M. D. DuVall and J. C. Reagor (1989) Determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 546-550.

Ray, W. M., S. B. Gustafson and M. J. Huber (2004) Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in a llama with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 225, 1739-1742, 1702.

Read, M. R., T. Duke and A. R. Toews (2000) Suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216, 227-229.

Reagan, W. J., F. Garry, M. A. Thrall, S. Colgan, J. Hutchison and M. G. Weiser (1990) The clinicopathologic, light, and scanning electron microscopic features of eperythrozoonosis in four naturally infected llamas. Veterinary Pathology, 27, 426-431.

Reagan, W. J., T. G. Sanders and D. B. DeNicola.(1997) Veterinary hematology atlas of common domestic species. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Rebecchi, A., F. Miragoli, C. López, D. Bassi, C. Fontana C. (2020) Exploring Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Diversity from Artisanal Llama Sausages: Assessment of Technological and Safety Traits Microorganisms 2020;8(5).

Rebhun, W. C., D. H. Jenkins, R. C. Riis, S. G. Dill, E. J. Dubovi and A. Torres (1988) An epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus 1 in a herd of alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 192, 953-956.

Reed, K. M., M. M. Bauer, K. M. Mendoza and A. G. Armién (2010) A candidate gene for choanal atresia in alpaca. Genome, 53, 224-230.

Reed, P. J. (1996) Studies on luteinizing hormone and gonadal steroids in male and female llamas (Lama glama).

Reed, S. K. (2009) A molecular and morphologic study of idiopathic fetlock hyperextension and suspensory apparatus breakdown in the llama. Oregon: State Univ.

------------ and S. A. Semevolos (2010) Molecular and histologic evaluation of idiopathic hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in adult llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 71, 211-215.

-------------, S. A. Semevolos, P. K. Rist and B. A. Valentine (2007) Morphologic and biochemical characterization of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 879-885.

Reichmann, M.(2017) The position of New World camelids. 45-48. Irdning-Donnersbachtal: Höhere Bundeslehr- und Forschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein.

Reiner, R. and B. Fred (1983) A Different Sort of Sheep. Rangelands, 5, 106-108 ST - A Different Sort of Sheep.

-------------(1985) Nutrition of alpacas grazing high altitude rangeland in southern Peru. Texas Tech University.

Reynafarje, C., J. Faura, D. Villavicencio, A. Curaca, B. Reynafarje, L. Oyola, L. Contreras, E. Vallenas and A. Faura (1975) Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae). Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, 806-810.

Riazi, A., P. C. R. Strong, R. Coleman, W. Chen, T. Hirama, H. v. Faassen, M. Henry, S. M. Logan, C. M. Szymanski, R. MacKenzie and M. A. Ghahroudi (2013) Pentavalent single-domain antibodies reduce Campylobacter jejuni motility and colonization in chickens. PLoS ONE, 8, e83928.

Ribeiro, V. L., S. O. Souza, R. A. Casagrande, A. T. B. Wouters, F. Wouters, V. M. Rolim, E. O. Santos and D. Driemeier (2017) Mycobacterium sp. in captive-reared wild herbivores in Rio Grande do Sul: a retrospective study and immunohistochemical detection (2003-2015). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 37, 58-65.

Rickard, L. (1992) Llama parasites. Large animal veterinarian covering health and nutrition (USA).

Rickard, L. G. (1993) Parasitic gastritis in a llama (Lama glama) associated with inhibited larval Teladorsagia spp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea). Veterinary Parasitology, 45, 331-335.

------------------- (1994) Parasites [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 239-247.

------------------ (1995) Development and application of a dot-ELISA test for the detection of serum antibodies to Fasciola hepatica antigens in llamas. Veterinary Parasitology, 58, 9-15.

------------------- and J. K. Bishop (1988) Prevalence of Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Oregon llamas. Journal of Protozoology, 35, 335-336.

------------------ (1991) Helminth parasites of llamas (Lama glama) in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 58, 110-115.

----------------- (1991) Redescription of Trichuris tenuis Chandler, 1930, from llamas (Lama glama) in Oregon with a key to the species of Trichuris present in North American ruminants. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 70-75.

------------------ and W. J. Foreyt (1992) Experimental fascioliasis in llamas. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 59, 140-144.

-------------------, L. G., E. J. Gentz, E. G. Pearson, A. A. Frank and B. B. Smith.(1993) Evaluation of experimental meningeal worm infections in the llama. 397-399. Philadelphia: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV).

------------------, E. J. Gentz, E. G. Pearson, B. B. Smith, A. A. Frank, L. L. Walker and M. J. Pybus (1994) Experimentally Induced Meningeal Worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) Infection in the Llama (Lama glama) pp. Clinical Evaluation and Implications for Parasite Translocation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25, 390-402.

----------------, B. B. Smith, E. J. Gentz, A. A. Frank, E. G. Pearson, L. L. Walker and M. J. Pybus (1994) Experimentally induced meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) infection in the llama (Lama glama) pp. clinical evaluation and implications for parasite translocation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25, 390-402.

Riebold, T. W., H. N. Engel, T. L. Grubb, J. G. Adams, M. J. Huber and W. B. Schmotzer (1994) Orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 779-783.

------------------, M. J. Huber and W. B. Schmotzer (1991) Monitoring techniques and supportive therapy in the anaesthetized llama. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia, 241-242.

------------------, A. J. Kaneps and W. B. Schmotzer (1986) Reversal of xyalzine-induced sedation in llamas, using doxapram or 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 189, 1059-1061.

------------------, W. B. Schmotzer and M. J. Huber (1991) Anaesthetic techniques in the llama. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia, 237-242.

-------------------(2013) Inhalation Anesthesia in South American Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 595-600.

Riek, A . (2006) Investigations on milk composition, milk intake and body weight development in the Llama (Lama glama). Gottingen: Cuvillier.

-----------(2008) A contribution to the energy supply of pre-ruminant and lactating llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 338-342.

-----------(2007) Measurements of the bodyweight and other physical characteristics of 11 llamas (Lama glama) from birth to weaning. Veterinary Record, 161, 520-524.

-----------(2009) Milk intake studies in llamas (Lama glama) using the "dose-to-the-mother" technique. Small Ruminant Research, 82, 105-111.

-----------(2010) Estimating total body water content in suckling and lactating llamas (Lama glama) by isotope dilution. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1189-1193.

----------- and M. Gerken (2006) Changes in llama (Lama glama) milk composition during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3484-3493.

------------, M. Gerken and E. Moors (2007) Measurement of milk intake in suckling llamas (Lama glama) using deuterium oxide dilution. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 867-875.

Riemann, H. P., D. E. Behymer, M. E. Fowler, T. Schulz, A. Lock, J. G. Orthoefer, S. Silverman and C. E. Franti (1974) Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in captive exotic mammals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 165, 798-800.

Riggsby, E. D. (1990) The Llama. Science and Children, 28, 56-56.

Riquelme, R. A., G. Sánchez, L. Liberona, E. M. Sanhueza, D. A. Giussani, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson and A. J. Llanos (2002) Nitric oxide plays a role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and adrenocorticomedullary functions in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 544, 267-276.

Risco-Castillo, V., J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, F. J. García-Peña, I. Arnaiz-Seco, D. Hoces, H. Castillo, Á. Veliz and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2014) Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in Peru. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 641-646.

Rishendra, V. and S. K. Srivastava (2001) Mycobacteria isolated from animals and man: twelve years record. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 71, 129-132.

Riva de Neyra, L. A., M. C. Abalos, F. A. Acuña, F. Toloaba and M. V. H. Hick (2016) Growth in baby llama (Lama glama) in a natural pasture based production system in Jujuy, Argentina. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 36, 111.

Riveros, J. L., G. Schuler, C. Bonacic, B. Hoffmann, M. G. Chaves and B. Urquieta (2010) Ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal secretory profiles in guanacos (Lama guanicoe). Animal Reproduction Science, 119, 63-67.

Roberts, V. and F. Scott-Park. (2008) BSAVA manual of farm pets. Quedgeley: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Robertson, S. A. and G. B. Martin (2022) Re-defining pheromone in a mammalian context to encompass seminal fluid Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (January).

Robinson, A. and C. Wolf (1994) Vaccination guidelines for small ruminants (sheep, goats, llamas, domestic deer, and wapiti). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 205, 1539-1544.

Robinson, R. M. (1982) Coccidioidomycotic pneumonia in a llama. Southwestern Veterinarian, 34, 176.

Robinson, T. F. and B. L. Roeder (2014) Serum and urine analyte comparison between llamas and alpacas fed three forages. Scientific Journal of Animal Science, 3, 275-283.

-------------------, M. Sponheimer, B. L. Roeder, B. Passey, T. E. Cerling, M. D. Dearing and J. R. Ehleringer (2006) Digestibility and nitrogen retention in llamas and goats fed alfalfa, C3 grass, and C4 grass hays. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 162-168.

Robles, R., V. Hidalgo, M. Wurzinger, G. Gutierrez G. (2020) Body weight gain and carcass yield of llamas (Lama glama) subjected to fattening under four feeding types Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú . 2020;31(1).

Rocha, C. B., L. A. M. G. Fornells, M. Rojas, M. Liberal, A. Manchego, D. Pezo and N. Santos (2018) Molecular epidemiology of coronavirus in faeces of Brazilian calves and Peruvian camelid herds. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 12, 37-42.

Rodgerson, D. H., A. N. Baird, H. C. Lin and D. G. Pugh (1998) Ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic ovariectomy in llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 27, 331-336.

Rodon, J., A. Z. Mykytyn, G. Cantero, I. C. Albulescu, B. J. Bosch, A. Brix, J. C. Audonnet, A. Bensaid, J. Vergara-Alert, B. L. Haagmans and J. Segalés (2022) Protective efficacy of an RBD-based Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) particle vaccine in llamas. One Health Outlook 4 (12) pp. (24 June 2022).

Rodríguez C, T. and G. Torres-Hernández (1982) A genetic study of some production traits in the llama (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Bolivia. 1. Meat production. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 17, 35-44.

------------(1982) A genetic study of some production traits in the llama (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Bolivia. 2. Wool production. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 17, 45-54.

Rodríguez, C. T. and G. Torres-Hernández (1981) Preweaning growth in llamas on pasture on the high plateau in Bolivia. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 16, 162.

Rodriguez, J. S., L. K. Pearson and A. Tibary (2013) Clinical Examination of the Female Reproductive Function in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 168-187.

------------------------------------------------------------------ (2013) Infertility and Subfertility in the Female Camelid in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 216-243.

Rogers, K., G. M. Barrington and S. M. Parish (1997) Squamous cell carcinoma originating from a cutaneous scar in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 38, 643-644.

Rojas, F. J., F. O. Jiménez, J. Díaz (2020) Determinación experimental de la velocidad de llama del gas de Camisea-Perú. Experimental determination of the gas flame velocity of Camisea-Peru. 31 (4) pp.99-112.

Rojas, M., A. Manchego, C. B. Rocha, L. A. Fornells, R. C. Silva, G. S. Mendes, H. G. Dias, N. Sandoval, D. Pezo and N. Santos (2016) Outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the southern Peruvian highland. J Infect Dev Ctries, 10, 269-74.

Rojas, X., S. Muñoz, B. Otto, B. Pérez and K. Nielsen (2004) The use of polarized fluorescence assay (PF) and competitive ELISA test (C-ELISA) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in South American camelids. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 36, 59-64.

Romero, S., T. Carletti, C. D. Franco, G. Moré, L. Schnittger and M. Florin-Christensen (2017) Seropositivity to Sarcocystis infection of llamas correlates with breeding practices. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 10, 65-70.

Romero-Salas, D., S. Sánchez-Montes, J. L. Bravo-Ramos, M. G. Sánchez-Otero, C. G. Diaz-López, J. L. Salguero-Romero and A. Cruz-Romero (2022) First report of Babesia bigemina in Lama glama in a zoological garden of Veracruz, Mexico Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 33.

Roney, M. W.(1993) Symbolic commentary in El Llano en llamas.University of Virginia 54pp.

Rooney, A. L., G. Limon, H. Vides, A. Cortez and J. Guitian.(2013) A cross-sectional study of Sarcocystis spp. in llamas (Lama glama) in Southern Bolivia including an economic costing of loss in income caused by the disease. 175-183. Roslin: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.

------------(2014) Sarcocystis spp. in llamas (Lama glama) in Southern Bolivia: a cross sectional study of the prevalence, risk factors and loss in income caused by carcass downgrades. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 116, 296-304.

Rosadio, R. H., H. Rivera and A. Manchego (1993) Prevalence of neutralising antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 in Peruvian livestock. Veterinary Record, 132, 611-612.

Rossanigo, C. R., J. Giulietti and R. L. Sager (1995) Post shearing necrotic dermatitis of llamas of San Luis province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 392-394.

Rossotti, M., S. Tabares, L. Alfaya, C. Leizagoyen, G. Moron and G. González-Sapienza (2015) Streamlined method for parallel identification of single domain antibodies to membrane receptors on whole cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1850, 1397-404.

Rossotti, M. A., K. A. Henry, H. van Faassen, J. Tanha, D. Callaghan, G. Hussack, M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi and C. R. MacKenzie (2018) Camelid single-domain antibodies raised by DNA immunization are potent inhibitors of EGFR signaling. Biochem J.

Rostami, A., U. Geissbühler, F. Schellenberger and P. Zanolari (2014) Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, (6 January 2014).

Roșu, P. M., B. Georgescu, C. Belu, I. Dumitrescu, Ș. M. Raita, G. B. Roșu and G. Predoi (2017) The morphological particularities of the thoracic limb bones at Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758) - case study. Lucrari Stiintifice - Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a Banatului Timisoara, Medicina Veterinara, 50, 173-183.

