Miscellaneous

General

Barreto R, R., A. Sato S, M. D. Ghezzi, F. Santos R, A. Chávez R & M. Navarrete Z (2019) Anatomical and histological study of the arteries that irrigate the pancreas and small intestine of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 30, 14-25.

Dulphy, J. P., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. P. Jouany (1994) Comparison of the intake and digestibility of different diets in llamas and sheep: a preliminary study. Annales de Zootechnie, 43, 379-387.

----------(1998) Intake and digestibility of different forages in llamas compared to sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 47, 75-81.

Esteban, L. R. & J. R. Thompson (1988) The digestive system of new world camelids - common digestive diseases of llamas. Veterinary Student (Iowa State University Veterinarian), 50, 117-121.

Franz, S., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, B. Hinney & A. M. Dadak (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Veterinary Journal, 204, 255-262.

Jalali, A. R., M. R. Weisbjerg, E. Nadeau, Ǻ. T. Randby, B. O. Rustas, M. Eknæs & P. Nørgaard (2015) Effects of forage type, animal characteristics and feed intake on faecal particle size in goat, sheep, llama and cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 208, 53-65.

Lemosquet, S., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. P. Dulphy (1996) Voluntary intake and gastric digestion of two hays by llamas and sheep: influence of concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 127, 539-548.

Linden, D. R., D. E. Anderson, J. Lakritz, D. M. Rings, P. M. Ramsey & N. Evans (2007) Apparent digestibility of organic zinc forms in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 181-185.

Lopez, A., M. S. Morales, C. R. Cabrera & C. X. Urra (2000) Intake and apparent digestibility of forages in llamas (Lama glama). I. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) at different proportions. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 32, 201-208.

López V, A., M. S. Morales S, R. Cabrera C & M. Arias (2001) Intake and apparent digestibility of forages in llamas (Lama glama). II. Clover hay (Trifolium pratense), riegrass hay (Lolium multiflorum), beans straw (Phaseolus vulgaris) and oat straw (Avena sativa). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 33, 145-153.

Nielsen, M. O., E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog, A. H. Tauson & L. Nielsen. 2010. Digestive efficiency, metabolism of nitrogen and methane emission in sheep, goats and llamas fed grass based diets differing in protein content. 497-498. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

------------------, A. Kiani, E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog & L. Alstrup (2014) Energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 68, 171-185.

Nilsen, B., N. P. Johnston, N. Stevens & T. F. Robinson (2015) Degradation parameters of amaranth, barley and quinoa in alpacas fed grass hay. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 99, 873-9.

Robinson, T. F., M. Sponheimer, B. L. Roeder, B. Passey, T. E. Cerling, M. D. Dearing & J. R. Ehleringer (2006) Digestibility and nitrogen retention in llamas and goats fed alfalfa, C3 grass, and C4 grass hays. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 162-168.

Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, B. Roeder, J. Hammer, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, T. Cerling, D. Dearing & J. Ehleringer (2003) Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses. Small Ruminant Research, 48, 149-154.

Vernet, J., M. Vermorel & J. P. Jouany (1997) Digestibility and energy utilisation of three diets by llamas and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 46, 127-137.

Warmington, B., G. Wilson & T. Barry (1989) Voluntary intake and digestion of ryegrass straw by llamaÃ— guanaco crossbreds and sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 113, 87-91.

Wauters, J. J. M., N. Duchi, P. Guevara, W. Onate, P. Castillo, J. Lopez & R. d. Wilde. (2004) Comparison of the digestibility of paja de paramo and barley straw between sheep (Ovis aries), llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama paco). 766-769. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Zavaleta De Lucio, E. 1969. An investigation of the digestive enzymes of the llama (Lama glama). Ithaca, N.Y

Mouth and Easophagus

(1989) Dental Diseases & Dentistry. Camelid Chronicle No. 8.

(1990) Developmental Dental Diseases Camelid Chronicle No. 9

Anderson, D. E. (2004) Common surgical procedures in camelids. 118-125. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

------------(2006) Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 235-240.

------------(2012). Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. unpaginated. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2013) Tooth extraction - lateral approach to premolars and molars. 111-115. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

------------(2013) Tooth extraction - oral approach. 105-109. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cebra, M. L., C. K. Cebra & F. B. Garry (1996) Tooth rot abscesses in New World camelids: 23 cases (1972-1994). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 819-822.

Duncanson, G. R.( 2012) Medicine and surgery of the gastroenteric system. 80-111.

-----------------------(2012) Veterinary equipment. 44-47.

