Articles

A-Z Subject Index to Publications on the Llama

                                                                       Complied and maintained by Richard Cox

A

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Anemia (Also see Heaminic System)

Anemia, Hematuria, and Multicentric Urinary Neoplasia in a Llama (Lama glama) Exposed to Bracken Fern.      10th international veterinary emergency and critical care symposium, September 8-12, 2004. San Diego, California, USA. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2004. 14(Supplement 1): p. 1-18.

Andrews, A.H. and A. Cox, Suspected nutritional deficiency causing anaemia in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 1997. 140(6): p. 153-154.

Morin, D.E., F.B. Garry, and M.G. Weiser, Hematologic responses in llamas with experimentally-induced iron deficiency anemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 1993. 22(3): p. 81-86.

Morin, D.E., et al., Hematological features of iron deficiency anaemia in llamas. Veterinary Pathology, 1992. 29(5): p. 400-404.

Müller, K., Anaemia and weight-loss in South American camelids. 2015, British Veterinary Zoological Society: Loughborough. p. 39-42.

Peauroi, J.R., et al., Anemia, Hematuria, and Multicentric Urinary Neoplasia in a Llama (Lama glama) Exposed to Bracken Fern. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1995. 26(2): p. 315-320.

Reagan, W.J., et al., The clinicopathologic, light, and scanning electron microscopic features of eperythrozoonosis in four naturally infected llamas. Veterinary Pathology, 1990. 27(6): p. 426-431.

Smith, B.B., et al., Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1991. 198(1): p. 81-88.

Anesthesia

Abrahamsen, E. J. (2009) Chemical restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia for camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 455-494.

Anderson, D. E. (2012) Anesthesia, analgesia, and chemical restraint in the clinic and on the farm - Part 1: Handling, restraint, and field anesthesia of camelids. unpaginated. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

-------------------- (2013) Injectable anesthesia. 39-42. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. [See: D. E. Anderson???????????????

Barrington, G. M., T. F. Meyer & S. M. Parish (1993) Standing castration of the llama using butorphanol tartrate and local anesthesia. Equine Practice, 15, 35-39.

Caulkett, N. (2003) Anesthesia of ruminants. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 3, 1-6.

Chapman, S. & P. Dobbs (2015) The trials and tribulations of vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) anaesthesia at Twycross Zoo. 24. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Donaldson, L. L., M. Holland & S. A. Koch (1992) Atracurium as an adjunct to halothane-oxygen anesthesia in a llama undergoing intraocular surgery: a case report. Veterinary Surgery, 21, 76-79.

Gavier, D., M. D. Kittleson, M. E. Fowler, L. E. Johnson, G. Hall & D. Nearenburg (1988) Evaluation of a combination of xylazine, ketamine, and halothane for anesthesia in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 49, 2047-2055.

Grubb, T. L., T. W. Riebold & M. J. Huber (1992) Evaluation of lidocaine, xylazine and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine for epidural anesthesia in the llama. 499.

Johnson, L. W. (2010) Keeping small ruminant field anesthesia simple. 345. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Miesner, M. D. (2013). Caudal (sacro-coccygeal) epidural anesthesia. 81-82. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

------------------- (2013) Lumbo-sacral epidural anesthesia. 89-91. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Pereira, F. L. G., S. A. Greene, M. M. McEwen & R. Keegan (2006) Analgesia and anesthesia in camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 227-233.

Prado, T. M., T. J. Doherty, E. B. Boggan, H. M. Airasmaa, T. Martin-Jimenez & B. W. Rohrbach (2008) Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69, 182-188.

Seddighi, R., S. B. Elliot, B. K. Whitlock, C. M. Egger & T. J. Doherty (2014) Antinociceptive and selected physiological effects of morphine and xylazine on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 41, 365-371.

Snyder, J. & N. Schmidt. 2009. Anesthesia, analgesia, pain management, and humane considerations. 134-137. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Ven, S., S. Schauvliege, C. Gadeyne, M. Gozalo-Marcilla, S. Segaert & F. Gasthuys (2010) Anesthesia with α2 agonists in the llama: review and research. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 79, 269-274.

Antropology

Bowerman, D. L. (1984) Prehispanic Aymara expansion, the Southern Altiplano and San Pedro de Atacama Estudios Atacameños Nº 7, pp. 179-190.

               Bolton, M. (2007) Counting llamas and accounting for people: livestock, land and citizens in southern Bolivia.

Yacobaccio, H. D. & B. L. Vilá (2016) A model for llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) domestication in the southern Andes. Anthropozoologica, 51, 5-13.

Archaeology

Mengoni Goñalons, Guillermo and Hugo Yacobaccio, 2006, The Domestication of South American Camelids A View from the South-Central Andes, Chapter 16 in Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by Melinda A. Zeder, et al., published by the University of California Press.

Kent JD. The Domestication and Exploitation of the South American Camelids: Methods of Analysis and Their Application to Circum-Lacustrine Archaeological Sites in Bolivia and Peru. PhD in Anthropology, St. Louis: Washington University. 1982

Miller G. (1979) An Introduction to the Ethnoarchaeology of the Andean Camelids (published dissertation). Department of Anthropology, Berkeley: University of California. 1979.

Novoa,  C. , and   Wheeler ,  J.C. (1984). Llama and alpaca. In Mason, I.L. , ed. Evolution of Domestic Animals. London: Longman,116 28.

Pollard, G. C. & I. M. Drew (1975) Llama Herding and Settlement in Prehispanic Northern Chile: Application of an Analysis for Determining Domestication. American Antiquity, 40, 296-305.

Szpak P, Millaire JF, White C, Longstaffe F. (2014) Small Scale Camelid Husbandry on the North Coast Peru (Viru Valley): Insights from Stable Isotope Analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 2014; 36 (110–129).

Artificial Insemmination

Carretero, M. I., Giuliano, S. M., Casaretto, C. L., Gambarotta, M. C. &  Neild, D. M. (2012) Evaluation of the effect of cooling and of the addition of collagenase on llama sperm DNA using toluidine blue. Andrologia 44, 239-247.

Cruz, R. S., S. M. Giuliano, M. C. Gambarotta, J. M. Morrell, M. C. Abraham, M. H. Miragaya & M. I. Carretero (2016) Comparison of different methods of sperm selection of llama raw semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 173, 8-12.

Director, A., S. Giuliano, V. Trasorras, I. Carretero, M. Pinto & M. Miragaya (2007) Electroejaculation in llama (Lama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 203-206.