Rosychuk, R. A. W. (1989) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 203-215.

------------(1994) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 228-239.

Roth, C. and M. Ganter (2007) Urolithiasis in a gelded llama. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 35, 446-452.

Rotman, M., M. M. Welling, M. L. van den Boogaard, L. G. Moursel, L. M. van der Graaf, M. A. van Buchem, S. M. van der Maarel and L. van der Weerd (2015) Fusion of hIgG1-Fc to 111In-anti-amyloid single domain antibody fragment VHH-pa2H prolongs blood residential time in APP/PS1 mice but does not increase brain uptake. Nucl Med Biol, 42, 695-702.

Rousseau, M., D. E. Anderson, A. J. Niehaus, M. D. Miesner and S. Nichols (2013) Osseous sequestration in alpacas and llamas: 36 cases (1999-2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243, 430-436.

Rowan, L. L., D. E. Morin, W. L. Hurley, R. D. Shanks, I. Kakoma, W. E. Hoffmann, T. E. Goetz and J. S. Cullor (1996) Evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1457-1463.

Rubio-Langre, S., S. Aguilar-Sola, A. M. Lorenzutti, M. I. San Andrés, J. J. De Lucas and N. J. Litterio (2018) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration at different ages in llama crias, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 41, 861-870.

Rubio-Langre, S., J. J. d. Lucas, N. J. Litterio, S. Aguilar, J. C. Boggio and M. I. S. Andrés (2012) Pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations in llamas (Lama glama). Small Ruminant Research, 106, 64-69.

Rubsamen, K. , (1978) Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama. American Journal of Physiology, 235, E1-E6.

------------------& W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Water metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 595-598.

Ruck, R. J. M. (1978). Along came a llama. London: Faber.

Rüfli, I., C. Gurtner, W. U. Basso, B. Vidondo, G. Hirsbrunner and P. Zanolari (2021) Causes of abortions in South American camelids in Switzerland-cases and questionnaire Animals 11 (7).

Ruiz, J., L. Landeo, J. Mendoza, J. Correa, M. Silva and M. H. Ratto (2015) In vitro developmental competence of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) oocytes after parthenogenetic activation. Small Ruminant Research, 133, 148-152.

Ruiz-Velazco, J. M. J., A. Hernández-Llamas and V. M. Gomez-Muñoz (2015) A continuous diphasic model for prediction of survival of cultivated populations when affected by disease: the case of shrimp and white spot disease. Aquaculture Research, 46, 3020-3027.

---------------------------, A. Hernández-Llamas, V. M. Gomez-Muñoz and F. J. Magallon (2010) Dynamics of intensive production of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei affected by white spot disease. Aquaculture, 300, 113-119.

Rulofson, F. C., E. R. Atwill and C. A. Holmberg (2001) Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 637-642.

S

Saadaoui, B., L. Bianchi, C. Henry, G. Miranda, P. Martin and C. Cebo (2014) Combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (Lama glama) milk. Electrophoresis, 35, 1406-1418.

Saalmüller, A. and B. Aasted (2007) Papers from the animal homologue section of "Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen 8-workshop" (HLDA8), Adelaide, Australia, December 2004. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 119, vii + 170 pp.

Sabahat, S., A. Nadeem and J. Maryam (2021) Genetic and genomic prospects for camel meat production Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 31 (3) pp. 635-649.

Saccodossi, N., E. A. d. Simone and J. Leoni (2012) Structural analysis of effector functions related motifs, complement activation and hemagglutinating activities in Lama glama heavy chain antibodies. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 145, 323-331.

Saccodossi, N., E. d. Simone and J. Leoni (2006) A novel and easy method for the production of recombinant peptides for use in the generation of monospecific antisera against Lama glama IgG2b and IgG2c subclasses. Journal of Immunological Methods, 313, 214-218.

Saeed, M. A., M. H. Rashid, J. Vaughan and A. Jabbar (2018) Sarcocystosis in South American camelids: the state of play revisited Parasites and Vectors, 11, (6 March 2018).

Saito, R., Y. Saito, H. Nakazawa, T. Hattori, I. Kumagai, M. Umetsu and K. Makabe (2018) Impact in stability during sequential CDR grafting to construct camelid VHH antibodies against zinc oxide and gold. J Biochem, 164, 21-25.

Sales, M. P. U., G. M. Taylor, S. Hughes, M. Yates, G. Hewinson, D. B. Young and R. J. Shaw (2001) Genetic diversity among Mycobacterium bovis isolates: a preliminary study of strains from animal and human sources. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 4558-4562.

Salgado, M., I. Sevilla, C. Rios, J. Crossley, C. Tejeda and E. Manning (2016) Prescence of Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Alpacasinhabiting the Chilean Altiplano Journal Zoo Wildlife Medicine, 47, 12-6.

Salmoral, G., M. M. Aldaya, D. Chico, A. Garrido and M. R. Llamas (2011) The water footprint of olives and olive oil in Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9, 1089-1104.

Samartino, L., S. Conde, C. Cisterna, M. Schust, E. Piazza, E. Salustio and D. Hollender. 2009. Fluorescence polarization for animal brucellosis diagnosis. 217. Barcelona: AVEDILA.

Samitz, E. M. and E. L. Biberstein (1991) Actinobacillus suis-like organism and evidence of hemolytic strains of Actinobacillus lignieresii in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52, 1245-1251.

Sammells, C. A.(1995) The negotiation of ethnic identity : multifaceted images of llama meat in La Paz, Bolivia.

San Martin, F. and F. C. Bryant.(1993) Comparative Nutrition Of Sheep And Camelids. In Proceedings, Small Ruminant Workshop, 93. Small Ruminant CRSP, University of California, Davis.

------------------- and R. J. Van Saun (2013) Applied Digestive Anatomy and Feeding Behavior in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 51-58.

----------------------and Robert J. Van Saun (2013) Feeding Management Systems in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 91-100.

Sanchez, L., H. Mayta, L. M. Jara, M. Verástegui, R. H. Gilman, L. A. Gómez-Puerta and C. M. Gavidia (2022) Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis are distributed in livestock of highly endemic area in the Peruvian highlands Acta Tropica 225.

Sánchez, A. E. and J. E. Correa (1995) Ultrasonographic description of accessory sex glands in the male llama. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 27, 81-86.

Sanchez, T. F., D. D. Janssen, P. J. Morris and M. Anderson.(1993) Assisted intubation techniques in llamas (Lama glama) pp. retrograde intubation pp. 161-167.

Sandoval, C., S. Llamas and J. Romero (2008) Analysis of external factors that affect formation and accumulation of D-RNAs in Bromovirus infections. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6, 185-194.

Sanhueza, E. M., R. A. Riquelme, E. A. Herrera, D. A. Giussani, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson and A. J. Llanos (2005) Vasodilator tone in the llama fetus: the role of nitric oxide during normoxemia and hypoxemia. American Journal of Physiology, 289, R776-R783.

Sansinena, M. J., S. A. Taylor, P. J. Taylor, E. E. Schmidt, R. S. Denniston and R. A. Godke (2007) In vitro production of llama (Lama glama) embryos by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: effect of chemical activation treatments and culture conditions. Animal Reproduction Science, 99, 342-353.

Santa Cruz, R., S. M. Giuliano, M. C. Gambarotta, J. M. Morrell, M. C. Abraham, M. H. Miragaya and M. I. Carretero (2016) Comparison of differents methods of sperm selection of llama raw semen. Anim Reprod Sci, 173, 8-12.

Santiago, A. L. C. M. d. A., S. F. B. Trufem, E. Malosso, P. J. P. d. Santos and M. A. d. Q. Cavalcanti (2011) Zygomycetes from herbivore dung in the Ecological Reserve of Dois Irmãos, Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42, 89-95.

Sapienza, J. S., R. Isaza, D. E. Brooks and T. R. Miller (1996) Atresia of the nasolacrimal duct in a llama. Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology, 6, 6-8.

-----------------, J. S., R. Isaza, R. D. Johnson and T. R. Miller (1992) Anatomic and radiographic study of the lacrimal apparatus of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1007-1009.

Sari, L. M., R. Zampini, M. E. Argañaraz, M. I. Carretero, F. G. Fumuso, D. E. Barraza, M. Ratto and S. A. Apichela (2018) Expression of β-NGF and high-affinity NGF receptor (TrKA) in llama (Lama glama) male reproductive tract and spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev, 85, 934-944.

----------------------------------------------------- M. E. Argañaraz, M. H. Ratto, S. Apichela (2020) Effect of mating on mRNA and protein expression of beta nerve growth factor and its receptor, TrKA, in the oviduct of llama (Lama glama) Mol Reprod Dev., 87 (11), pp.1133-40.

Sarma, G., S. K. Das and P. K. Dutta (1983) Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in deer in the Assam state zoo. Veterinary Record, 113, 420-421.

Sartin, E. A., B. M. Waldridge, D. W. Carter, G. A. Herrera, M. Toivio-Kinnucan, S. D. Lenz, D. G. Pugh, D. F. Wolfe and J. P. Sundberg (1997) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in three llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 9, 103-106.

Saulez, C. K. Cebra and K. A. Fischer (2006) Compressive myelopathy due to intervertebral disk extrusion in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 18, 126-129.

Scarratt, W. K., S. S. Karzenski, M. A. Wallace, M. V. Crisman, G. K. Saunders, D. O. Cordes and D. P. Sponenberg (1996) Suspected parelaphostrongylosis in five llamas. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 124-129.

Schaefer, D. L., R. J. Bildfell, P. Long and C. V. Löhr (2012) Characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 49, 313-321.

Schantz, H. A.(1997) Comparing forage selection and evaluating trampling impacts of horses and llamas in wilderness and backcountry meadows.

Schauer, B., M. P. Szostak, R. Ehricht, S. Monecke, A. T. Fessler, S. Schwarz, J. Spergser, R. Krametter-Frötscher and I. Loncaric (2021) Diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus spp. isolated from ruminants and New World camelids Veterinary Microbiology 254.

Schenone, H. and A. Rojas (1988) Epidemiology of animal fascioliasis in Chile. Trends in the prevalence rates, by regions, in 5 species of meat producing animals slaughtered at Chilean abattoirs, 1977-1986. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología, 43, 68-70.

Schild, C. O., R. D. Caffarena, A. Rabaza, G. Banchero, F. Giannitti, A. F. Dantas, L. A. Maia and F. Riet-Correa (2016) Nasal conidiobolomycosis in a sheep (Ovis aries) in Uruguay. Veterinaria (Montevideo), 52, 25-30.

Schoiswohl, J., C. Eibl, R. Haralambus, K. Lipnik, K. Schieder and S. Franz (2022) T-cell-lymphoma presented as a solitary subcutaneous mass in the ventral cervical region of an adult llama- diagnostic and treatment BMC Veterinary Research 18 (62) (01 February).

Southey, B. R. and S. L. Rodriguez-Zas (2022) Changes in neuropeptide prohormone genes among Cetartiodactyla livestock and wild species associated with evolution and domestication Veterinary Sciences 9 (5).

Schlögl, C., S. Bork-Mimm and K. Pfister (2010) Investigation on the infestation of South American camelids with external parasites. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 38, 293-296.

Schlör, A., P. Holzlöhner, M. Listek, C. Grieß, M. Butze, B. Micheel, C. Hentschel, M. Sowa, D. Roggenbuck, P. Schierack, J. Füner, E. Schliebs, A. Goihl, D. Reinhold and K. Hanack (2018) Generation and validation of murine monoclonal and camelid recombinant single domain antibodies specific for human pancreatic glycoprotein 2. N Biotechnol, 45, 60-68.

Schmaschke, R. (2015) [Endo- and ectoparasites of South American camelids and their control]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 43, 169-79.

Schmidt, N. 2010. What small animal technicians and assistants need to know about small ruminants. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 142-145.

Schmidtmann, E. T., W. J. Tabachnick, G. J. Hunt, L. H. Thompson and H. S. Hurd (1999) 1995 epizootic of vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey serotype) in the western United States: an entomologic perspective. Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, 1-7.

Schmitz, J. A.(1996) Report of the committee on infectious diseases of cattle, bison and llamas. 295-301. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

Schmotzer, W. B., M. J. Huber, A. A. Frank, T. W. Riebold, N. C. Hollingshead and B. B. Smith (1994) Evaluation of Janeway gastrostomy in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 301-304.

Schnieder, T., F. J. Kaup, W. Drommer, W. Thiel and M. Rommel (1984) The ultrastructure and development of Sarcocystis aucheniae in the llama. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 70, 451-458.

Schoeniger, S., L. R. Donner and W. G. v. Alstine (2006) Malignant nonteratoid ocular medulloepithelioma in a llama (Llama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 18, 499-503.

Schoiswohl, J., C. Eibl, R. Haralambus, K. Lipnik, K. Schieder and S. Franz (2022) T-cell-lymphoma presented as a solitary subcutaneous mass in the ventral cervical region of an adult llama- diagnostic and treatment BMC Veterinary Research 18 (62) pp. (01 February 2022).

Schraml, S., W. A. Barrios Santos, C. Bässler and C. Mülling (2021) Suspensory ligament or interosseous muscle? Histology of the interosseous muscle of South American Camelids Anatomia Histologia Embryologia 51 (1) pp. 69-78.

Schraml, S., W. A. Barrios Santos, C. Bässler, C. Mülling C. (2022)  Suspensory ligament or interosseous muscle? Histology of the interosseous muscle of South American Camelids. Anat Histol Embryol. Jan; 51 (1) 69-

Schoiswohl, J., C. Eibl, R. Haralambus, K. Lipnik, K. Schieder and S. Franz (2022) T-cell-lymphoma presented as a solitary subcutaneous mass in the ventral cervical region of an adult llama- diagnostic and treatment BMC Veterinary Research 18 (62) pp. (01 February 2022).