Jones, M. L.(2013) Dental examination and trimming. 99-103. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Llamas Moya, S., L. A. Boyle, P. B. Lynch & S. Arkins (2006) Influence of teeth resection on the skin temperature and acute phase response in newborn piglets. Animal Welfare, 15, 291-297.

Niehaus, A. (2009) Dental disease in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 281-293.

Niehaus, A. J. & D. E. Anderson (2007) Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231, 284-289.

O'Brien, R. T. (1996) Intraoral dental radiography: experimental study and clinical use in two horses and a llama. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 37, 412-416.

Ortiz, C., J. Cavero, H. Sillau & S. Cueva (1974) The parotid saliva of the alpaca (Lama pacos). Research in Veterinary Science, 16, 54-56.

Popowics, T. E. & S. W. Herring. (2006) Teeth, jaws and muscles in mammalian mastication. 61-83.

Rostami, A., U. Geissbühler, F. Schellenberger & P. Zanolari (2014) Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, (6 January 2014).

Step, D. L., J. W. Ritchey, W. T. Drost & R. J. Bahr (2003) Ameloblastic odontoma in the mandible of a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 44, 824-827.

Williamson, L. H.(2014) Ten reasons to be called to a camelid farm and what you need to know before you get there. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Wolff, P. L. (2007) The geriatric small ruminant - dental care, body condition scoring, and nutrition. 290-292. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

--------- 2009. Geriatric small ruminants - how to keep them healthy and happy. 364-365. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Zanolari, P. (2007) Teeth problems in New World Camelidae. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 13-20.

Stomach and Small Intenstine

Anderson, D. E.(2013) Intubation of the first forestomach compartment ("C1" or "Rumen"). 179-182. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cebra, C. K. & M. L. Cebra (1999) Gastrointestinal causes of colic in new world camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 171-176.

---------------, M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry, R. S. Larsen & G. M. Baxter (1998) Acute gastrointestinal disease in 27 New World camelids: clinical and surgical findings. Veterinary Surgery, 27, 112-121.

--------------- & B. V. Stang (2008) Comparison of methods to detect gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 733-741.

-----------------, S. J. Tornquist, R. J. Bildfell & J. R. Heidel (2003) Bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without ulcers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 567-570.

------------------, B. J. Watrous & M. L. Cebra (2002) Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 43, 359-366.

Christensen, J. M., T. Limsakun, B. B. Smith, N. Hollingshead & M. Huber (2001) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 23-33.

Correa, L., B. Zapata & M. Soto-Gamboa (2012) Gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 11-15.

Cummings, J. F., J. F. Munnell & A. Vallenas (1971) The mucigenous gastric glands in the llama (Lama peruana) and guanaco (Lama guanacoe). Proceedings 19th World Veterinary Congress, Mexico City, 2, 554.

-----------(1972) The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 137, 71-110.

Davies, H. L., T. F. Robinson, B. L. Roeder, M. E. Sharp, N. P. Johnston, A. C. Christensen & G. B. Schaalje (2007) Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) fed barley or barley alfalfa diets. Small Ruminant Research, 73, 1-7.

Dittmann, M. T., U. Runge, S. Ortmann, R. A. Lang, D. Moser, C. Galeffi, A. Schwarm, M. Kreuzer (2015) Digesta retention patterns of solute and different-sized particles in camelids compared with ruminants and other foregut fermenters. J Comp Physiol B, 185, 559-73.

Drew, M. L., E. Ramsay, M. E. Fowler & P. H. Kass (1992) Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1559-1563.

Dulphy, J. P., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. M. Ballet (1997) Comparative study of forestomach digestion in llamas and sheep. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 37, 709-725.

Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Medicine and surgery of the gastroenteric system. 80-111.

-----------------------(2012) Sample taking and simple diagnostic tests. 32-43.

Eckerlin, R. H. & C. E. Stevens (1973) Bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach. Cornell Veterinarian, 63, 436-445.

Ehrlein, H. J. & W. V. Englehardt (1971) [Studies on the gastric motility of the llama.]. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin, 181-191.

Engelhardt, W. V., K. E. Ali & E. Wipper (1979) Absorption and secretion in the tubiform forestomach (compartment 3) of the llama. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 132, 337-341.

----------------------- (1998) Forestomach motility in llamas and camels. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 105, 472-474.

Galotta, D. R. & J. M. Galotta (1987) Arteriovenous system of the lama stomach. Revista de Ciéncias Agrárias, 8, 27-33.

Geurden, T. & K. v. Hemelrijk (2005) Ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in New World camelids in Belgium. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 71-73.

Löhr, C. V., T. W. O'Neill, D. N. Daw, M. O. Pitel & J. W. Schlipf (2019) Pyogranulomatous enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in an adult llama caused by Rhodococcus equi carrying virulence-associated protein A gene. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 747-751.