Gauly, M. (1997) Seasonal changes in semen characters and serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17β, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in male llamas (Lama glama) in Central Europe. Justus-Liebig-Universität, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Giessen. p 163 pp

Giuliano, S., A. Director, M. Gambarotta, V. Trasorras & M. Miragaya (2008) Collection method, season and individual variation on seminal characteristics in the llama (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 104, 359-369.

Huanca, W. (2013) The challenges in reproductive management of South American camelids. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 21, 233-236.

Lichtenwalner, A. B., Woods, G. L. &  Weber, J. A. (1996) Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology  46, 285-291

Medina, V. H., E. G. Aisen & N. Bérgamo (2016) Improvement of sperm morphology of Lama glama using filter processing semen. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 36, 22.

Soler, C., M. Sancho, A. García-Molina, J. Núñez, V. H. Parráguez, J. Contell & E. Bustos-Obregón (2014) Llama and alpaca comparative sperm head morphometric analysis. Journal of Camelid Science, 7, 48-58.

Sumar, J. B. (1996) Reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Animal Reproduction Science, 42, 405-415.

Australia

[Nothing found specific to llamas but several on alpacas of possile interest]

Gabor, M., L. J. Gabor, S. Mukesh, M. Booth & R. Reece (2010) Chronic myositis in an Australian alpaca (Llama pacos) associated with Sarcocystis spp. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 966-969.

Jenkins, D. 2003. Guard animals for livestock protection: existing and potential use in Australia. Orange: NSW Agriculture.

Rashid, M. H., J. L. Vaughan, M. A. Stevenson, A. J. D. Campbell, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2018) Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Parasites and Vectors, 11, (4 July 2018).

-------------------, I. Beveridge, J. L. Vaughan & A. Jabbar (2019) Worm burdens and associated histopathological changes caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas from Australia. Parasitology Research, 118, 1031-1038.

------------------, M. A. Stevenson, A. J. D. Campbell, J. L. Vaughan, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2019) An assessment of worm control practices used by alpaca farmers in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology, 265, 91-100.

------------------, M. A. Stevenson, J. L. Vaughan, M. A. Saeed, A. J. D. Campbell, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2019) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: II. A longitudinal study. Parasitology Research, 118, 901-911.

B

Bacterial Disease (See Brucellosis, Bovine TB, Clostridial Disease, Coccidiosis, E-Coli Disease, Johne’s Disease, Lysteria, Salmenella)

Barber Pole Worm

Andrea, P. & K. Alfréd (2013) Barber pole's worm in alpacas. Animal Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems, 9, 305-309.

Edwards, E. E., Garner, B. C., Williamson, L. H., Storey, B. E. &  Sakamoto, K. (2016) Pathology of Haemonchus contortus in New World camelids in the southeastern United States a retrospective review. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, 105-109.

Marcoppido, G., Venzano, A., Schapirio, J., Funes, D. &  Rossetti, C. (2013) Haemonchus-induced anemia in llamas (Lama glama) from Argentina. International Journal of Veterinary Science 2, 111-114.

Pathology of Haemonchus contortus in New World camelids in the southeastern United States: a retrospective review.

Williamson, L. H.(2014) Barber pole worms and camelids: when worlds collide. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Behaviour (Also see Beserk Llama Syndrome, Mating, Reproduction, Retraint, Training, etc.)

Gerken, M., F. Scherpner, M. Gauly, D. Jaenecke & V. Dzapo (1998) Social behaviour and social distance in female llamas. KTBL-Schrift, 173-181.

Segretain, V., P. Lapeyronie, G. Molenat & P. Bosc. 1989. Behaviour of llamas, alone or associated with ewes, on irrigated pastures or on rough grazings in Crau. 1275-1276. Versailles: Association Française pour la Production Fourragère.

Blood (see Hematic System)

Bio Security

Birthing/Natal Care/Weaning (Also see Female Genetalia, Colostrum, Milk, Reproduction, Etc.)

Anderson, B. N.(1996) Llama babies : up, dry, and nursing. Salem, OR: A+ Llamas.

Anderson, D. E., T. A. Cotton & C. E. Whitehead. (2008)  Neonatal care for camelids: breeding to birthing to weaning. Manhattan: Veterinary Medical Continuing Education, Kansas State University.

------------------- (2013) Field diagnosis of choanal atresia. 147-150. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

--------------------(2013) Nasotracheal intubation. 47-50. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

--------------------(2013) Orotracheal intubation. 43-46. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Celedón, M. O., J. Osorio & J. Pizarro (2006) Isolation and identification of pestiviruses in alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) introduced to the Región Metropolitana, Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 247-252.

Husáková, T., K. Hauptmanová & L. Pavlata (2013) Alpaca and llama - premature birth of youngs and care for them. Veterinářství, 63, 625-630.

Riek, A., M. Gerken & E. Moors (2007) Measurement of milk intake in suckling llamas (Lama glama) using deuterium oxide dilution. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 867-875.

--------------- & M. Gerken (2010) Estimating total body water content in suckling and lactating llamas (Lama glama) by isotope dilution. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1189-1193.

Train, G. M. & S. S. Strain (1987) Caring for the premature Llama. Veterinary Medicine, 82, 1243-1244.

Whitehead, C. E. (2005) The effect of maternal supplementation of vitamin D on transplacental and transmammary transfer to neonatal llamas and alpacas

------------------------ & D. E. Anderson (2006) Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 207-215.

------------------------- (2009) Neonatal diseases in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 367-384.

Bolivia

Acosta-Alba, I., M. Tichit & F. Leger. 2008. Modelling sustainability of agropastoral systems in Bolivian arid highlands. 216. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House.

Bolton, M. (2007) Counting llamas and accounting for people: livestock, land and citizens in southern Bolivia. Sociological Review, 55, 5-21.

Campero, J. R. (2004) Camelids in South America. Lama (Lama pacos) production systems in Bolivia. 145-158. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

----------------- (2005) Camelids in South America. Lama (Lama pacos) production systems in Bolivia. 145-158. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

D'Apollonia, S. J., H. Meilby & M. Sørensen (2018) Ancient agropastoral system of the Bolivian Altiplano: a robust ecosystem endangered from changes in land-use. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 7, 70-90.

Delgado Santivanez, D. J. (2003) Perspectivas de la produccion de fibra de llama en Bolivia : potencial y desarrollo de estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la fibra y su aptitud para la comercializacion. Gottingen: Cuvillier.

Didier, G., V. Zenobio & A. Percy (1994) Diet Selection and Utilization by Llama and Sheep in a High Altitude-Arid Rangeland of Bolivia. Journal of Range Management, 47, 245-248.