---------------------------------J. Kofler, R., Brunthaler, M. Gumpenberger, K. Schieder, S. Franz S. (2022) Severe chronic osteomyelitis of the os ileum in an alpaca - Diagnostic and pathological findings Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 50 (2) 133-139.

Schuh, J. C. L., J. G. Ferguson and M. A. Fisher (1991) Congenital coloboma in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 32, 432-433.

Schulman, F. Y., A. E. Krafft, T. Janczewski, R. Reupert, K. Jackson and M. M. Garner (2003) Camelid mucoutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus. Veterinary Pathology, 40, 103-107.

Schultze-Kraft, R. (2003) Centrosema pubescens now called Centrosema molle. Pasturas Tropicales, 25, 54-55.

Schulz, C., M., Beer and B. Hoffmann (2015) Schmallenberg virus infection in South American camelids: Field and experimental investigations. Vet Microbiol, 180, 171-9.

-----------------, M. Eschbaumer, M. Rudolf, P. König, M. Keller, C. Bauer, M. Gauly, C. G. Grevelding, M. Beer and B. Hoffmann (2012) Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 257-265.

-----------------, M. Eschbaumer, M. Ziller, R. Wäckerlin, M. Beer, M. Gauly, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann and C. Bauer (2012) Cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in South American camelids in Germany (2008/2009). Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 35-42.

------------------, Ziller, H. Kampen, M. Gauly, M. Beer, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann, C. Bauer and D. Werner (2015) Culicoides vector species on three South American camelid farms seropositive for bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Germany 2008/2009. Vet Parasitol, 214, 272-81.

Schwalm, A., G. Erhardt, M. Gerken, E. Moors and M. Gauly (2008) Influence of heat stress on thermoregulation and fertility in shorn and unshorn male llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 324-328.

--------------, M. Gauly, G. Erhardt and M. Bergmann (2007) Changes in testicular histology and sperm quality in llamas (Lama glama), following exposure to high ambient temperature. Theriogenology, 67, 1316-1323.

Schwantag, S. and P. Zanolari (2013) Omphalourachitis with abscess of the urachus and rectal prolapse in a llama cria (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 41, 119-123.

Scorza, A. V., L. R. Ballweber, S. Tangtrongsup, C. Panuska and M. R. Lappin (2012) Comparisons of mammalian Giardia duodenalis assemblages based on the β-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase genes. Veterinary Parasitology, 189, 182-188.

Seddighi, R., S. B. Elliot, B. K. Whitlock, C. M. Egger and T. J. Doherty (2013) Physiologic and antinociceptive effects following intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 530-534.

----------------, (2014) Antinociceptive and selected physiological effects of morphine and xylazine on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 41, 365-371.

Seeger, T. and J. Walter (2008) Ketosis and hyperlipemia in a female alpaca. A case report. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 333-337.

Segretain, V., P. Lapeyronie, G. Molenat and P. Bosc. 1989. Behaviour of llamas, alone or associated with ewes, on irrigated pastures or on rough grazings in Crau. 1275-1276. Versailles: Association Française pour la Production Fourragère.

Šehić, M. (2004) Disorders of abdominal and thoracic organs in domestic animals. Roentgenology, ultrasonography and computed tomography. A review. Zagreb: Veterinarski Fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb).

Seixas, J. N., D. R. Orlando, F. Wouters, A. T. B. Wouters, M. S. Varaschin and D. L. Raymundo (2017) Pathological aspects of diminazene aceturate toxicosis in American camelids. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 37, 1509-1513.

Semalulu, S. S. and M. Chirino-Trejo (1991) Streptococcus sanguis Type-1 Associated with Abortion in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 22, 351-354.

Semevolos, S. A. and R. B. Cope (2005) Determination of the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 1437-1440.

--------------------- M. J. Huber, J. E. Parker and S. K. Reed (2008) Complications after orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas: 24 cases (2000-2006). Veterinary Surgery, 37, 22-26.

-----------------------& S. K. Reed (2011) Molecular, histologic, and trace mineral characterization of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension in juvenile llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 550-555.

------------------------, S. K. Reed and K. Gamble (2007) In vitro bursting pressures of jejunal enterotomy closures in llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 36, 64-67.

------------------------, S. K. Reed and L. G. Schultz (2013) Evaluation of serum trace mineral, vitamin D, and sex steroid hormone concentration, and survey data in llamas and alpacas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 48-52.

------------------------, C. D. Youngblood, S. K. Grissom, M. E. Gorman and M. K. Larson (2016) Evaluation of two platelet-rich plasma processing methods and two platelet-activation techniques for use in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 77, 1288-1294.

Semrad, S. D. (1994) Septicemic listeriosis, thrombocytopenia, blood parasitism, and hepatopathy in the llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 214-216.

Serrano-Martínez, E., E. Collantes-Fernández, A. Chávez-Velásquez, A. Rodríguez-Bertos, E. Casas-Astos, V. Risco-Castillo, R. Rosadio-Alcantara and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2007) Evaluation of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) aborted foetuses from Peru. Veterinary Parasitology, 150, 39-45.

--------------------------, E. Collantes-Fernández, A. Rodríguez-Bertos, E. Casas-Astos, G. Álvarez-García, A. Chávez-Velásquez and L. M. Ortega-Mora (2004) Neospora species-associated abortion in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Llama glama). Veterinary Record, 155, 748-749.

Sevil, M. B., M. J. Anadon-Baselga, M. T. Frejo, E. Llama and M. A. Capo (1996) Pharmacokinetic analysis of β-aminopropionitrile in rabbits. Veterinary Research, 27, 117-123.

Shahein, M. A., A. N. Dapgh, E. Kamel, S. F. Ali, E. A. Khairy, H. A. Abuelhag and A. S. Hakim (2021) Advanced molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic camel neonates in Egypt Veterinary World 14 (1) pp. 85-91.

Shapiro, J. L., P. Watson, B. McEwen and S. Carman (2005) Highlights of camelid diagnoses from necropsy submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, from 1998 to 2004. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 317-318.

Sharifiyazdi, H., S. Jafari, M. Ghane, S. Nazifi and A. Sanati (2018) Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hemotrophic mycoplasmas in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 27, 789-794.

Sharpe, M. S., L. K. Lord, T. E. Wittum and D. E. Anderson (2009) Pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of llamas and alpacas. Australian Veterinary Journal, 87, 56-60.

Sheedy, C., K. Y. F. Yau, T. Hirama, C. R. MacKenzie and J. C. Hall (2006) Selection, characterization, and CDR shuffling of naive llama single-domain antibodies selected against auxin and their cross-reactivity with auxinic herbicides from four chemical families. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 3668-3678.

Shepherd, G., L. Petrie and J. M. Naylor (1993) Metabolic acidosis without dehydration in a llama cria. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 34, 425-426.

Sherwood, L. J., L. E. Osborn, R. Carrion, J. L. Patterson and A. Hayhurst (2007) Rapid Assembly of Sensitive Antigen-Capture Assays for Marburg Virus, Using in vitro Selection of Llama Single-Domain Antibodies, at Biosafety Level 4. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 196, S213-S219.

Shimada, M. and I. Shimada (1985) Prehistoric Llama Breeding and Herding on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity, 50, 3-26.

Shinde, S. B., S. D. Hagawane, D. N. Rajguru and G. P. Dhage (2010) Tuberculosis in wild animals. Veterinary Practitioner, 11, 76-79.

Shinozaki, N., R. Hashimoto, M. Noda and S. Uchiyama (2018) Physicochemical improvement of rabbit derived single-domain antibodies by substitutions with amino acids conserved in camelid antibodies. J Biosci Bioeng, 125, 654-661.

Shoemaker, R. W. and D. G. Wilson (2007) Surgical repair of femoral fractures in New World camelids: five cases (1996-2003). Australian Veterinary Journal, 85, 148-152.

Sickinger, M., L. Brachthäuser, K. Köhler and M. Reinacher (2012) Rectal prolapse in a male llama: a case report. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 99, 47-51.

Siegmund-Schultze, M., J. Delgado, A. Stemmer, A. Markemann and A. V. Zárate. (2008) Llama de Ayopaya: towards marketing of high quality fine fibre in the Bolivian Andes. 1074. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House.

Siekmeier, J. F. (2000) A Sacrificial Llama? The Expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971. Pacific Historical Review, 69, 65-87.

Sijtsma, L. and B. Tan (1993) Degradation and utilization of grass cell walls by anaerobic fungi isolated from yak, llama and sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 44, 221-236.

Silva, M., A. Fernández, C. Ulloa-Leal, G. P. Adams, M. A. Berland and M. H. Ratto (2015) LH release and ovulatory response after intramuscular, intravenous, and intrauterine administration of β-nerve growth factor of seminal plasma origin in female llamas. Theriogenology, 84, 1096-102.

---------------, C. Ulloa-Leal, C. Norambuena, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2014) Ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) from seminal plasma origin enhances Corpus Luteum function in llamas regardless the preovulatory follicle diameter. Animal Reproduction Science, 148, 221-227.

---------------, C. Ulloa-Leal, X. P. Valderrama, O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2017) Nerve growth factor from seminal plasma origin (spβ-NGF) increases CL vascularization and level of mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes during the early stage of Corpus Luteum development in llamas. Theriogenology, 103, 69-75.

-------------Silva, M., F. Urra and M. Ratto (2017) Estradiol but not progesterone plasma concentration correlates with uterine vascularization during the reproductive cycle in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 58.

------------- (2018) Uterine endometrial vascularization during ovarian follicular growth in llamas: the effect of estradiol plasma concentration. Theriogenology, 106, 164-169.

-------------, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal and M. H. Ratto (2017) A comparative study of the effects of intramuscular administration of gonadorelin, mating and intrauterine infusion of either raw seminal plasma or seminal plasma purified β-NGF on luteal development in llamas. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52, 625-631.

-------------, M. G. Colazo and M. H. Ratto (2012) GnRH dose reduction decreases pituitary LH release and ovulatory response but does not affect corpus luteum (CL) development and function in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1802-1810.

-------------, M. P. Recabarren, S. E. Recabarren, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2012) Ovarian estradiol modulates the stimulatory effect of ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) on pituitary LH secretion in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1873-1882.

Silva-Pilipich, N., C. Smerdou and L. Vanrell (2021) A small virus to deliver small antibodies: new targeted therapies based on AAV delivery of nanobodies Microorganisms 9 (9).

Simmons, A. G. (1989) Alternative site for the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in the llama (Llama [Lama] glama). Veterinary Record, 124, 17-18.

Simone, E. A. D., N. Saccodossi, A. Ferrari and J. Leoni (2008) Development of ELISAs for the measurement of IgM and IgG subclasses in sera from llamas (Lama glama) and assessment of the humoral immune response against different antigens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 126, 64-73.

Simone, E., N. Saccodossi, A. Ferrari, L. Leoni and J. Leoni (2006) Immunochemical analysis of IgG subclasses and IgM in South American camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 2-9.

Simons, J. A., D. L. Waldron and D. P. Hennessy (1993) Clinical biochemical reference ranges for female alpacas (Lama pacos). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry, 105, 603-608.

Sivasankar, M. (1999) Immunodeficiency syndrome in a 3-year-old llama. Can Vet J, 40, 271-2.

Sluijs, L. V. D., M. Gerken and M. G. Paredes. (2001) SUPREME-project: analysis of locomotion in llamas and alpacas grazing different habitats. 315-319. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Sluijs, L. V. D., M. Gerken and H. Preuschoft (2010) Comparative analysis of walking gaits in South American camelids. Journal of Zoology, 282, 291-299.

Smith, A. M. (2005) Do you hear what Rulfo hears? : the function of sound in El llano en llamas.

Smith, B. B. (1993) Major infectious and non-infectious diseases of the llama amd alpaca. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 35, 33-39.

---------------, J. M. Christensen and N. Hollingshead. (2001) Antibiotic metabolism in the llama. 303-308. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

--------------- and N. C. Hollingshead. (2001) Use of fecal progesterone metabolites as an alternative method of pregnancy diagnosis in the llama and alpaca. 320-328. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

---------------, E. G. Pearson and J. Leon (1989) Evaluation of normal triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine concentrations in llamas (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 1215-1219.

--------------, E. G. Pearson and K. I. Timm (1994) Third compartment ulcers in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 319-330.

---------------& P. J. Reed. (1990) The chronically underweight llama (Lama glama) pp. characteristics and medical management. 25-31. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

---------------, P. J. Reed, E. G. Pearson, P. Long, E. D. Lassen, B. J. Watrous, S. Lovelady, D. E. Sims and S. P. Snyder (1991) Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 81-88.

---------------& R. J. V. Saun (2001) Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1187-1193.

----------------, R. J. V. Saun, P. J. Reed, A. M. Craig and A. Youngberg (1998) Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1063-1070.

------------------, K. I. Timm and P. O. Long.(1996) Llama and alpaca neonatal care. Jackson, CA 95642: Clay Press Inc., 46 Main Street.

-------------------, K. I. Timm and P. J. Reed (1992) Morphometric evaluation of growth in llamas (Lama glama) from birth to maturity. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 200, 1095-1100.

-------------------, K. I. Timm, P. J. Reed and M. Christensen (2000) Use of cloprostenol as an abortifacient in the llama (Lama glama). Theriogenology, 54, 497-505.

-------------------, K. I. Timm and P. O. Long.(1996) Llama and alpaca neonatal care. Jackson, Calif: Clay Press.

Smith, C. L., A. T. Peter and D. G. Pugh (1994) Reproduction in llamas and alpacas: a review. Theriogenology, 41, 573-92.

