Minerals

Anon. (1989) Selenium Deficiency. Camelid Chronicle   No. 7.

Chauvet, A. E., G. D. Shelton & B. J. Darien (1996) Vitamin E deficiency associated with myopathy in a llama. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 149-152.

Dart, A. J., H. Kinde, D. R. Hodgson, J. R. Peauroi, A. W. Selby, J. Maas & M. E. Fowler (1996) Serum α-tocopherol, vitamin A, and blood selenium concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in llamas fed alfalfa hay. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 689-692.

Dwyer, C., L. K. Whitfield & R. A. Laven (2019) The effect of elemental Zn boluses on concentrations of Zn in serum and faeces of South American camelids. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67, 210-213.

Herdt, T. H. (1995) Blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (Lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of United States, reproductive stage, and health of offspring. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 337-344.

Judson, G. J., B. A. McGregor, K. J. Ellis & A. M. Howse (2018) Evaluation of controlled-release devices for providing chromium sesquioxide and zinc in Huacaya alpacas at pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal, 96, 458-463.

Polidori, P., M. Antonini, D. Torres, D. Beghelli & C. Renieri (2007) Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat. Meat Science, 77, 599-601.

Pugh, D. G., B. Waldridge & J. G. W. Wenzel (1999) Trace mineral nutrition in llamas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 209-216.

---------- (2004)  Trace mineral nutrition in llamas. 728-737. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

----------- & B. M. Waldridge. (2004)  Goat and llama trace mineral nutrition. 112-113. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Saun, R. J., B. B. Smith & B. J. Watrous (1996) Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1128-1133.

------------(2012). Understanding copper nutrition in small ruminants. 155-160. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Semevolos, S. A., S. K. Reed & L. G. Schultz (2013) Evaluation of serum trace mineral, vitamin D, and sex steroid hormone concentration, and survey data in llamas and alpacas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 48-52.

Smith, B. B. & R. J. Saun (2001) Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1187-1193.

--------------, R. J. Saun, P. J. Reed, A. M. Craig & A. Youngberg (1998) Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1063-1070Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, B. Roeder, J. Hammer, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, T. Cerling, D. Dearing & J. Ehleringer (2003) Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses. Small Ruminant Research, 48, 149-154.

Starnes, A. (2008) Selenium Deficiency in Camelids BLS News No. 8 (March), p.5.

Whitehead, C. E. (2005) The effect of maternal supplementation of vitamin D on transplacental and transmammary transfer to neonatal llamas and alpacas.

Wladridge, B. M. & D. G. Pugh (1997) Managing trace mineral deficiencies in South American camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 92, 744-750.

---------------------, S. H. Duran, W. R. Ravis, R. Paxton, T. H. Herdt & D. G. Pugh (2004) Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas. Veterinary Therapeutics, 5, 272-278.

Last Updated: 1.1.2021

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