Espinoza, J. E. (1981) Mineral status comparisons between llamas and sheep in the Bolivian Altiplano.

------------------, L. R. McDowell, J. Rodriguez, J. K. Loosli, J. H. Conrad & F. G. Martin (1982) Mineral status of llamas and sheep in the Bolivian Altiplano. Journal of Nutrition, 112, 2286-2292.

Fernández, G. P., Á. Segura, M. Herrera, W. Velasco, G. Solano, J. M. Gutiérrez & G. León (2010) Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation. Toxicon, 55, 642-645.

Fugal, R. A., V. J. Anderson & B. Roundy (2010) Exotic grass and shrub production evaluation and llama preference on the Bolivian Altiplano. Small Ruminant Research, 94, 150-160.

Genin, D., Z. Villca & P. Abasto (1994) Diet selection and utilization by llama and sheep in high altitude-arid rangeland of Bolivia. Journal of Range Management, 47, 245-248.

Hashimoto, K. (2006) Commodification of farm products in Andes highlands, production of llama meat of Bolivia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 50, 288-292.

Hribljan, J. A., D. J. Cooper, J. Sueltenfuss, E. C. Wolf, K. A. Heckman, E. A. Lilleskov & R. A. Chimner (2014) Carbon storage and long-term rate of accumulation in high-altitude Andean peatlands of Bolivia. Mires and Peat, 15, Article 12.

Keleman Saxena, A., X. Cadima Fuentes, R. Gonzales Herbas & D. L. Humphries (2016) Indigenous Food Systems and Climate Change: Impacts of Climatic Shifts on the Production and Processing of Native and Traditional Crops in the Bolivian Andes. Front Public Health, 4, 20.

Limon, G., J. Guitian & N. G. Gregory (2009) A note on the slaughter of llamas in Bolivia by the puntilla method. Meat Science, 82, 405-406.

Lopez Lopez, L. C. (2008) Hair, feces and breath isotope fractionation in alpacas (llama pacos), llamas (llama glama) and guanacos (llama guanacoe) from Bolivia and Chile.

Markemann, A., A. Stemmer, M. Siegmund-Schultze, H. P. Piepho & A. V. Zárate (2009) Stated preferences of llama keeping functions in Bolivia. Livestock Science, 124, 119-125.

-------------------- (2010) Functions and selection criteria for a llama population in the Bolivian Andes.

Nuernberg, M. & A. Valle Zárate (2001) Evaluation of camelid-based farming systems in rural communities in the highlands of Bolivia. 27-33. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Peduzzi, F. (2008) The rearing of llamas in southern Potosí, Bolivia. An analysis of the experience of the AZCCAs (Zonal Associations of Llama Breeders). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, 102, 161-181.

Ravollo, O. R. (2002) Improving llama production in Bolivia. LEISA, 18, 22-23.

Rodríguez C, T. & G. Torres-Hernández (1982) A genetic study of some production traits in the llama (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Bolivia. 1. Meat production. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 17, 35-44.

---------------- (1982) A genetic study of some production traits in the llama (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Bolivia. 2. Wool production. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 17, 45-54.

----------------, T. & G. Torres-Hernández (1981) Preweaning growth in llamas on pasture on the high plateau in Bolivia. Memoria, Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal, 16, 162.

Rooney, A. L., G. Limon, H. Vides, A. Cortez & J. Guitian. 2013. A cross-sectional study of Sarcocystis spp. in llamas (Lama glama) in Southern Bolivia including an economic costing of loss in income caused by the disease. 175-183. Roslin: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.

---------------- (2014) Sarcocystis spp. in llamas (Lama glama) in Southern Bolivia: a cross sectional study of the prevalence, risk factors and loss in income caused by carcass downgrades. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 116, 296-304.

Sammells, C. A. (1995) The negotiation of ethnic identity : multifaceted images of llama meat in La Paz, Bolivia.

Siegmund-Schultze, M., J. Delgado, A. Stemmer, A. Markemann & A. V. Zárate. 2008. Llama de Ayopaya: towards marketing of high quality fine fibre in the Bolivian Andes. 1074. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing House.

Siekmeier, J. F. (2000) A Sacrificial Llama? The Expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971. Pacific Historical Review, 69, 65-87.

Stemmer, A. (2017) The llama of Ayopaya in Bolivia: at risk of extinction? Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 9, 8-13.

Wurzinger, M., J. Delgado, M. Nürnberg, G. Ugarte, A. Valle Zárate, A. Stemmer & J. Sölkner. 2002. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits in Bolivian llamas. 0-4. Montpellier: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA).

-----------------, J. Delgado, M. Nürnberg, A. V. Zárate, A. Stemmer, G. Ugarte & J. Sölkner (2005) Growth curves and genetic parameters for growth traits in Bolivian llamas. Livestock Production Science, 95, 73-81.

Zachary, V. A. (2005) Winter Grazing at 13,000 Feet: Improving Forages for Subsistence Agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano. Rangelands, 27, 15-17.

Blood - (see Heaminic System)

Blue Tongue

Afshar, A., R. A. Heckert, G. C. Dulac, H. C. Trotter & D. J. Myers (1995) Application of competitive ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31, 327-330.

Allen, A. J., J. B. Stanton, J. F. Evermann, L. M. Fry, M. G. Ackerman & G. M. Barrington (2015) Bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the northwestern region of the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest, 27, 226-30.

Bouts, T. & C. Oura. 2009. Developing a vaccination plan and serological responses of BTV-8 vaccinated zoo animals. 3-6. Berlin: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research.

Eschbaumer, M., C. Schulz, R. Wäckerlin, M. Gauly, M. Beer & B. Hoffmann (2011) Limitations of sandwich ELISAs for bluetongue virus antibody detection. Veterinary Record, 168, 643.

Marcoppido, G., V. Parreño & B. Vilá (2010) Antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) population in the Argentinean Andean Altiplano. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46, 608-614.

Meyer, G., C. Lacroux, S. Leger, S. Top, K. Goyeau, M. Deplanche & M. Lemaire (2009) Lethal bluetongue virus serotype 1 infection in llamas. Emerging infectious diseases, 15, 608-611.

Navillod, F. V., M. D'Ottavio, L. Domenis, V. Botti, S. Robetto, M. Mancini, W. Mignone, A. Bertolla, M. Ragionieri, G. Savini, R. Orusa & C. Guidetti. 2010. Case of seropositivity. From BTV 8 in a llama bred in Valle d'Aosta. 310-311. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Niedbalski, W. (2013) Bluetongue in wildlife. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 69, 407-410.