Smith, J., D. Kovalik and A. Varga (2015) Rattlesnake envenomation in three dairy goats. Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine, 2015, Article ID 787534.

Smith, J. E., N. Mohandas and S. B. Shohet (1982) Interaction of amphipathic drugs with erythrocytes from various species. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 43, 1041-1048.

Smith, J. S., J. Schleining and P. Plummer (2021) Pain management in small ruminants and camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 37 (1) pp. 1-16.

Smith, J. S., J. Schleining and P. Plummer (2021) Pain management in small ruminants and camelids: applications and strategies. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 37 (1) pp. 17-31.

Smith, M. A., R. D. Bush, P. C. Thomson and D. L. Hopkins (2015) Carcass traits and saleable meat yield of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Meat Sci, 107, 1-11.

--------------, R. D. Bush, R. J. van de Ven and D. L. Hopkins (2016) Effect of electrical stimulation and ageing period on alpaca (Vicugna pacos) meat and eating quality. Meat Sci, 111, 38-46.

Smith, M. C. (2005) Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common small ruminant parasites. Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 24-24 September, 2005, 123-127.

Smith, M. E., J. D. C. Linnell, J. Odden and J. E. Swenson (2000) Review of methods to reduce livestock depredation: I. Guardian animals. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science, 50, 279-290.

Smith, S. H. and D. R. Reel (2008) Cerebral and renal candidosis in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 162, 485-486.

Snook, C. S., A. N. Baird, R. H. Poppenga, I. Rudik and R. W. Sweeney (2002) Plasma concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in llamas after orogastric administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25, 383-386.

Snyder, J. and N. Schmidt. (2009). Anesthesia, analgesia, pain management, and humane considerations. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 134-137.

------------(2009). Physical exam and restraint of small ruminants and dietary considerations. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 127-130.

------------(2009) Small ruminants - laboratory considerations and sample collection. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 131-133.

------------(2007) Small ruminant tips for small animal practitioners. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 664-667.

------------& P. L. Wolff. (2009) Small ruminant tips for small animal practitioners. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 331-337.

Soare, T., R. I. Rizac, C. Gal, C. M. Constantinescu, E. Gagniuc and E. Ciobotaru (2016) Primary Bacterial Pneumonia in Captive Llama glama. Journal of comparative pathology, 154, 119.

Soler, C., M. Sancho, A. GarcÃa, M. Fuentes and H. Cucho (2014) Ejaculate Fractioning Effect on Llama Sperm Head Morphometry as Assessed by the ISAS® CASA system. Reproduction in domestic animals, , no. 1 ( 2014), Vol. 49, p.71-78.

-----------, M. Sancho, A. García, M. C. Fuentes, J. Núñez and H. Cucho (2014) Ejaculate fractioning effect on llama sperm head morphometry as assessed by the ISAS® CASA system. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49, 71-78.

-----------., M. Sancho, A. García-Molina, J. Núñez, V. H. Parráguez, J. Contell and E. Bustos-Obregón (2014) Llama and alpaca comparative sperm head morphometric analysis. Journal of Camelid Science, 7, 48-58.

Soler, S., A. Sifres, E. R. Llosa, M. Llamas, S. Vilanova and J. Prohens (2013) Comparison of protocols for DNA extraction from Cannabis sativa seeds. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture, 70, 265-266.

Sonis, J. M., E. S. Hackett, R. J. Callan, T. N. Holt and T. B. Hackett (2013) Prairie rattlesnake envenomation in 27 New World camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27, 1238-1241.

Sorensen, N. J. and R. W. Allison (2015) What is your diagnosis? Abdominal fluid from an adult alpaca. Vet Clin Pathol, 44, 459-60.

Sosa, F. E., E. A. Bertoni, J. F. Micheloud, D. M. N. M. Vallejo, L. H. Olmos, M. Florin-Christensen and S. R. Romero (2022) Occurrence of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) of the Andean high plateau region of Argentina Parasitology Research 121 (6) pp. 1587-1595.

Sosa, G., O. Santos, C. L. Duarte, D. Hernandez and L. Delgado (1988) Serological and bacteriological investigation of leptospirosis in zoo animals. Revista Cubana de Ciencias Veterinarias, 19, 219-225.

Sosnowski, A. (1972) [Morphological studies of the blood of Old and New World Camelidae.]. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 28, 292-295.

Soulsby, E. J. L. 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. London SW1P 1SB: Bailliere Tindall, 10 Greycoat Place.

Souza, M. V. d., L. G. R. d. Silva, V. Silva-Pinto, P. Mendez-Quiros, S. A. d. M. Chaves and A. M. Iñiguez (2018) New paleoparasitological investigations from the pre-Inca to Hispanic contact period in northern Chile. Acta Tropica, 178, 290-296.

Southey, B. R. and S. L. Rodriguez-Zas (2022) Changes in neuropeptide prohormone genes among Cetartiodactyla livestock and wild species associated with evolution and domestication Veterinary Sciences 9 (5) 247.

Spinelli, S., M. Tegoni, L. Frenken, C. v. Vliet and C. Cambillau (2001) Lateral recognition of a dye hapten by a llama VHH domain. Journal of Molecular Biology, 311, 123-129.

Sponenberg, D. P., S. Ito, K. Wakamatsu and L. A. Eng (1988) Pigment types in sheep, goats, and llamas. Pigment Cell Research, 1, 414-418.

----------------------& S. Ito. (1989) Comparative pigmentation of sheep, goats and llamas - what colors are possible through selection? , 154-155. Oregon: Black Sheep Press.

Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, B. Roeder, J. Hammer, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, T. Cerling, D. Dearing and J. Ehleringer (2003) Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses. Small Ruminant Research, 48, 149-154.

Squire, K. R. E. and S. B. Adams (1991) Bilateral wedge ostectomy on an 18-month-old llama with severe bilateral carpal valgus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 1174-1176.

Stlzl, A. M., C. Lambertz and M. Gauly (2015) Grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (Lama glama) and German black- head mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) under Central European conditions. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 128, 409-15.

Staff, P. O. (2018) Correction: Design and Selection of a Camelid Single-Chain Antibody Yeast Two-Hybrid Library Produced De Novo for the Cap Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2). PLoS One, 13, e0196619.

Stam, J. C., S. de Maat, D. de Jong, M. Arens, F. van Lint, L. Gharu L, M. H. van Roosmalen, R. C. Roovers, N. M Strokappe, R. Wagner, A. Kliche, H. J. de Haard, P. M. van Bergen En Henegouwen, M. Nijhuis, C. T. Verrips (2022)  Directing HIV-1 for degradation by non-target cells, using bi-specific single-chain llama antibodies.  Sci Rep.  Aug 4; 12 (1).

Stang, B. V. and L. D. Koller (1998) Neopterin values in selected groups of normal animals. Research in Veterinary Science, 65, 87-88.

Stanitznig, A., B. Lambacher, M. Eichinger, S. Franz and T. Wittek (2016) Prevalence of important viral infections in New World Camelids in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 103, 92-100.

-----------------, Stanitznig, A., J. L. Khol, B. Lambacher, S. Franz, P. Kralik, I. Slana, P. Vasickova and T. Wittek (2017) Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and hepatitis E in New World Camelids in Austria. Veterinary Record, 181, 46.

-----------------, A., B. Lambacher, P. Nuyken, L. Kiefer, S. Franz and T. Wittek (2018) New World camelids in Austria: a compilation of haematological and clinical-chemical parameters as well as serum concentrations of minerals and trace elements. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 105, 3-12.

Stanley, H. F., M. Kadwell and J. C. Wheeler (1994) Molecular Evolution of the Family Camelidae: A Mitochondrial DNA Study. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 256, 1-6.

Starič, J., J. Ježek, V. Cociancich, M. Gombač, P. Hostnik and I. Toplak (2015) Malignant catarrhal fever in American bison (Bison bison) in Slovenia. Slovenian Veterinary Research, 52, 201-207.

Starnes, A. (2014) Tests for diagnosis of TB in camelids. Veterinary Record, 175, 23.

Steffen, S. and E. Grunert (1995) Perforation of the rectum in a female llama caused by rectal palpation during pregnancy diagnosis (veterinary expert opinion). Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 102, 330-331.

Stein, L. T., R. R. Rech, L. Harrison and C. C. Brown (2010) Immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species. Veterinary Pathology, 47, 630-633.

Steinparzer, R., M. Knjzek, I. Zimpernik and F. Schmoll (2022) Serological detection of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia abortus, Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. in New World camelids from Austria Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 109 (Artikel 6).

Stemmer, A. (2017) The llama of Ayopaya in Bolivia: at risk of extinction? Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 9, 8-13.

Stenzel, D. J., M. F. Cassidy and P. F. L. Boreham (1993) Morphology of Blastocystis sp. isolated from circus animals. International Journal for Parasitology, 23, 685-687.

Step, D. L., J. W. Ritchey, W. T. Drost and R. J. Bahr (2003) Ameloblastic odontoma in the mandible of a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 44, 824-827.

Stephen, C., S. Lester, W. Black, M. Fyfe and S. Raverty (2002) Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 43, 792-794.

Stevens, J. B., C. O. Thoen, E. B. Rohonczy, S. Tessaro, H. A. Kelly and J. R. Duncan (1998) The immunological response of llamas (Lama glama) following experimental infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 102-109.

Stewart, C. S. (2007) Selection and characterization of alpha-cobrotoxin specific llama single-domain antibodies. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.

Stewart, J. L., L. Gao, J. A. Flaws, V. R. G. Mercadante, N. W. Dias, I. F. Canisso and F. S. Lima (2022) Effects of nerve growth factor-β from bull seminal plasma on steroidogenesis and angiogenic markers of the bovine pre-ovulatory follicle wall cell culture Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (January).

Stieger-Vanegas, S. M. and C. K. Cebra (2013) Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242, 254-260.

----------------------------, K. F. Scollan, L. Meadows, D. Sisson and J. Schlipf (2016) Cardiac-gated computed tomography angiography in three alpacas with complex congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol, 18, 88-98.

-----------------------------, K. F. Scollan, L. Meadows, D. Sisson, J. Schlipf, T. Riebold and C. V. Löhr (2016) Cardiac-gated computed tomography angiography in three alpacas with complex congenital heart disease. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 18, 88-98.

Sting, R., I. Schwabe, M. Kieferle, M. Münch and J. Rau (2022) Fatal infection in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) caused by pathogenic Rhodococcus equi. Animals 12 (10).

St-Jean, G., D. E. Anderson, N. V. Anderson and J. Hoskinson (1993) Abdominal pain associated with an umbilical abscess in a llama. Cornell Veterinarian, 83, 77-81.

Stobart, H. (1996) The Llama's Flute: Musical Misunderstandings in the Andes. Early Music, 24, 471-482.

Stolworthy, D. K., A. E. Bowden, B. L. Roeder, T. F. Robinson, J. G. Holland, S. L. Christensen, A. M. Beatty, L. C. Bridgewater, D. L. Eggett, J. D. Wendel, S. M. Stieger-Vanegas and M. D. Taylor (2015) MRI evaluation of spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration in the alpaca cervical spine. J Orthop Res, 33, 1776-83.

Stölzl, A. M., C. Lambertz and M. Gauly (2015) Grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (Lama glama) and German blackhead mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) under Central European conditions. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 128, 409-415.

Stölzl, A. M., C. Lambertz, E. Moors, J. Stiehl and M. Gauly (2014) Dry matter intake of South American camelids and its effects on the composition of feed rations. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 127, 328-332.

Stone, W. C., W. A. Lindsay, G. P. Adams, E. J. Galbreath and D. E. Bjorling (1993) Rectal and colonic injury in the llama. Anatomic considerations and surgical management in four llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 22, 62-66.

Storey, B. E., L. H. Williamson, S. B. Howell, T. H. Terrill, R. Berghaus, A. N. Vidyashankar and R. M. Kaplan (2017) Validation of the FAMACHA© system in South American camelids. Veterinary Parasitology, 243, 85-91.

Stoughton, W. B. and J. Gold (2015) Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus pleuropneumonia and peritonitis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) calf in North America. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 247, 300-3.

Strain, G. M. and S. S. Strain (1987) Caring for the premature Llama. Veterinary Medicine, 82, 1243-1244.

--------------- and S. S. Strain (1988) Handling heat stress syndrome in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 83, 494-498.

Stropnická, L. and V. Svobodová (2011) Occurrence of endo- and ectoparasites in llamas and alpacas in the Czech Republic. Folia Veterinaria, 55, 30-32.

Struthers, G. (1989) Alpacas and llamas to New Zealand from Chile. Surveillance (Wellington), 16, 28.

Stull, J. W., E. A. Talbot, S. MacRae, J. T. Montero, B. Matyas, F. Cantor, R. Konomi, A. DeMaria, E. B. Hayes, T. L. Smith, R. S. Nasci, J. J. Sejvar, D. R. O'Leary, G. L. Campbell, A. J. Noga and R. S. Lanciotti (2006) Eastern equine encephalitis - New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August-September 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 697-700.

Subbulakshmi, S., L. Abdurehman, A. H. Osmani and S. A. Osmani (2017) Tools for retargeting proteins within Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS ONE, 12, e0189077.

Sukon, P. 2002. The physiology and anatomy of the esophagus of normal llamas and llamas with megaesophagus. Oregon State, University.

Sullivan, E. K., R. J. Callan, T. N. Holt and D. C. v. Metre (2005) Trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids. Veterinary Surgery, 34, 524-529.

Sumar, J. (1988) Removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 133-141.

------------ (1991). Contribution of the radioimmunoassay technique to knowledge of the reproductive physiology of South American camelids. 353-370. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

------------ (1994) Effects of various ovulation induction stimuli in alpacas and llamas. Journal of Arid Environments, 26, 39-45.