Loupal, G. (1982) Gastric phytobezoariasis in a llama. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 95, 14-16.

Luciano, L., G. Voss-Wermbter, M. Behnke, W. v. Engelhardt & E. Reale (1979) Structure of the gastric mucosa in llama (Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomachs. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 125, 519-549.

Navarre, C. B., D. G. Pugh, A. M. Heath & S. A. Simpkins (1999) Analysis of first gastric compartment fluid collected via percutaneous paracentesis from healthy llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 812-815.

Newman, K. D. & D. E. Anderson (2009) Gastrointestinal surgery in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 495-506.

Quist, C. F., D. M. Dutton, D. A. Schneider & A. K. Prestwood (1998) Gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 1438-1441.

Rubsamen, K (1978) Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama. American Journal of Physiology, 235, E1-E6.

Smith, B. B., E. G. Pearson & K. I. Timm (1994) Third compartment ulcers in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 319-330.

Stieger-Vanegas, S. M. & C. K. Cebra (2013) Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242, 254-260.

Timm, K. I., B. J. Watrous & B. B. Smith (1999) Radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 40, 596-604.

Vallenas, A. (1970) Structural and functional studies of the llama and guanaco stomach. Ithaca, N.Y.

----------------, J. F. Cummings & J. F. Muunell (1971) A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 134, 399-424.

Vallenas, P. & C. Stevens (1971) Volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta. Cornell Veterinarian, 61, 239-252.

Wallace, L. L. M., D. A. Wilson, R. Halenda, J. R. Turk & L. M. Ross (1992) Gastric perforation and peritonitis resulting from gastrolithiasis in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 87, 14...19.

Whitehead, C. E. and D. E. Anderson (2006). "Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas." Small Ruminant Research 61(2/3): 207-215.

Digestive Organs and Enzymes

Liver [Also see Liver Fluke]

Anderson, D. E. (1999) Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 163-169.

----------(2004) Comparison of trace mineral concentration in the various lobes of the liver of alpacas and llamas. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3, 162-164.

---------(2004). Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas. 545-554. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

--------------------, R. Leveille, P. Scrivani & C. Brömel (1998) Performing percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 190-195.

-------------------- & F. Silveira (1999) Effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 1423-1425.

Castro, A. N. C., M. D. Ghezzi, M. T. Domínguez, M. C. Lupidio, S. A. Gómez & R. H. Alzola (2009) Conformation and anatomical relations of the liver of llama (Lama glama). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 38, 108-111.

Foreyt, W. J. & S. Parish (1990) Experimental Infection of Liver Flukes (Fascioloides magna) in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21, 468-470.

Gunsser, I., T. Hänichen & J. Maierl (1999) Liver fluke infection in South American camelids: parasitology, pathology, clinical aspects and therapy. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 27, 187-192.

Jones, M. L.(2013) Liver biopsy. 171-174. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Panuska, C., L. G. Rickard & D. D. Rudolph (2006) Isotype-specific serum IgG responses of llamas (Lama glama) to experimental liver fluke infection. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 195-199.

Ray, A. C., M. J. Murphy, M. D. DuVall & J. C. Reagor (1989) Determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 546-550.

Schaefer, D. L., R. J. Bildfell, P. Long & C. V. Löhr (2012) Characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 49, 313-321.

Watanabe, T. T. N., F. R. C. Chaigneau, J. M. Adaska, B. Doncel-Díaz & F. A. Uzal (2019) Polycystic liver in two adult llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 280-283.

Welles, E. G., D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel, B. Waldridge & R. Hanson (1997) Liver biopsy in llamas. Equine Practice, 19, 24-28.

Colon

Fowler, M. E. (1987) Ulceration and obstruction of the spiral colon in the llama. Verhandlungsbericht des Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 29, 201-208.

Stone, W. C., W. A. Lindsay, G. P. Adams, E. J. Galbreath & D. E. Bjorling (1993) Rectal and colonic injury in the llama. Anatomic considerations and surgical management in four llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 22, 62-66.

Metabolism General

Engelhardt, W. v., G. Becker, W. Engelhardt, R. Hauffe, S. Hinderer, K. Rubsamen & W. Schneider. 1975. Energy, water and urea metabolism in the llama. 111-122. Vienna: IAEA.

----------------W. & W. v. Engelhardt. (1976) Diminished renal urea excretion in the llama at reduced food intake. 61-62. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Hinderer, S. & W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Urea metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 619-622.

Rubsamen, K. & W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Water metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 595-598.