Risco-Castillo, V., J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, F. J. García-Peña, I. Arnaiz-Seco, D. Hoces, H. Castillo, Á. Veliz & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2014) Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in Peru. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 641-646.

Schulz, C., M. Eschbaumer, M. Rudolf, P. König, M. Keller, C. Bauer, M. Gauly, C. G. Grevelding, M. Beer & B. Hoffmann (2012) Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 257-265.

--------------, M. Eschbaumer, M. Ziller, R. Wäckerlin, M. Beer, M. Gauly, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann & C. Bauer (2012) Cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in South American camelids in Germany (2008/2009). Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 35-42.

---------------, M. Ziller, H. Kampen, M. Gauly, M. Beer, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann, C. Bauer & D. Werner (2015) Culicoides vector species on three South American camelid farms seropositive for bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Germany 2008/2009. Vet Parasitol, 214, 272-81.

Zanolari, P., L. Bruckner, R. Fricker, C. Kaufmann, M. Mudry, C. Griot & M. Meylan (2010) Humoral response to 2 inactivated bluetongue virus serotype-8 vaccines in South American camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24, 956-959.

--------------, V. Chaignat, C. Kaufmann, M. Mudry, C. Griot, B. Thuer & M. Meylan (2010) Serological survey of bluetongue virus serotype-8 infection in South American camelids in Switzerland (2007-2008). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24, 426-430.

Body Condition Scoring

Wolf, P. L. 2007. The geriatric small ruminant - dental care, body condition scoring, and nutrition. 290-292. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Bovine TB

Alvarez, J., J. Bezos, L. d. Juan, M. Vordermeier, S. Rodriguez, I. G. Fernandez-de-Mera, A. Mateos & L. Domínguez (2012) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59, 1-10.

Barlow, A. M., K. A. Mitchell & K. H. Visram (1999) Bovine tuberculosis in llama (Lama glama) in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 639-640.

Belknap, E. B., D. M. Getzy, L. W. Johnson, R. P. Ellis, G. L. Thompson & W. P. Shulaw (1994) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 1805-1808.

Bezos, J., C. Casal, J. Álvarez, A. Díez-Guerrier, A. Rodríguez-Bertos, B. Romero, P. Rueda, L. López, L. Domínguez & L. d. Juan (2013) Evaluation of the performance of cellular and serological diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herd naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 111, 304-313.

----------, B. Romero, A. Delgado, J. Álvarez, C. Casal, Á. Venteo, I. González, L. Domínguez & L. d. Juan (2014) Evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) herds under field conditions in Peru. Veterinary Record, 174, 532.

Braga L, W. (1993) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in abscesses of adult alpacas and llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Pecuarias, 6, 128-131.

Braga, W. U., A. E. Chavera & A. E. González (2006) Clinical, humoral, and pathologic findings in adult alpacas with experimentally induced Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67, 1570-1574.

----------------, (2007) Protection in alpacas against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis using different bacterial components. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 297-303.

Broadbent, B. (2018) Testing for TB in camelids. Veterinary Record, 183, 301.

Broughan, J. M., K. A. Harris, A. Brouwer, S. H. Downs, A. V. Goodchild, P. A. Upton & N. H. Smith (2015) Bovine TB infection status in cattle in Great Britain in 2013. Veterinary Record, 176, 326-330.

Card, C. S. (1992) Report of the Committee on infectious disease of cattle, bison and llama. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association 96, 61-70.

Cheney, J. M. & G. T. Allen (1989) Parasitism in llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 217-225.

Dean, G. S., T. R. Crawshaw, R. D. L. Rua-Domenech, L. Farrant, R. Greenwald, R. J. Higgins, K. Lyashchenko, H. M. Vordermeier & D. F. Twomey (2009) Use of serological techniques for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a llama herd. Veterinary Record, 165, 323-324.

Frank, W., E. C. Reisinger, W. Brandt-Hamerla, I. Schwede & W. Handrick (2009) Mycobacterium microti - pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 121, 282-286.

Frost, B.(1998) Research update on diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in llamas/alpacas. 726-727. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

Gomes, M. J. P. 2010. Paratuberculosis in Brazil: challenges and opportunities. unpaginated. Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

Hernandez-Llamas, A., F. J. Magallon-Barajas, R. Perez-Enriquez, J. Cabanillas-Ramos, H. M. Esparza-Leal & G. Portillo-Clark (2014) Pond shutdown as a strategy for preventing outbreaks of white spot disease in shrimp farms in Mexico. Reviews in Aquaculture, 6, 67-74, 128.

Horstkotte, M. A., Sobottka, I., Schewe, C. K., Schäfer, P., Laufs, R., Rüsch-Gerdes, S. &  Niemann, S. (2001) Mycobacterium microti llama- type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. Journal of clinical microbiology 39, 406-407

Hunter, D. (2010) Brucellosis and Johne's disease in cervids and bovids. Gainesville, The North American Veterinary Conference. pp 309-311

Horstkotte, M. A., I. Sobottka, C. K. Schewe, P. Schäfer, R. Laufs, S. Rüsch-Gerdes & S. Niemann (2001) Mycobacterium microti llama- type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 406-407.

Infantes-Lorenzo, J. A., C. E. Whitehead, I. Moreno, J. Bezos, A. Roy, L. Domínguez, M. Domínguez & F. J. Salguero (2018) Development and evaluation of a serological assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpacas and llamas. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 189.

Kramsky, J. A., D. S. Miller, A. Hope & M. T. Collins (2000) Modification of a bovine ELISA to detect camelid antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 333-337.

Kuntze, A. (1991) Arthritis et periarthritis tuberculosa. Some aspects of diagnosis of tuberculosis in zoo ruminants (Cervidae, llama, goat). (Brief communication). Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin, 46, 362-365.

Lopes, T., A. Silva, R. Thiago, A. Carneiro, F. A. Dorella, F. S. Rocha, A. R. d. Santos, A. R. J. Lima, L. C. Guimarães, E. G. V. Barbosa, D. Ribeiro, K. K. Fiaux, C. A. A. Diniz, V. A. C. d. Abreu, S. S. d. Almeida, S. S. Hassan, A. Ali, S. M. Bakhtiar, F. F. Aburjaile, A. C. Pinto, S. d. C. Soares, U. d. P. Pereira, M. P. C. Schneider, A. Miyoshi, J. Edman & S. Spier (2012) Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strain Cp267, isolated from a llama. Journal of Bacteriology, 194, 3567-3568.