------------ (2010) Nutrition in camelids. 343-357. Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

------------, J. and W. Bravo (1991) In situ observation of the ovaries of llamas and alpacas by use of a laparoscopic technique. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 1159-1163.

------------, G. Fredriksson, V. Alarcón, H. Kindahl and L. E. Edqvist (1988) Levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2α, progesterone and oestradiol-17β after induced ovulation in llamas and alpacas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 29, 339-346.

-------------- (1996) Reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Animal Reproduction Science, 42, 405-415.

--------------- and Y. Picha (2013) Embryo Transfer in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 315-322.

Sundlof, S. S. (1993) Proceedings of the IR-4/FDA Workshop for Minor Use Drugs: focus on small ruminants. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 35, 1-72.

Sura, R., A. Creden and H. J. v. Kruiningen (2008) Pseudomonas-associated discospondylitis in a two-month-old llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 20, 349-352.

Suso Llamas, M. J. and R. d. Rio Encuentra. 2012. Reproductive biology of legumes. Opportunities for the development of plant-pollinator interface improvement. 2. Madrid: Asociacion Española Leguminosas.

Sutmoller, P. (1999) Risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. Rev Sci Tech, 18, 719-28.

-----------------& P. Taylor.(1998) An assessment of the risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. 251-275. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

Švandová, I. (1987) Observations on parasitic infections, their prevalence and treatment in artiodactyls in the Liberec zoo. Veterinářství, 37, 132-134.

Swain, M. D., G. P. Anderson, J. Serrano-González, J. L. Liu, D. Zabetakis and E. R. Goldman (2011) Immunodiagnostic reagents using llama single domain antibody-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins. Analytical Biochemistry, 417, 188-194.

Swofford, C.A., S. A. Nordeen, L. Chen, M. M. Desai, J. Chen, S. L. Springs, T. U. Schwartz, A. J. Sinskey (2022) .Structure and specificity of an anti-chloramphenicol single domain antibody for detection of amphenicol residues. Protein Sci. Nov.; 31 (11).

Syring, C. (2015) New World Camelid Days 2014. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 157, 8, 24.

Szczepanik, M., P. Wilkołek, Ł. Adamek, K. Chmielecka and A. Śmiech (2014) Mange mites species affecting llamas and alpacas. Życie Weterynaryjne, 89, 953-956.

Szynol, A., J. J. de Soet, E. Sieben-van Tuyl, J. W. Bos and L. G. Frenken (2004) Bactericidal Effects of a Fusion Protein of Llama Heavy-Chain Antibodies Coupled to Glucose Oxidase on Oral Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 3390-5.

T

Tabares-da Rosa, S., L. A. Wogulis, M. D. Wogulis, G. González-Sapienza and D. K. Wilson (2019) Structure and specificity of several triclocarban-binding single domain camelid antibody fragments. J Mol Recognit, 32, e2755.

Taglioretti, V., M. H. Fugassa and N. H. Sardella (2015) Parasitic diversity found in coprolites of camelids during the Holocene. Parasitol Res, 114, 2459-64.

Tait, S. A., J. A. Kirwan, C. J. Fair, G. C. Coles and K. A. Stafford (2002) Parasites and their control in South American camelids in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 150, 637-638.

Tan, R. H. and J. J. Dascanio (2008) Infertility associated with persistent hymen in an alpaca and a llama. Can Vet J, 49, 1113-7.

------------ and J. J. Dascanio (2008) Infertility associated with persistent hymen in an alpaca and a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49, 1113-1117.

Tan, M., Roy, E. Manz, H. Wagner, P. Zanolari, C. Drögemüller, G. Lühken (2022) A variant in German and Swiss alpacas (Vicugna pacos) with different coat colors. Anim Genet. Oct; 53 (5) 718-720.

Tatum, T. (1964) Un siglo llama a la puerta, Ramón Solís. Books Abroad, 38, 174-175.

Taulescu, M. A., P. F. Bolfă, R. Buiga, A. F. Gal, B. Sevastre, I. Morar and C. Cătoi (2012) Metastatic cholangiocarcinoma in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 24, 986-989.

Tavella, A., A. Bettini, M. Cocchi, I. Idrizi, S. Colorio, L. Viel, C. Zanardello and P. Zanolari (2018) Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Vet Res, 14, 343.

Taylor, P., Camelid Embryo Freezing Unpublished paper

------------- The Repro Story Unpublished paper (http://www.taylorllamas.com/ReproStory.html)

----------- Embryo Transfer In The South American Camelids Unpublished paper (http://www.taylorllamas.com/ReproStory.html)

-----------A Breakthrough In Freezing Camelid Embryos: How This Happened And How It Will Affect You (Alpaca World) (http://taylorllamas.com/AlpacaWorld.html)

Te, N., M. Ciurkiewicz, J. M. A. v. d. Brand, J. Rodon, A. K. Haverkamp, J. Vergara-Alert, A. Bensaid, B. L. Haagmans, W. Baumgartner and J. Segalés (2022) Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus infection in camelids Veterinary Pathology 59 (4) pp. 546-555.

Te, N., J. Rodon, M. Ballester, M. Pérez, L. Pailler-García, J. Segalés, J. Vergara-Alert and A. Bensaid (2021) Type I and III IFNs produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are features of alpacas resolving MERS-CoV infection PLoS Pathogens 17 (5).

Te, N., J. Rodon, M. Pérez, J. Segalés, J. Vergara-Alert and A. Bensaid (2022) Enhanced replication fitness of MERS-CoV clade B over clade A strains in camelids explains the dominance of clade B strains in the Arabian Peninsula Emerging Microbes and Infections 11 (260-274) pp. 260-274.

Te, N., M. Ciurkiewicz, J. M. A. v. d. Brand, J. Rodon, A. K. Haverkamp, J. Vergara-Alert, A. Bensaid, B. L. Haagmans, W. Baumgartner and J. Segalés (2022) Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus infection in camelids Veterinary Pathology 59 (4) pp. 546-555.

Tee, S. Y., B. A. Dowling and A. J. Dart (2005) Treatment of long bone fractures in South American camelids: 5 cases. Australian Veterinary Journal, 83, 418-420.

Tellis, A. N., S. M. Rowe, R. Coilparampil, C. Jenkins, A. Dart, R. N. Zadoks, C. D. Regnerus and K. L. Bosward (2021) Evaluation of three immunological assays to mitigate the risk of transboundary spread of Coxiella burnetii by alpacas Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 69 (2) pp. 793-804.

Tharaldsen, J., B. Djønne, B. Fredriksen, O. Nyberg and Ò. Sigurdardóttir (2003) The national paratuberculosis program in Norway. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 44, 243-246.

Thedford, T. R. and L. W. Johnson (1989) Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 5, 145-157.

Theuss, T., D. Goerigk, S. Rasenberger, A. Starke and H. A. Schoon (2014) Pathology of South American Camelids: a retrospective study of necropsies at the institute of veterinary pathology, university of Leipzig, Germany. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 42, 278-288.

Thoen, C. O., K. Mills and M. P. Hopkins (1980) Enzyme-linked protein A: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reagent for detecting antibodies in tuberculous exotic animals. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 41, 833-835.

---------------, R. M. S. Temple and L. W. Johnson (1988) An evaluation of certain diagnostic tests for detecting some immune responses in llamas exposed to Mycobacterium bovis. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 92, 524-533.

Thompson, C. P. (1994) Espiritu de Llama’. Estudios con ocasion del cuarto centenario de su muerte (1591–1991.) (Vacare Deo, 10. Studies in Spirituality, Supplement 1.), The Journal of Theological Studies, 45, 464-465.

Thompson, M. K., P. C. Fridy, S. Keegan, B. T. Chait, D. Feny and M. P. Rout (2016) Optimizing selection of large animals for antibody production by screening immune response to standard vaccines. Journal of Immunological Methods, 430, 56-60.

Thomson, G. R.(1997) The role of carrier animals in the transmission of foot and mouth disease. 67-85 (Fr), 87-103 (En), 105-123 (Es). Paris: Office International des Epizooties.

Thonemann, L. B.(1994) Does the violence in Juan Rulfo's short stories reflect Mexican society from the era of the Revolution to contemporary times? : a study of some stories from "El Llano en llamas"against the cultural and socio-historic background of Mexico, discussing how the stories relate to violence within the society.

Thorne, T. (1993) Report of the committee on wildlife diseases. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 97, 48-60.

Tian, B., W. Y. Wong, E. Hegmann, K. Gaspar, P. Kumar and H. Chao (2015) Production and characterization of a camelid single domain antibody-urease enzyme conjugate for the treatment of cancer. Bioconjug Chem, 26, 1144-55.

Tibary, A. (2009) Reproductive emergencies in camelids. Gainesville: The North . Veterinary Conference.pp. 338-341

------------, A. Anouassi and M. A. Memon (2001) An approach to the diagnosis of infertility in camelids: retrospective study in alpaca, llamas and camels. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 8, 167-179.

------------, A., C. Fite, A. Anouassi and A. Sghiri (2006) Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. Theriogenology, 66, 633-647.

--------------, Larue W. Johnson,. J. S. Rodriguez (2013) Lactation and Neonatal Care in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 286-297.

--------------- (2022) Applied animal andrology: camelids in Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas Wallingford, CABI: 120-134.

-----------------, A. Campbell, J. S. Rodriguez, A. J. Ruiz, C. Patino and M. Ciccarelli (2021) Investigation of male and female infertility in llamas and alpacas Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33 (1/2) pp. 20-30.

----------------(2022) Applied animal andrology: camelids Wallingford, CABI: 120-134.

Tilc, K. and Z. Hanuskova (1976) Dynamics of coccidiases and helminthiases in Siberian ibexes and other ruminants in a zoo and the respective control measures. Acta Veterinaria, Brno, 45, 133-140.

Tillib, S. V., A. S. Vyatchanin and S. Muyldermans (2014) Molecular analysis of heavy chain-only antibodies of Camelus bactrianus. Biochemistry (Mosc), 79, 1382-90.

Tillman, A. (1981) Speechless Brothers: The History and Care of Llamas (Early Winters Press)

---------------(1991) Where do Llamas come from? Llama Banner, 10, 5, pp. 91-95.

---------------(1995) In the land of the llama I - Bolivia, Llamas 9, 2, pp. 33-36.

---------------(1995) In the land of the llama II - Bolivia, Llamas 9, 3, pp. 89-92.

Timm, K. I., A. N. Hamir, J. S. Mattoon and B. B. Smith. (2001) The geriatric llama - a baseline study. 166-171. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

--------------, B. B. Smith, B. J. Watrous, J. R. Heidel, A. N. Mann and M. J. Huber (1997) Choanal atresia in llamas - a model for human beings? Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 36, 49.

--------------, and B. J. Watrous (1988) Urethral recess in two male Llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 192, 937-938.

--------------, B. J. Watrous and B. B. Smith (1999) Radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 40, 596-604.

Tinkler, S. H., L. A. Mathews, A. M. Firshman and J. E. Quandt (2015) The use of equine surfactant and positive pressure ventilation to treat a premature alpaca cria with severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia. Can Vet J, 56, 370-4.

Tintaya, M. (2008) Efecto de tres dilutores sobre la motilidad y vitalidad espermática en la crioconservación del eyaculado de llama (Lama glama) bulbouretrectomizado, departamento de La Paz.

Tor, E. R., D. M. Holstege and F. D. Galey (1996) Determination of oleander glycosides in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 2716-2719.

Tornquist, S. J. (2009) Clinical pathology of llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 311-322.

------------------, L. Boeder, C. Rios-Phillips and V. Alarcon (2010) Prevalence of Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in Peruvian and Chilean llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 766-769.

-------------------, L. J. Boeder, S. Lubbers and C. K. Cebra (2011) Investigation of Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in crias born to infected dams. Veterinary Record, 168, 380.

--------------------, C. K. Cebra, R. J. v. Saun, B. B. Smith and J. S. Mattoon (2001) Metabolic changes and induction of hepatic lipidosis during feed restriction in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1081-1087.

--------------------, L. Dodson and D. V. Lanning (2000) Effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29, 16-18.

--------------------, R. J. v. Saun, B. B. Smith, C. K. Cebra and S. P. Snyder (1999) Hepatic lipidosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1991-1997). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 1368-1372.

Torres, A., E. J. Dubovi, W. C. Rebhun and J. M. King (1985) Isolation of a herpesvirus associated with an outbreak of blindness and encephalitis in a herd of Alpacas and Llamas. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, 66, 50.

Torres, M., M. Romero, S. Prado, J. Dubert, A. Tahrioui, A. Otero and I. Llamas (2013) N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacteria isolated from hatchery bivalve larval cultures. Microbiological Research, 168, 547-554.

----------, E. Rubio-Portillo, J. Antón, A. A. Ramos-Esplá, E. Quesada and I. Llamas (2016) Selection of the N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacterium Alteromonas stellipolaris PQQ-42 and of its potential for biocontrol in aquaculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 646.

Trah, M. (1992) feeding of New World camelids. Practical guidelines on feeding llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Tierärztliche Praxis, 20, 435-438.

Trasorras, V. G., C. Baca Castex, A. Alonso, S. Giuliano, R. Santa Cruz, C. Arraztoa, G. Chaves, D. Rodríguez, D. Neild and M. Miragaya (2014) First llama (Lama glama) pregnancy obtained after in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of gametes from live animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 148, 83-89.

--------------------, Chaves, M. Miragaya, D. Neild, M. Gambarotta and A. Agüero (2011) Effect of exogenous estradiol on maternal recognition of pregnancy after embryo transfer in llamas. Journal of Camelid Science, 4, 79-82.