Lubelczyk, C., J. P. Mutebi, S. Robinson, S. P. Elias, L. B. Smith, S. A. Juris, K. Foss, A. Lichtenwalner, K. J. Shively, D. E. Hoenig, L. Webber, S. Sears & R. P. Smith, Jr. (2013) An epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, Maine, USA in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 95-102.

Lyashchenko, K., R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, M. Meylan, I. H. Burri & P. Zanolari (2007) Antibody responses in New World camelids with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti. Veterinary microbiology, 125, 265-273.

Meylan, M. (2009) Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti in South American camelids.  Journa of Veterinary Interanl Medicine 23, 1266-1272.

Miller, D. S., M. T. Collins, B. B. Smith, P. R. Anderson, J. Kramsky, G. Wilder & A. Hope (2000) Specificity of four serologic assays for Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis in llamas and alpacas: a single herd study. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 12, 345-353.

---------------, B. B. Smith, T. Gerros, M. T. Collins, J. Cooley & J. McClure (1999) Paratuberculosis in llamas and alpacas. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 21, S220-S229.

Mongoh, M. N., N. W. Dyer, C. L. Stoltenow & M. L. Khaitsa (2008) Risk factors associated with anthrax outbreak in animals in North Dakota, 2005: a retrospective case-control study. Public Health Reports, 123, 352-359.

Moser, I., K. Ternes, M. Peters, M. Büttner & M. Spanò (2015) Comments on the presence of tuberculosis in animals except bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Germany: findings from 2002-2014. Tierärztliche Umschau, 70, 167-176.

Müller, K.(2015) BtB testing in South American camelids. 45. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Oevermann, A., G. E. Pfyffer, P. Zanolari, M. Meylan & N. Robert (2004) Generalized tuberculosis in llamas (Lama glama) due to Mycobacterium microti. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 1818-1821.

Papastergiu, D., G. Rapuntean, S. Rapuntean & G. Nadas (2009) Consideration regarding Mycobacterium paratuberculosis natural reservoires and their involvement in disease epidemiology. Lucrări Științifice - Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, 52, 1043-1050.

Rojas, M., A. Manchego, C. B. Rocha, L. A. Fornells, R. C. Silva, G. S. Mendes, H. G. Dias, N. Sandoval, D. Pezo & N. Santos (2016) Outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the southern Peruvian highland. J Infect Dev Ctries, 10, 269-74.

Salgado, M., I. Sevilla, C. Rios, J. Crossley, C. Tejeda & E. Manning (2016) Presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in alpacas (lama pacos) inhabiting the chilean altiplano. J Zoo Wildl Med, 47, 12-6.

Sarma, G., S. K. Das & P. K. Dutta (1983) Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in deer in the Assam state zoo. Veterinary Record, 113, 420-421.

Shinde, S. B., S. D. Hagawane, D. N. Rajguru & G. P. Dhage (2010) Tuberculosis in wild animals. Veterinary Practitioner, 11, 76-79.

Simmons, A. G. (1989) Alternative site for the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in the llama (Llama [Lama] glama). Veterinary Record 124, 17-18.

Stanitznig, A., J. L. Khol, B. Lambacher, S. Franz, P. Kralik, I. Slana, P. Vasickova & T. Wittek (2017) Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and hepatitis E in New World Camelids in Austria. Veterinary Record, 181, 46.

Starnes, A. (2014) Tests for diagnosis of TB in camelids. Veterinary Record, 175, 23.

Stephen, C., S. Lester, W. Black, M. Fyfe & S. Raverty (2002) Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 43, 792-794.

Stevens, J. B., C. O. Thoen, E. B. Rohonczy, S. Tessaro, H. A. Kelly & J. R. Duncan (1998) The immunological response of llamas (Lama glama) following experimental infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 102-109.

Tharaldsen, J., B. Djønne, B. Fredriksen, O. Nyberg & Ò. Sigurdardóttir (2003) The national paratuberculosis program in Norway. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 44, 243-246.

Thoen, C. O., R. M. S. Temple & L. W. Johnson (1988) An evaluation of certain diagnostic tests for detecting some immune responses in llamas exposed to Mycobacterium bovis. Proceedings of the United States Animal

Torres, A., E. J. Dubovi, W. C. Rebhun & J. M. King (1985) Isolation of a herpesvirus associated with an outbreak of blindness and encephalitis in a herd of Alpacas and Llamas. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, 66, 50.

Twomey, D. F., T. R. Crawshaw, J. E. Anscombe, L. Farrant, L. J. Evans, W. S. McElligott, R. J. Higgins, G. Dean, M. Vordermeier, K. Jahans & R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2007) TB in llamas caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Veterinary Record, 160, 170.

-------------------, D. F., T. R. Crawshaw, J. E. Anscombe, J. E. F. Barnett, L. Farrant, L. J. Evans, W. S. McElligott, R. J. Higgins, G. S. Dean, H. M. Vordermeier & R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2010) Assessment of antemortem tests used in the control of an outbreak of tuberculosis in llamas (Lamaglama). Veterinary Record, 167, 475-480.

-------------------, R. Collins, M. P. Cranwell, T. R. Crawshaw, R. J. Higgins, G. S. Dean, H. M. Vordermeier, A. Hollingdale & R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2012) Controlling tuberculosis in a llama (Lama glama) herd using clinical signs, tuberculin skin testing and serology. Veterinary Journal, 192, 246-248.

Wernery, U., A. Abraham, S. Joseph, R. Thomas, G. Syriac, R. Raghavan & T. Baker (2011) Evaluation of 5 indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to paratuberculosis in dromedaries. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 18, 47-52.

Zanolari, P., N. Robert, K. Lyashchenko, G. Pfyffer, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari & M. Meylan (2009) Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium microti in South American camelids. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 23, 1266-1272.

Brain

Butt, M. T., A. Weldon, D. Step, A. d. Lahunta & C. R. Huxtable (1991) Encephalitic listeriosis in two adult llamas (Lama glama): clinical presentations, lesions and immunofluorescence of Listeria monocytogenes in brainstem lesions. Cornell Veterinarian, 81, 251-258.

De Souza, E., M. L. Sanchez, L. Aguilar, Z. DÃaz-Cabiale, J. Narva¡ez & R. Coveas (2015) Mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca (Lama pacos) brainstem. Microsc Res Tech, 78, 363-74.

Ebensperger, G., R. Ebensperger, E. A. Herrera, R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, F. Lesage, J. J. Marengo, R. I. Tejo, A. J. Llanos & R. V. Reyes (2005) Fetal brain hypometabolism during prolonged hypoxaemia in the llama. Journal of Physiology, 567, 963-975.

Galleguillos, M., M. A. Valenzuela, R. Riquelme, E. Sanhueza, G. Sánchez, J. P. Figueroa & A. J. Llanos (2001) Nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 129, 605-614.

Gauly, M., J. Vaughan, S. K. Hogreve & G. Erhardt (2005) Brainstem auditory-evoked potential assessment of auditory function and congenital deafness in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (L. pacos). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 756-760.

Kiełtyka-Kurc, A., H. Frąckowiak, M. Zdun, M. Nabzdyk, K. Kowalczyk & M. Tołkacz (2014) The arteries on the base of the brain in the camelids (Camelidae). Italian Journal of Zoology, 81, 215-220.

Llanos, A. J., R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, E. Herrera, G. Cabello, D. A. Giussani & J. T. Parer (2002) Regional brain blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 538, 975-983.

Middleton, J. R. 2007. Camelid brain-teasers: a case-based approach. 301-303. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Rotman, M., M. M. Welling, M. L. van den Boogaard, L. G. Moursel, L. M. van der Graaf, M. A. van Buchem, S. M. van der Maarel & L. van der Weerd (2015) Fusion of hIgG1-Fc to 111In-anti-amyloid single domain antibody fragment VHH-pa2H prolongs blood residential time in APP/PS1 mice but does not increase brain uptake. Nucl Med Biol, 42, 695-702.

Sánchez, M. L., E. d. Souza, L. A. Aguilar & R. Coveñas (2018) Distribution of alpha-neoendorphin, ACTH (18-39) and beta-endorphin (1-27) in the alpaca brainstem. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 47, 481-492.

Trevino, G. S. & C. L. Alden (1972) 'Mucocytes' in the brain of a llama: a case report. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 8, 359-364.

Webb, A. A., C. L. Cullen & L. A. Lamont (2006) Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in eastern Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 74-77.

Breeding (See Reproduction)

Brucellosis (See ?)

C

Cardio-Vascular System (Also see Haemenic System, Heart, Respiration)

Websites

Cardiac-gated computed tomography angiography in three alpacas with complex congenital heart disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803197

Images

Carting

Driving Camelids Chronicle No. 1 p3 and No. 2, 1988, p7.

Godwin, C.  (1993) Carting and Llamas Camelids Chronicle No 24, p. 15.

Pryce, M. (1999), Henry’s Driving Lesson Camelids Chronicle No. 45, p. 9.

Shinnick, R. (1997) Llama Driving: Choosing a Llama Camelids Chronicle 38 pp. 11-12.

Shinnick, R. (200?) Llama Driving: A Basic Guide to Training and Driving Your Llama 64pp.

Castration (Also see Reproduction)

Baird, A. N., D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel & H. C. Lin (1996) Comparison of two techniques for castration of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 261-262.

Barrington, G. M., T. F. Meyer & S. M. Parish (1993) Standing castration of the llama using butorphanol tartrate and local anesthesia. Equine Practice, 15, 35-39.

Bravo, P. W. & J. Sumar (1991) Evaluation of intra-abdominal vasectomy in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 1164-1169.

Brown, C. J. (1994) Castration of llamas. Veterinary Record, 134, 659-660.

Dargatz, D. A. & L. W. Johnson (1987) Castrating the llama: a step-by-step guide. Veterinary Medicine, 82, 625-627.

Harreveld, P. D. , S. M. Angelos, D. P. Gnad & D. C.  Metre (2000) Llama castration. Compendium on Continuing

Jones, M. L.(2013) Castration. 293-297. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Nickolmann, S., S. Hoy & M. Gauly. (2001)  Effects of castration on the behaviour, and testosterone and serum thyroid hormone levels of male llamas (Lama glama). 75-78. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

------------------- (2008) Effects of castration on the behaviour of male llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 319-323.

Pugh, D. G. & M. Gauly (1995) Castration technique for llamas. Praktische Tierarzt, 76, 461-463.

--------------, A. N. Baird, D. F. Wolfe, J. G. W. Wenzel & H. C. Lin (1994) A prescrotal castration technique for llamas. Equine Practice, 16, 26-28.

Rodgerson, D. H., Baird, A. N., Lin, H. C. &  Pugh, D. G. (1998) Ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopic ovariectomy in llamas. Veterinary Surgery 27, 331-336.

Roth, C. &  Ganter, M. (2007) Urolithiasis in a gelded llama. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere 35, 446-452.

Rousseau, M., D. E. Anderson, A. J. Niehaus, M. D. Miesner & S. Nichols (2013) Osseous sequestration in alpacas and llamas: 36 cases (1999-2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243, 430-436.

Chile

Aguirre, I. M., R. Fuentes & M. O. Celedón (2014) Genotypic characterization of Chilean llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 312-317.

-----------------, M. P. Quezada & M. O. Celedón (2014) Antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from alpaca (Vicugna pacos), llama (Lama glama) and bovines in Chile. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 324-330.

Alcaino, H. & T. Gorman (1999) Parasites of domestic animals in Chile. Parasitología al Día, 23, 33-41.

--------------, T. Gorman & M. Burgos (1991) Gastrointestinal helminthiasis in llamas (Lama glama) from Region I of Chile. Parasitología al Dia, 15, 93-96.

Candia A, M., M. E. Rodriguez R & E. Orellana G (1986) Haematological study on llamas in the I region of Chile. IDESIA, 10, 35-37.

Celedón, M., A. Sandoval, J. Droguett, R. Calfio, L. Ascencio, J. Pizarro & C. Navarro (2001) Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 33, 165-172.

--------------, J. Osorio & J. Pizarro (2006) Isolation and identification of pestiviruses in alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) introduced to the Región Metropolitana, Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 247-252.

Cepeda, C. P., C. Navarro & M. O. Celedón (2011) A serological survey of parainfluenza-3 virus in South American camelids from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 43, 177-179.

Erskine Molina, D. & M. Miqueles Rodriguez (1975) Gastro-intestinal parasites of South American llamas in the first region of Chile. Boletin, Servicio Agricola y Ganader (Chile), 19-22.

Gorman, T., J. P. Arancibia, M. Lorca, D. Hird & H. Alcaino (1999) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and alpacas (Llama pacos) in Chile. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 40, 143-149.

Lopez Lopez, L. C. 2008. Hair, feces and breath isotope fractionation in alpacas (llama pacos), llamas (llama glama) and guanacos (llama guanacoe) from Bolivia and Chile.