---------------------, M. G. Chaves, D. Neild, M. Gambarotta, M. Aba and A. Agüero (2010) Embryo transfer technique: factors affecting the viability of the corpus luteum in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 121, 279-285.

---------------------, S. Giuliano, G. Chaves, D. Neild, A. Agüero, M. Carretero, M. Pinto, C. B. Castex, A. Alonso, D. Rodríguez, J. M. Morrell and M. Miragaya (2012) In vitro embryo production in Llamas (Lama glama) from in vivo matured oocytes with raw semen processed with Androcoll-E using defined embryo culture media. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 562-567.

----------------------, M. G. Chaves, M. H. Miragaya, M. Pinto, B. Rutter, M. Flores and A. Agüero (2009) Effect of eCG superstimulation and buserelin on cumulus-oocyte complexes recovery and maturation in llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 359-364.

Trasorras, V. L., Susana M. Giuliano and Marcelo H. Miragaya (2013) Embryo Preservation and in Vitro Production of Embryos in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 322-327Trbolova, A., J. R. Gionfriddo and M. S. Ghaffari (2012) Results of schirmer tear test in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 15, 383-385.

Trempe F, M. A. Maqbool, C. R. MacKenzie, M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi M. (2022) Llama DNA Immunization and Isolation of Functional Single-Domain Antibody Binders. Methods Mol Biol., 2446 , pp.37-70.

Trevino, G. S. and C. L. Alden (1972) 'Mucocytes' in the brain of a llama: a case report. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 8, 359-364.

Tribulo, P., O. Bogle, R. J. Mapletoft and G. P. Adams (2015) Bioactivity of ovulation inducing factor (or nerve growth factor) in bovine seminal plasma and its effects on ovarian function in cattle. Theriogenology, 83, 1394-401.

Tschoner, T., K. Voigt, A. Falkenau, N. Herbach and M. Feist (2018) Intraocular melanoma in a 10-year-old female llama (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 46, 334-339.

Tselaesele, N., E. Seifu, M. Molapisi, W. Boitumelo, A. Angassa, K. Kgosikoma, D. Teketay, B. Sekwati-Monang, E. Chimbombi, R. Kobue-Lekalake, G. Bultosa, G. D. Haki, W. Mojeremane, K. Kgaudi and B. Mokobi (2021) Perceptions and attitudes of communities on socio-economic importance of camels and consumption of camel milk and camel milk products in Kgalagadi District, Botswana Journal of Camelid Science 14: 52-66.

Tsukahara, N., A. Murakami, M. Motohashi, H. Nakayama, Y. Kondo, Y. Ito, T. Azuma, H. Kishimoto (2022) An alpaca single-domain antibody (VHH) phage display library constructed by CDR shuffling provided high-affinity VHHs against desired protein antigens. Int Immunol. Jul 26; 34 (8) 421-434.

Tu, Z., Q. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Xiong, Y. Xu, N. Hu and Y. Tao (2016) Identification and characterization of species-specific nanobodies for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Anal Biochem, 493, 1-7.

Tuco Cano, E. (2009) Medidas zoométricas de llamas (Lama glama) de unidades de producción familiar campesina en campos naturales de pastoreo T'olar y Pajonal en el municipio Santiago de Machaca - departamento de La Paz.

Turner, A. S. (1989) Surgical conditions in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 81-99.

---------------- and C. W. McIlwraith. (1989) Techniques in large animal surgery. Philadelphia, PA 19106: Lea and Febiger.

Turner, K. B., J. Naciri, J. L. Liu, G. P. Anderson, E. R. Goldman and D. Zabetakis (2016) Next-Generation Sequencing of a Single Domain Antibody Repertoire Reveals Quality of Phage Display Selected Candidates. PLoS One, 11,

----------------, D. Zabetakis, P. Legler, E. R. Goldman and G. P. Anderson (2014) Isolation and epitope mapping of staphylococcal enterotoxin B single-domain antibodies. Sensors, 14, 10846-10863.

Tvedten, H. W. (1990) What is your diagnosis? Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 19, 77-78.

Twomey, D. F., A. M. Barlow and S. Hemsley (2008) Immunophenotyping of lymphosarcoma in South American camelids on six British premises. Veterinary Journal, 175, 133-135.

-------------------, R. Collins, M. P. Cranwell, T. R. Crawshaw, R. J. Higgins, G. S. Dean, H. M. Vordermeier, A. Hollingdale and R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2012) Controlling tuberculosis in a llama (Lama glama) herd using clinical signs, tuberculin skin testing and serology. Veterinary Journal, 192, 246-248.

------------------, W. A. Cooley and R. Wood (2010) Confirmation of the chewing louse, Bovicola breviceps, in a British llama (Lama glama) herd. Veterinary Record, 166, 790-791.

------------------, T. R. Crawshaw, J. E. Anscombe, J. E. F. Barnett, L. Farrant, L. J. Evans, W. S. McElligott, R. J. Higgins, G. S. Dean, H. M. Vordermeier and R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2010) Assessment of antemortem tests used in the control of an outbreak of tuberculosis in llamas (Lamaglama). Veterinary Record, 167, 475-480.

-----------------, T. R. Crawshaw, J. E. Anscombe, L. Farrant, L. J. Evans, W. S. McElligott, R. J. Higgins, G. Dean, M. Vordermeier, K. Jahans and R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2007) TB in llamas caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Veterinary Record, 160, 170.

------------------, G. Wu, R. Nicholson, E. N. Watson and A. P. Foster (2014) Review of laboratory submissions from New World camelids in England and Wales (2000-2011). Veterinary Journal, 200, 51-59.

Tyler, J. W., J. R. Middleton, D. D. Barbee and S. M. Parish (1998) Conservative management of a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle in a male llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 39, 712-713.

--------------, J. R. Middleton, R. K. Tessman and D. W. Nagy (2006) Risk of after-hours visits to an in-hospital food animal service by species. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20, 407-409.

---------------, A. Petersen, J. Ginsky, S. Parish, T. Besser, C. Leathers and J. Beyer (1996) Clostridial myonecrosis, hepatitis, and nephritis in a llama with vegetative endocarditis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 10, 94-96.

U

Uhde, A. K., A. Lehmbecker, W. Baumgärtner and I. Spitzbarth (2017) Evaluation of a panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues of new- and old-world camelids. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 184, 42-53.

Uhrig, S. R. (2005) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas.

-----------------, M. G. Papich, B. KuKanich, K. R. Mama, A. E. Wagner, P. L. Chapman and P. W. Hellyer (2007) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 25-34.

Ulloa-Leal, C., O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams and M. H. Ratto (2014) Luteotrophic effect of ovulation-inducing factor/nerve growth factor present in the seminal plasma of llamas. Theriogenology, 81, 1101-1107.

Umminger, B. L. (1975) Body size and whole blood sugar concentrations in mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 455-458.

Underwood, W. J. and T. G. Bell (1993) Multicentric lymphosarcoma in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 117-121.

----------------------, D. E. Morin, M. L. Mirsky, W. M. Haschek, F. A. Zuckermann, G. C. Petersen and G. Scherba (1992) Apparent retrovirus-induced immunosuppression in a yearling llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 200, 358-362.

V

Valdés, A. J., C. Medina Martínez, M. I. Guerra Romero, B. Llamas García, J. M. Morán del Pozo and A. Tascón Vegas (2010) Re-use of construction and demolition residues and industrial wastes for the elaboration or recycled eco-efficient concretes. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 25-34.

Valdivia, A. G., A. Martínez, F. J. Damián, T. Quezada, R. Ortíz, C. Martínez, J. Llamas, M. L. Rodríguez, L. Yamamoto, F. Jaramillo, M. G. Loarca-Piña and J. L. Reyes (2001) Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine to reduce the effects of aflatoxin B1 intoxication in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 80, 727-734.

Valentine, B. A. and J. M. Martin (2007) Prevalence of neoplasia in llamas and alpacas (Oregon State University, 2001-2006). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 19, 202-204.

Vallance, E. (2004) The Adventures of Artemis and the Llama: A Case for Imaginary Histories in Art Education. Art Education, 57, 7-12.

Vallenas, A., J. F. Cummings and J. F. Muunell (1971) A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 134, 399-424.

Vallenas, P. and C. Stevens (1971) Volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta. Cornell Veterinarian, 61, 239-252.

van Beusekom, B., T. Heidebrecht, A. Adamopoulos, A. Fish, E. Pardon, J. Steyaert, R. P. Joosten and A. Perrakis (2018) Characterization and structure determination of a llama-derived nanobody targeting the J-base binding protein 1. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun, 74, 690-695.

Van Gessel, Y.(1999) Congenital defects of llamas : a case of congenital facial deformity.

van Lith, S. A., I. Roodink, J. J. Verhoeff, P. I. Mäkinen, J. P. Lappalainen, S. Ylä-Herttuala, J. Raats, E. van Wijk, R. Roepman, S. J. Letteboer, K. Verrijp. Et. al. (2016) In vivo phage display screening for tumor vascular targets in glioblastoma identifies a llama nanobody against dynactin-1-p150Glued. Oncotarget. Nov 1; 7 (44) pp.71594-71607.

Van Saun, R. J. (2006) Nutrient requirements of South American camelids: A factorial approach. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 165-186.

------------------(2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

------------------(2007). Rickets and vitamin D metabolism in llamas and alpacas. 6-8. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

------------------(2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

------------------(2009) Nutritional requirements and assessing nutritional status in camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 265-279.

------------------(2010) Nutritional unbalances in camelids. unpaginated Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

------------------(2012) Understanding copper nutrition in small ruminants. Proceedings of the Fifty-First Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, September 13-15, 2018,   pp. 155-160. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

------------------, B. R. Callihan and S. J. Tornquist (2000) Nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217, 1531-1535.

-------------------, B. B. Smith and B. J. Watrous (1996) Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1128-1133.

-------------------- (2013)  Nutritional Requirements in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 59-80.

----------------------(2013)  Feeds for Camelids in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 80-9.

--------------------- and T. Herdt (2013) Nutritional Assessment in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 100-123.

---------------------- and C. Cebra (2013) Nutritional Diseases in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 124-139

Varney, K. (2010) Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - April to June 2010. Surveillance (Wellington), 37, 23-30.

-------------- (2010) Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - January to March 2010. Surveillance (Wellington), 37, 36-42.

Vaziri, M. S., G. Mohammadi, G. Razmi, E. Mostafavi, S. Khakifirouz, T. Jalali, A. Sarani, M. Fazlalipour, V. Baniasadi and M. Champour (2021) Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels and its ribonucleic acid in ticks attached to one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) imported from Pakistan into Iran Journal of Camelid Science 14: 43-51.

Vasquez, D., and C. Marchinares A (1971) Parasitological survey in sheep and other animal species of Puno Department, Peru Revista del Instituto de Zoonosis e Investigacion Pecuaria, Lima, 1, 25-109.

Vásquez E, M., S. Cueva M, A. Cordero R, M. L. Gonzales C and W. Huanca L (2011) Evaluation of two embryo cryopreservation methods in llama on the in vivo e in vitro embryonic survival rates. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú , 22, 190-198.

Vaughan, J. (2004) Eradication of the camelid biting louse, Bovicola breviceps. Australian Veterinary Journal, 82, 218-219.

---------------(2011) Ovarian function in South American camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). Animal Reproduction Science, 124, 237-243.

-----------------& A. Tibary (2006) Reproduction in female South American camelids: a review and clinical observations. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 259-281.

Ven, S., S. Schauvliege, C. Gadeyne, M. Gozalo-Marcilla, S. Segaert and F. Gasthuys (2010) Anesthesia with α2 agonists in the llama: review and research. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 79, 269-274.

Vergara-Alert, J., J. M. A. V. D. Brand, W. Widagdo, M. Muñoz, V. S. Raj, D. Schipper, D. Solanes, I. Cordón, A. Bensaid, B. L. Haagmans and J. Segalés (2017) Livestock susceptibility to infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23, 232-240.

--------------------, V. S. Raj, M. Muñoz, F. X. Abad, I. Cordón, B. L. Haagmans, A. Bensaid and J. Segalés (2017) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 1342-1345.

Verheyen, K. I. P. and C. Fourichon.(2013) Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. Proceedings of a meeting held in Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013. Roslin: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.

Vernet, J., M. Vermorel and J. P. Jouany (1997) Digestibility and energy utilisation of three diets by llamas and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 46, 127-137.

Vidal-Rioja LZambelli ASemorile L (1994) An assessment of the relationships among species of Camelidae by satellite DNA comparisons Hereditas 121:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.t01-1-00283.x

Videla, R. (2016) Neurologic disease in camelids. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). Pp. 327-329.

Viet Khong, N., A. Desmyter and S. Muyldermans (2001) Functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae. Advances in Immunology, 79, 261-296.

Vilá, B., Arzamendia Y. (2022) South American Camelids: their values and contributions to people. Sustain Sci. 17 (3) 707-724.

Villacrs, C., V. S. Tayi, E. LattovÃ, H. Perreault and M. Butler (2015) Low glucose depletes glycan precursors, reduces site occupancy and galactosylation of a monoclonal antibody in CHO cell culture. Biotechnol J, 10, 1051-66.

Virdi, V., A. Coddens, S. D. Buck, S. Millet, B. M. Goddeeris, E. Cox, H. d. Greve and A. Depicker (2013) Orally fed seeds producing designer IgAs protect weaned piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 11809-11814.

Virdi, V., P. Juarez and A. Depicker (2015) Plant expression systems for early stage discovery and development of lead therapeutic antibodies. Hum Antibodies, 23, 37-43.

Vorano, A. E. and J. A. Bertoni (1984) Biological and production parameters in the llama (Lama glama, Cuvier) on natural pastures of the high Andean plateau, with supplementation and different stocking rates. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 4, 325-341.