McNiven R, V., U. Guajardo G & L. A. Raggi S (1993) Cestrum parqui poisoning in South American camelids reared in the arid area of central Chile. Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 8, 66-68.

Norambuena, M. C., Y. Gómez, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, A. v. Baer & M. Ratto (2013) Relationship between systemic leptin concentration and reproductive state in llamas (Lama glama) from southern Chile. Small Ruminant Research, 113, 402-404.

Patitucci, A. N., M. J. Pérez, G. Barril, C. M. Cárcamo & A. Muñoz (2006) Serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in llamas and alpacas from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 179-182.

Pérez, P., M. Maino, R. Guzmán, A. Vaquero, C. Köbrich & J. Pokniak (2000) Carcass characteristics of llamas (Lama glama) reared in Central Chile. Small Ruminant Research, 37, 93-97.

Pollard, G. C. & I. M. Drew (1975) Llama Herding and Settlement in Prehispanic Northern Chile: Application of an Analysis for Determining Domestication. American Antiquity, 40, 296-305.

Raggi, S. L., R. T. Ullrich, G. G. Castellaro, V. M. Zolezzi, R. Rojas C, G. Ferrando R & V. Parraguez G (1996) Use of different methods of pregnancy diagnosis in an experimental flock of alpacas (Lama pacos) and in llamas (Lama glama) on the high plateau in Region I of Chile. Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 11, 10-15.

-------------- (2000) Advances in research and management of llamas (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) in Chile. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 27, 27-37.

Salgado, M., I. Sevilla, C. Rios, J. Crossley, C. Tejeda & E. Manning (2016) Presence of  Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Alpacas inhabiting the Chilean Altiplan. J Zoo Wildl Med, 47, 12-6.

Schenone, H. & A. Rojas (1988) Epidemiology of animal fascioliasis in Chile. Trends in the prevalence rates, by regions, in 5 species of meat producing animals slaughtered at Chilean abattoirs, 1977-1986. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología, 43, 68-70.

Souza, M. V. d., L. G. R. d. Silva, V. Silva-Pinto, P. Mendez-Quiros, S. A. d. M. Chaves & A. M. Iñiguez (2018) New paleoparasitological investigations from the pre-Inca to Hispanic contact period in northern Chile. Acta Tropica, 178, 290-296.

Struthers, G. (1989) Alpacas and llamas to New Zealand from Chile. Surveillance (Wellington), 16, 28.

Tornquist, S. J., L. Boeder, C. Rios-Phillips & V. Alarcon (2010) Prevalence of Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in Peruvian and Chilean llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 766-769.

Wackwitz, B., G. Castellaro, H. Schwartz, A. Raggi & H. U. Berlin (1999) Botanical composition of the diets of alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) in the Andean rangelands of Chile. Sustainable Technology Development in Animal Agriculture.

Westbury, M., S. Prost, A. Seelenfreund, J. M. Ramírez, E. A. Matisoo-Smith & M. Knapp (2016) First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids - the mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile). Scientific Reports, 6, 38708.

Classification (Zoological/Taxonomy) (Also see History)

Aguirre, I. M., R. Fuentes & M. O. Celedón (2014) Genotypic characterization of Chilean llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 312-317.

Anello, M., M. S. Daverio, S. R. Romero, F. Rigalt, M. B. Silbestro, L. Vidal-Rioja & F. Di Rocco (2016) Genetic diversity and conservation status of managed vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) populations in Argentina. Genetica, 144, 85-97.

Anon. (1990) Fifth Llama Species? Camelid Chronicle No. 11 (September), p. 3

Anon. (1991) Camelid Evolution & History. Camelid Chronicle   No. 13

Barreta, J. 2012. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the South American camelids. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Bonavia, D. (2009) The South American Camelids Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.

Capriles J M and Tripcevich N (eds.) (2016) The Archaeology of Andean Pastoralism University of New Mexico Press, United States.

Bonnier, E., & Kaplan, L. (1988). Piruru: A preliminary report on the archaelogical botany of a highland Andean site. In E. S. Wing & J. C. Wheeler (Eds.), Economic prehistory of the Central Andes (BAR International Series, Vol. 427, pp. 148–153)

Burger, P. A. (2016) The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics. Trop Anim Health Prod 48, 905-913.

Bustamante, A. V., A. Zambelli, D. A. , Lamo, J. v. Thungen & L. Vidal-Rioja (2002) Genetic variability of guanaco and llama populations in Argentina. Small Ruminant Research, 44, 97-101.

Guillermo, LuisMengoni Goñalons, Camelids in ancient Andean societies: A review of the zooarchaeological evidence, Quaternary International, Volume 185, Issue 1 (July 2008), Pages 59-68.

Gutierrez, Maria Cecilalia A. (2007) Taphonomy and Zooarchaeology in Argentina (British Archaeological Reports International Series, 1601) British Archaeological Reports

Jin, L., C. K. Cebra, R. J. Baker, D. E. Mattson, S. A. Cohen, D. E. Alvarado & G. F. Rohrmann (2007) Analysis of the genome sequence of an alpaca coronavirus. Virology, 365, 198-203.

Kessler, M.(1997) Studies on the geneology of New-World camelids (llama, alpaca and guanaco) by means of mitochondrial DNA. Structure and composition of the New-World camelid population of Germany. 176 pp.: Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.

Marín, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. González, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey, M. W. Bruford, R. E. Palma, E. Poulin, M. A. Alliende & Á. E. Spotorno (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80, 121-140.

Pachaly, J. R. (2001) Zoology of the South American camelids. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 4, 81-83.

Payne, K., (2017) What exactly is a ccara llama? Llama Link 46 (Autumn) 22-23.

Petrigh, R. S., M. M. Cafrune & M. H. Fugassa (2019) First mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of Lamanema chavezi (Nematoda: Molineidae): novel findings to improve its identification in feces from South American camelids. Parasitology International, 68, 60-62.

Quispe, E. C. (2017) Determination of best sampling site for Chaku llamas (Lama glama) for six technological traits. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 50.

Saber, .A. S. M. (2012)  The camel journey from North America to Africa and Australia : History of the dromedary from the Eocene till today LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

Sumar, J. (1993) Do different llama breeds exist? Revista de Investigaciones Pecuarias 6, 87-93.

Westbury, M., S. Prost, A. Seelenfreund, J. M. Ramírez, E. A. Matisoo-Smith & M. Knapp (2016) First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids - the mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile). Scientific Reports, 6, 38708.