Vu, K. B., M. A. Ghahroudi, L. Wyns and S. Muyldermans (1997) Comparison of llama VH sequences from conventional and heavy chain antibodies. Molecular Immunology, 34, 1121-1131.

W

Wackwitz, B., G. Castellaro, H. Schwartz, A. Raggi and H. U. Berlin (1999) Botanical composition of the diets of alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) in the Andean rangelands of Chile. Sustainable Technology Development in Animal Agriculture.

Wagener, M. G., T. Grossmann, M. Stöter and M. Ganter (2018) Hematological diagnostics in llamas and alpacas. Praktische Tierarzt, 99, 481-493.

Wagner, H., L. Ulrich, A. Leisen, A. Wehrend (2022)  Population structure of South American camelids in Germany. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. Aug; 50 (4) 237-249.

Wagey, B. T., A. C. Pacarat and L. A. Bucol (2018) Abundance and diversity of molluscs associated with Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) beds of Solong-on, Siquijor Island, Philippines. AACL Bioflux, 11, 1352-1367.

Waguespack, R. W., E. B. Belknap, J. S. Spano, J. G. W. Wenzel and D. Pugh (2002) Analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 576-578.

Waguespack, R. W., E. B. Belknap, J. S. Spano, J. G. W. Wenzel and D. G. Pugh (2002) Normal synovial fluid analysis in the new world camelid (Alpaca and Llama). Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, Florida, USA, 9th-13th January 2002, 452-453.

Waitt, L. H. and C. K. Cebra (2008) Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1995-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 1362-1367.

Wakild, E. (2020) Saving the Vicuña: The Political, Biophysical, and Cultural History of Wild Animal Conservation in Peru, 1964–2000 American Historical Review 125 (1) pp. 54-88.

Waldridge, B. M. (1996) The effect of subcutaneous selenium administration on whole blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase in llamas.

---------------------, L. H. Billups, A. R. Frost, D. M. McKenzie and S. D. Lenz (2003) A hormone receptor positive mammary gland adenocarcinoma in a llama. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 1, 163-167.

--------------------, M. L. Davidson, M. Rolsma, C. B. Navarre, A. M. Heath and D. G. Pugh (1998) Rabies in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 934-936.

--------------------, S. H. Duran, P. W. R. Ravis, R. Paxton, P. T. H. Herdt, D. G. Pugh and D. DACT (2004) Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas. Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine, 5, 272.

--------------------, S. H. Duran, W. R. Ravis, R. Paxton, T. H. Herdt and D. G. Pugh (2004) Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas. Veterinary Therapeutics, 5, 272-278.

--------------------, H. Lin, F. J. DeGraves and D. G. Pugh (1997) Sedative effects of medetomidine and its reversal by atipamezole in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 1562-1565.

-------------------- and D. G. Pugh (1997) Reproductive techniques in female lamoids [llamas and alpacas]. Veterinary Medicine, 92, 651-654.

--------------------, D. G. Pugh, R. Paxton and J. S. Spano (1998) Measurement of passive transfer in neonatal llamas. Equine Practice, 20, 6,8-9.

Walker, J. G. and E. R. Morgan (2014) Generalists at the interface: nematode transmission between wild and domestic ungulates. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 3, 242-250.

Walker, P. G.(2015) Camelid case reports: the good, the bad, and the ugly! , Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). Pp. 320-323.

Wallace, L. L. M., D. A. Wilson, R. Halenda, J. R. Turk and L. M. Ross (1992) Gastric perforation and peritonitis resulting from gastrolithiasis in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 87, 14-19.

Wallman, R. and J. Thompson (1982) A review of malignant catarrhal fever and a case report in bison. Iowa State University Veterinarian, 44, 20-22.

Walters, A. L., S. A. Semevolos and R. E. Baker (2016) Goniometrie evaluation of standing extension and maximum flexion joint angles of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 77, 1000-1004.

Wang, M., L. Wei, H. Xiang, B. Ren, X. Liu, L. Jiang, N. Yang, J. Shi J. (2022) A megadiverse naïve library derived from numerous camelids for efficient and rapid development of VHH antibodies. Anal Biochem.  Nov., 15; 657.

Wani, N. A., K. M. Morton, M. Billah and J. A. Skidmore (2011) Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of ejaculated semen of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) and llama (Llama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 18, 97-102.

--------------, B. S. Vettical and S. B. Hong (2017) First cloned Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) calf produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: a step towards preserving the critically endangered wild Bactrian camels. PLoS ONE, 12, e0177800.

Warmington, B., G. Wilson and T. Barry (1989) Voluntary intake and digestion of ryegrass straw by llama× guanaco crossbreds and sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 113, 87-91.

Warner, M. M., M. Warner and I. L. Conference. 1988. Proceedings of the International Llama Conference. [S.l: s.n.].

Warren, F. (1963) The Caravajal Visitation: First Spanish Survey of Michoacán. The Americas, 19, 404-412.

Waschevski, M. (1998) Llama de amor viva (Living Flame of Love), Frank Ferko. The Choral Journal, 39, 75-75.

Watrous, B. J., E. G. Pearson, B. B. Smith, S. P. Snyder, L. L. Blythe, T. W. Riebold and O. R. Hedstrom (1995) Megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 9, 92-99.

Weaver, A. D. (1991) Inguinal hernial repair in a llama (Lama guanicoe). Veterinary Record, 128, 356-357.

Weaver, D. M., J. W. Tyler, R. S. Marion, S. W. Casteel, C. M. Loiacono and J. R. Turk (1999) Subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 40, 422-424.

------------------, J. W. Tyler, R. S. Marion, L. M. Wallace, J. K. Nagy and J. M. Holle (2000) Evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216, 559-563.

-------------------, J. W. Tyler, M. A. Scott, L. M. Wallace, R. S. Marion and J. M. Holle (2000) Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin G in neonatal llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 738-741.

Webb, A. A., C. L. Cullen and L. A. Lamont (2006) Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in eastern Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 74-77.

Webb, A. I., R. E. Baynes, A. L. Craigmill, J. E. Riviere and S. R. R. Haskell (2004) Drugs approved for small ruminants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 224, 520-523.

Weiser, M. G., M. J. Fettman, D. v. Houten, L. Johnson and F. Garry (1992) Characterization of erythrocytic indices and serum iron values in healthy llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1776-1779.

Welchman, D. d. B., J. G. Parr, R. Wood, A. M. J. Mead and A. F. Starnes (2008) Alpaca and llama nematodes in Britain. Veterinary Record, 162, 832.

Welch-Mooney, I. (2000) La sangre llama : a case study of a Mexican-American teacher in Georgia.

Weldon, A. D. and K. A. Beck (1993) Identifying a periesophageal hematoma as the cause of choke in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 88, 1009-1011.

Welles, E. G., D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel and D. C. Sorjonen (1994) Composition of cerebrospinal fluid in healthy adult llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 1075-1079.

-----------------, D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel, B. Waldridge and R. Hanson (1997) Liver biopsy in llamas. Equine Practice, 19, 24-28.

Wenker, C., J. M. Hatt, H. Hertzberg, P. Ossent, T. Hänichen, A. Brack and E. Isenbügel (1998) Dicrocoeliosis in South American camelids. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 26, 355-361.

Wentz, P. A., E. B. Belknap, K. V. Brock, J. K. Collins and D. G. Pugh (2003) Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223, 223-228.

Wernery, U., A. Abraham, S. Joseph, R. Thomas, G. Syriac, R. Raghavan and T. Baker (2011) Evaluation of 5 indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to paratuberculosis in dromedaries. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 18, 47-52.

Wernery, U. and O. R. Kaaden (2004) Foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review. The Veterinary Journal, 168, 134-142.

Wheeler, J. C. (1982) Aging Llamas and Alpacas by their teeth. Llama World 1 (2) pp. 12–17.

 -----------------(1984) On the origin and early development of camelid pastoralism in the andes Animals and Archaeology 4, 1–13.

------------------(1995) Evolution and present situation of the South American Camelidae Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 54, 271–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4066(95)90021-7

-------------------(1999) Patrones prehistóricos de utilización de los camélidos sudamericanos Boletín De Arqueología Pucp 3:297–305.

-------------------(2006) Historia Natural De La Vicuña Investigación, Conservación Y Manejo De Vicuñas.

--------------------(2016) Evolución y domesticación de los camélidos sudamericanos In: Wheeler J, editors. Domesticación en El Continente Americano, Historia Y Perspectivas Del Manejo De Recursos Genëticos en El Nuevo Mundo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 466–495.

Wheeler, J. C. (1995), A. J. F. Russel, H. Redden (1995) Llamas and alpacas: pre-conquest breeds and post-conquest hybrids. Journal of Archaeological Science. 22 (6) pp. 833-40.

-----------------, A. J. F. Russel and H. F. Stanley (1992) A measure of loss: prehispanic llama and alpaca breeds. Archivos de Zootecnia 41 (154) pp.467-75.

Wheeler, J. C. , L. Chikhi, M. W. Bruford (2006) Case Study in Genetics of Animal Domestication: South American Camelids Documenting domestication.

[Also see: Cano Z L, Rosadio A R, Maturrano H L, Davalos R R, Wheeler JC. Phenoypic Charcaterization and Mitocondrial DNA Analysis of Marcapomacocha Llamas, Peu Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru. 2012;23 (3) pp. 388-98; Cano Z L, Rosadio A R, Maturrano H L, Dávalos R. R, Wheeler J. C. Phenotypic characterization and mitocondrial DNA analysis of Marcapomacocha llamas, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú . 2012; 23 (3) pp. 388-98; Fan R, Gu Z, Guang X, Marín J.C., Varas V, González B. A., et al. Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca. Genome Biol. 21 (1) pp. 159; Kadwell M, M. Fernandez, H. F. Stanley, R. Baldi, J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio R, et al. (2001) Genetic Analysis Reveals the Wild Ancestors of the Llama and the Alpaca. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 268 (1485) pp. 2575-84; Marin, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. Gonzalez, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey C, et al. (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80 (2) pp. 121-40; Montenegro V V, H. L. Maturrano, J. C. Wheeler J. C., A. R. Rosadio (2012) R. Use of polimerase chain reaction for sexing South American camelids. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 23 (3) pp. 377-87; Risco-Castillo V, J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, F. J. García-Peña, I. Arnaiz-Seco, D. Hoces D, et al. (2014) Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in Peru. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46 (4) pp.641-6; Stanley, H. F., M. Kadwell, J. C. Wheeler (1994) Molecular Evolution of the Family Camelidae: A Mitochondrial DNA Study. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 256 (1345) pp. 1-6.

Whitehead, C. E. (2005) The effect of maternal supplementation of vitamin D on transplacental and transmammary transfer to neonatal llamas and alpacas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.

----------------------& D. E. Anderson (2006) Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 207-215.

---------------------(2008) Approach to the neurologic camelid: case-based signs, diagnostic findings & treatment plans. 238-240. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

----------------------& D. Bedenice (2009) Neurologic diseases in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 385-405.

---------------------(2009) Management of neonatal llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 353-366.

---------------------(2009) Neonatal diseases in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 367-384.

---------------------(2013) Diseases in camelids 1. Common presentations. In Practice, 35, 317-318, 321-324.

---------------------- and C. Cebra (2013) Neonatology and Neonatal Disorders in C. Cebra, D. E Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun, L. R. Johnson (2013) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health pp. 552-575.

Whitehead Claire E. (2015) “Veterinary Care of Camelids.” Veterinary Record 50.

---------------------(2017) Pregnancy diagnosis in camelids. Livestock, 22, 330-334.

---------------------(2021) Bovine Tb in Camelids. Veterinary Record 327–27.

--------------------and Daniela Bedenice. n.d. “Neurologic Diseases in Llamas and Alpacas.” Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 385–405.

Wiepz, D. W. and R. J. Chapman (1985) Non-surgical embryo transfer and live birth in a llama. Theriogenology, 24, 251-257.

Wiesner, H. (1973) [Use of the anabolic Ralgro (zeranol) in zoo animals]. Tierarztliche Umschau, 28, 186, 188-189.

Wilken, L. and A. McPherson (2018) Application of camelid heavy-chain variable domains (VHHs) in prevention and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Int Rev Immunol, 37, 69-76.

Wilker, C. E., V. N. Meyers-Wallen, D. H. Schlafer, N. L. Dykes, A. Kovacs and B. A. Ball (1994) XX sex reversal in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 112-115.

Wilkins, P. A. and F. d. Piero (2004) West Nile virus: lessons from the 21st century. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 14, 2-14.

Will, J. A. and G. E. Bisgard (1972) Cardiac catheterization of unanesthetized large domestic animals. Journal of Applied Physiology, 33, 400-401.

Williams, A., D. Heath, P. Harris, D. Williams and P. Smith (1981) Pulmonary mast cells in cattle and llamas at high altitude. Journal of Pathology, 134, 1-6.

Williams, D. L., S. MacGregor and A. W. Sainsbury (2000) Evaluation of bacteria isolated from infected eyes of captive, non-domestic animals. Veterinary Record, 146, 515-518.

Williams, H. E. (2002) The genesis and dynamics of animals and their diseases in the Caribbean (in parallel with human endeavour). Journal of the Caribbean Veterinary Medical Association, 2, 12-16.

Williams, J. R., J. F. Evermann, R. F. Beede, P. M. Dilbeck, C. A. Whetstone and D. S. Stone. (1990) Association of bovine herpesvirus type I with bronchopneumonia in a llama. 14. Madison, Wisconsin: AAVLD.

-------------------, J. F. Evermann, R. F. Beede, E. S. Scott, P. M. Dilbeck, C. A. Whetstone and D. M. Stone (1991) Association of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in a llama with bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 258-260.

Williamson, L. H. (2014) Barber pole worms and camelids: when worlds collide. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

-----------------------(2014) Camelid scientific investigations (CSI) pp. what's new from the research front that you can use in your practice. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

------------------------(2014) Fecal fluency: a review of fecal tests and how to interpret the results. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Pp. 102-106

------------------------(2014) Ten reasons to be called to a camelid farm and what you need to know before you get there. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). unpaginated.

Willis, A. M., D. E. Anderson, A. J. Gemensky, D. A. Wilkie and F. Silveira (2000) Evaluation of intraocular pressure in eyes of clinically normal llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1542-1544.

Wilson, P. J., E. H. Oertli, P. R. Hunt and T. J. Sidwa (2010) Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000-2009. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 237, 1395-1401.

Windschnurer, I., C. Eibl, S. Franz, E. M. Gilhofer, S. Waiblinger (2020) Alpaca and llama behaviour during handling and its associations with caretaker attitudes and human-animal contact Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2020;226

Windsor, R. S. (1997) Type II ostertagiasis in llamas. Veterinary Record, 141, 608.

-------------------, R. H. S. Windsor and M. Teran (1992) Economic benefits of controlling internal and external parasites in South American camelids. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 653, 398-405.

Wijnsberghe, A. S. v., A. Tutunaru, H. Casalta, B. Bouvy and C. Sandersen (2021) Electrostimulation-guided sciatic and femoral nerve blocks as a multimodal analgesia approach in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) undergoing stifle surgery: a case report Journal of Camelid Science 14: 67-71.

Wintour, E. M., R. Riquelme, C. Gaete, C. Rabasa, E. Sanhueza, M. Silver, M. Towstoless and A. Llanos (1995) Renal function in the chronically cannulated fetal llama: comparison with studies in the ovine fetus. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7, 1311-1319.

Wisser, J., G. Strauss and M. Stolte.(1997) Acorn poisoning of llamas and guanacos. 227-235. Berlin: Institut fuer Zoo- und Wildtierforschung im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.

Wiuf, A., L. H. Kristensen, O. Kristensen, J. Dorosz, J. Jensen and M. Gajhede (2015) Structure and binding properties of a cameloid nanobody raised against KDM5B. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun, 71, 1235-41.

Wladridge, B. M. and D. G. Pugh (1997) Managing trace mineral deficiencies in South American camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 92, 744-750.

Wolff, P. L. (2007) The geriatric small ruminant - dental care, body condition scoring, and nutrition. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 290-292.

---------------(2009) Geriatric small ruminants - how to keep them healthy and happy. 364-365. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.

---------------(2009) Welfare issues in small ruminants. Gainesville: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Pp. 361-363.

-------------, G. Schares, O. Cardenas, W. Huanca, A. Cordero, A. Bärwald, F. J. Conraths, M. Gauly, H. Zahner and C. Bauer (2005) Detection of specific antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama) and vicuñas (Lama vicugna) from Peru and Germany. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 81-87.

Wolf, P. and J. Kamphues (2009) Questions arising in the field of veterinary dietary advisory services concerning small rodents. Kleintierpraxis, 54, 317-321.

Woodford, N., G. L. D'Alterio and M. Owen (2007) Bilateral metatarsophalangeal valgus and subluxation in two adult llamas treated by medial bone plate arthrodesis. Veterinary Record, 160, 262-266.

Woolums, A. R., D. B. DeNicola, J. C. Rhyan, D. A. Murphy, K. R. Kazacos, S. J. Jenkins, L. Kaufman and M. Thornburg (1995) Pulmonary histoplasmosis in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 7, 567-569.

Woolven, B. P., L. G. J. Frenken, P. v. d. Logt and P. J. Nicholls (1999) The structure of the llama heavy chain constant genes reveals a mechanism for heavy-chain antibody formation. Immunogenetics, 50, 98-101.

World Health, O. (1990) Rabies in a llama. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 65, 294.

Wrapp, D., D. De Vlieger, K. S. Corbett, G. M. Torres, N. Wang, W. Van Breedam et al. (2020) Structural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies Cell 181 (5) pp.1004-15.

Wu, M. T., Y. J. Park, E. Pardon, S. Turley, A. Hayhurst, J. P. Deng, J. Steyaert and W. G. J. Hol (2011) Structures of a key interaction protein from the Trypanosoma brucei editosome in complex with single domain antibodies. Journal of Structural Biology, 174, 124-136.

Wurzinger, M., J. Delgado, M. Nürnberg, G. Ugarte, A. Valle Zárate, A. Stemmer and J. Sölkner. 2002. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits in Bolivian llamas. 0-4. Montpellier: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA).

-----------------, J. Delgado, M. Nürnberg, A. V. Zárate, A. Stemmer, G. Ugarte and J. Sölkner (2005) Growth curves and genetic parameters for growth traits in Bolivian llamas. Livestock Production Science, 95, 73-81.

X

Xu, Y., L. Xiong, Y. Li, Y. Xiong, Z. Tu, J. Fu and B. Chen (2015) Anti-idiotypic nanobody as citrinin mimotope from a naive alpaca heavy chain single domain antibody library. Anal Bioanal Chem, 407, 5333-41.

Y

Yacobaccio, H. D. (2001) La Domesticación De Camélidos en El Noroeste Argentino Historia Argentina Prehispánica. Tomo 1, Berberián E, Nielsen AE.

-------------------------(2003) Procesos De Intensificación Y De Domesticación De Camélidos en Los Andes Centro-Sur Memorias del tercer Congreso Mundial sobre Camélidos.

------------------------- (2004) Social dimensions of camelid domestication in the southern andes Anthropozoologica 39:237–247.

-------------------------, C. M. Madero, M. R. Malmierca, M. Reigadas (1998) Caza, domesticación y pastoreo de camélidos en la puna argentina Relaciones De La Sociedad Argentina De Antropología, XXII–XXII 1002:389–418.

-------------------------, B. L. Vilá (2013) La domesticación de los camélidos andinos como proceso de interacción humana y animal Intersecciones en Antropología 14:227–238.

-------------------------, B. L. Vilá (2016) A model for llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) domestication in the southern Andes. Anthropozoologica, 51, 5-13.

Yalli, T. B., J. A. Ñaupari, E. R. Flores (2020) Llama and Cattle Grazing Effects on Hydrological Function in a High-Elevation Mountain Rangeland. Efecto del pastoreo de llamas y vacunos en la función hidrológica de pastizales altoandinos 69 (267) pp.372-6.

Yamaoka, T. T. and A. Auckburally (2015) The use of rocuronium for ophthalmological surgery in an alpaca. Vet Anaesth Analg, 42, 657-8.

Yan, S., Z. Yu, L. Ning, W. Hai-Dong, X. Jian-Shan, G. Shu-Yuan, C. Jia-Qi, Y. Xiu-Ju, W. Ting, D. Chang-Sheng and H. D.-F. D.-j. g. Xiao-Yan (2016) Let-7b promotes alpaca hair growth via transcriptional repression of TGFβR I. Gene, 577, 32-6.

Yang, H., D. Hewett-Emmett and R. E. Tashian (2000) Absence or reduction of carbonic anhydrase II in the red cells of the beluga whale and llama: implications for adaptation to hypoxia. Biochemical Genetics, 38, 241-252.

Yang, S., R. Fan, Z. Shi, K. Ji, J. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Herrid, Q. Zhang, J. Yao, G. W. Smith and C. Dong (2015) Identification of a novel microRNA important for melanogenesis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos). J Anim Sci, 93, 1622-31.

Yarbrough, T. B., J. R. Snyder and F. A. Harmon (1995) Laparoscopic anatomy of the llama abdomen. Veterinary Surgery, 24, 244-249.

---------------------, J. R. Synder and F. A. Harmon (1995) Jejunal microvasculature of the llama and alpaca. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 1133-1137.

Yau, K. Y. F., M. A. T. Groves, S. Li, C. Sheedy, H. Lee, J. Tanha, C. R. MacKenzie, L. Jermutus and J. C. Hall (2003) Selection of hapten-specific single-domain antibodies from a non-immunized llama ribosome display library. Journal of Immunological Methods, 281, 161-175.

-----------------, J. Halleran, M. Boileau and D. Foster (2021) Retrospective study on the use of lidocaine constant rate infusions for the treatment of ileus in ruminants and camelids Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 35 (6) pp. 2933-2936.

Yerabham, A. S. K., A. Müller-Schiffmann, T. Ziehm, A. Stadler, S. Köber, X. Indurkhya, R. Marreiros, S. V. Trossbach, N. J. Bradshaw, I. Prikulis, D. Willbold, O. H. Weiergräber and C. Korth (2018) Biophysical insights from a single chain camelid antibody directed against the Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 protein. PLoS One, 13, e0191162.

Yeșİlbağ, K., G. Alpay and H. Karakuzulu (2011) A serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in Turkish zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 44-48.

Yu, X., X. He, J. Jiang, J. He, R. Fan, H. Wang, J. Geng and C. Dong (2015) Expression and tissue distribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (c-Met) in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) skins associated with white and brown coat colors. Acta Histochem, 117, 624-8.

Yusuf, I.(1993) Antigenic comparison of bovine, ovine, equine, and llama adenoviruses.

Z

Zacari, M. Á. and L. F. Pacheco (2005) Depredation versus disease problems as causes of mortality in camelid livestock in the Sajama national park. Ecología en Bolivia, 40, 58-61.

Zachary, V. A. (2005) Winter Grazing at 13,000 Feet: Improving Forages for Subsistence Agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano. Rangelands, 27, 15-17.

Zakheim, R. M., F. Bodola, M. K. Park, A. Molteni and L. Mattioli (1978) Renin-angiotensin system in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 375-378.

Zama, M. M. S., H. R. Bhardwaj, S. Tarunbir, A. K. Gupta and R. N. Chaudhary (2006) Dorsal patellar fixation in large animals - a review. Indian Journal of Field Veterinarians, 1, 71-80.

Zampini, R., M. Argagañaraz, D. Miceli and S. Apichela (2016) Detection of the Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in Llama (Lama glama) Oviduct. Reproduction in domestic animals.

---------------, M. E. Argañaraz, D. C. Miceli and S. A. Apichela (2014) Detection of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in llama (Lama glama) oviduct. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49, 492-498.

---------------, L. M. Sari, M. E. Argañaraz, F. G. Fumuso, D. E. Barraza, M. I. Carretero and S. A. Apichela (2018) Mating induces production of MMP2 in the llama oviduct: Analysis of MMP2 effect on semen. Anim Reprod Sci, 192, 223-232.

-----------------, X. A. Castro-González, L. M. Sari, A. Martin, A. V. Diaz, M. E. Argañaraz et al. (2020) Effect of Cooling and Freezing on Llama (UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33195617. 2020;7:587596

Zanolari, P. (2007) Teeth problems in New World Camelidae. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 13-20.

--------------, M. Meylan and P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in New World Camelids. Part 1: Propaedeutic and dermatological diagnostics. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 304-308.

--------------, M. Meylan, H. Sager, M. Herrli-Gygi, S. Rüfenacht and P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in South American camelids. Part 2: review of the most relevant skin diseases. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 421-427.

--------------, N. Robert, K. Lyashchenko, G. Pfyffer, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari and M. Meylan (2009) Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti in South American camelids. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 23, 1266-1272.

--------------, N. Robert, K. P. Lyashchenko, G. E. Pfyffer, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari and M. Meylan (2009) Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti in South American camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 23, 1266-1272.

---------------(2010) Parasite control in South American camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-14.

--------------, V. Chaignat, C. Kaufmann, M. Mudry, C. Griot, B. Thuer and M. Meylan (2010) Serological survey of bluetongue virus serotype-8 infection in South American camelids in Switzerland (2007-2008). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24, 426-430.

---------------(2011) Veterinary herd management and consulting for New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-13.

--------------, L. Bruckner, R. Fricker, C. Kaufmann, M. Mudry, C. Griot and M. Meylan (2010) Humoral response to 2 inactivated bluetongue virus serotype-8 vaccines in South American camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24, 956-959.

Zapata, B., B. A. González, J. C. Marin, J. L. Cabello, W. E. Johnson and O. Skewes (2008) Finding of polydactyly in a free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Small Ruminant Research, 76, 220-222.

Zavaleta De Lucio, E. 1969. An investigation of the digestive enzymes of the llama (Lama glama). Ithaca, N.Y.

Zavrtanik, U., J. Lukan, R. Loris, J. Lah and S. Hadži (2018) Structural Basis of Epitope Recognition by Heavy-Chain Camelid Antibodies. J Mol Biol, 430, 4369-4386.

Zhou, T, I. Chen, J. Gorman, S. Wang, Y. D. Kwon, B. C. Lin, M. K. Louder, R. Rawi, E. D. Stancofski, Y. Yang, B. Zhang, A. F. Quigley, L. E. McCoy, L. Rutten, T. Verrips, R. A. Weiss; VRC Production Program, Doria-Rose NA, Shapiro L, Kwong PD.Structural basis for llama nanobody recognition and neutralization of HIV-1 at the CD4-binding site. Structure. 2022 Jun 2; 30  (6) 862-875.

Zielińska, P. and P. Jurka (2007) Characteristics of llamas and alpacas reproduction. Życie Weterynaryjne, 82, 202-207.

Zinsstag, J., M. F. Abakar, M. Ibrahim, R. Tschopp, L. Crump, B. Bonfoh and E. Schelling (2016) Cost-effective control strategies for animal and zoonotic diseases in pastoralist populations. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 35, 673-681.

Żuchowska, E. (1991) Scabies in mammals in Zoological Gardens. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne, 37, 123-125.

© Copyright Hill View Llamas, Frodsham