Wheeler, Jane C., Lounès Chikhi, and Michael W. Bruford, 2006, Genetic Analysis of the Origins of Domestic South American Camelids, Chapter 23 in New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by Melinda A Zeder, et al., published by the University of California Press.

Clostridium (Also see Milk, Reproduction)

Albini, S., I. Brodard, A. Jaussi, N. Wollschlaeger, J. Frey, R. Miserez & C. Abril (2008) Real-time multiplex PCR assays for reliable detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, 179-185.

Bentancor, A. B., P. Halperin, M. Flores & F. Iribarren (2009) Antibody response to the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens following vaccination of Lama glama crias. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 624-627.

Conway, J. O., L. J. Sherwood, M. T. Collazo, J. A. Garza & A. Hayhurst (2010) Llama single domain antibodies specific for the 7 botulinum neurotoxin serotypes as heptaplex immunoreagents. PLoS ONE, e8818.

Ellis, R. P., A. Ramirez, R. J. Todd, L. Phillips, T. McConnell, M. Fowler, R. Walker & E. Hoffman. 1990. An overview of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxemia in alpacas and llamas. 2-3. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Ellis, R. P., R. J. Todd, L. A. Metelman-Alvis, A. L. Newton, T. J. Thompson, L. W. Johnson & A. Ramirez. 1990. Response of llamas to Clostridium perfringens types C and D vaccines. 4-5. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Garmory, H. S., N. Chanter, N. P. French, D. Bueschel, J. G. Songer & R. W. Titball (2000) Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens β2-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays. Epidemiology and Infection, 124, 61-67.

Hutchison, J., M. Salman, F. Garry, L. Johnson, T. Keefe & R. Ellis (1997) Evaluation of factors affecting the response of llamas to vaccination with Clostridium perfringens C toxoid. Épidémiologie et Santé Animale, 08.06.1-08.06.2.

Kotorri, S., K. Korro, R. Bakiu, P. Muhedini & B. Gora (2016) Enterotoxemia in Albanian zoo-Park llama (Lama glama): Clostridium perfringens-type C was the causative agent. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 11, 42-46.

Tyler, J. W., A. Petersen, J. Ginsky, S. Parish, T. Besser, C. Leathers & J. Beyer (1996) Clostridial myonecrosis, hepatitis, and nephritis in a llama with vegetative endocarditis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 10, 94-96.

Coccidiosis

Butkiewicz, C. D. & L. F. Shubitz (2019) Coccidioidomycosis in alpacas in the southwestern United States. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66, 807-812.

Coster, M. E., J. A. Ramos-Vara, R. Vemulapalli, J. Stiles & S. G. Krohne (2010) Coccidioides posadasii keratouveitis in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13, 53-57.

Dubey, J. P. (2018) Gametogony of Eimeria macusaniensis Guerrero, Hernandez, Bazalar and Alva, 1971 in llama (Lama glama). Parasitology, 145, 1540-1547.

----------------- (2018) A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids. Parasitology Research, 117, 1999-2013.

Pilco, M. & E. Serrano-Martínez (2018) Neospora caninum in llamas of Huancavelica, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 29, 1449-1455.

Schrey, C. F., T. A. Abbott, V. A. Stewart & W. C. Marquardt (1991) Coccidia of the llama, Lama glama, in Colorado and Wyoming. Veterinary Parasitology, 40, 21-28.

Tilc, K. & Z. Hanuskova (1976) Dynamics of coccidiases and helminthiases in Siberian ibexes and other ruminants in a zoo and the respective control measures. Acta Veterinaria, Brno, 45, 133-140.

Whitehead, C. E. & D. E. Anderson (2006) Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 207-215.

Colon (See Digestion)

Communications

Franklin, W. L. (1988) Lama Language Modes of Communication in the South American Camelids Camelids Chronicle No 2, 4-8.

Conformation

Fowler, M. E. (1990) Form, Function, Conformation & Soundness Camelid Chronicle   No. 10

Krieger, R. and M. Krieger, In Search of the Ideal Llama: Assessing Conformational Traits in Llamas : the Field Guide. 1994: Saltspring Island Llamas and Alpacas.

Walters, A. L., Semevolos, S. A. &  Baker, R. E. (2016) Goniometrie evaluation of standing extension and maximum flexion joint angles of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research 77, 1000-1004.

Copper (Also see Posining, Toxicology)

Carmalt JL, Baptiste KE, Blakley B. Suspect copper toxicity in an alpaca. Can. Vet. J. 42:554-556, 2001.

Clauss, M., C. Lendl, P. Schramel & W. J. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

Junge, R. E. & L. Thornburg (1989) Copper poisoning in four llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 195, 987-989.

Morgan KL. Ataxia and head tremor in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Vet. Rec 131:216-217, 1992.

Mullaney TP, Slanker MR, Fitzgerald SD, Elliott MW, Braselton WE, Main KE. Copper toxicosis in llamas. In: Proc. Am. Assoc. Vet Lab. Diag. p. 36 (Abstract), 1996.

National Research Council, 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy pp.

Pugh, D.G., 1993. Copper Press, Washington, D.C., 362 pp. Pugh, D.G., 1993. Copper nutrition in llamas. Llamas 7(2):77-79.

Palmer AC, Blakemore WF, O'Sullivan B, Ashton DG, Scott WA. Ataxia and spinal cord degeneration in llama, wildebeeste and camel. Vet. Rec. 107:10-11. 1980.

Rahn-Chique, K., N. Carrion & M. Murillo (2012) Determination of copper, magnesium and zinc in mononuclear leukocytes by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Investigación Clínica, 53, 342-352.

Saun, R. J. v. 2012. Understanding copper nutrition in small ruminants. 155-160. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Smith B. B, Van Saun R. J, Reed PJ, Craig AM, Youngberg A. Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59(8):1063- 1070, 1998.

Smith JA, Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases of South American camelids. Vet. Clinics N.A.:Food Anim. Pract. 5(1):101-143, 1989. 

Weaver, D. M., J. W. Tyler, R. S. Marion, S. W. Casteel, C. M. Loiacono & J. R. Turk (1999) Subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 40, 422-424.

Van Saun, R.J., 2006. Nutrient requirements of South American camelids: A factorial approach. Small Ruminant Research 61:153-164.

Weaver DM, Tyler JW, Marion RS, Casteel SW, Loiacono CM, Turk JR. Subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. Can. Vet. J. 40:422-424, 1999

Copulation (See Mating, Also see Reproduction)

Cox Pox

Cardeti, G., A. Brozzi, C. Eleni, N. Polici, G. D'Alterio, F. Carletti, M. T. Scicluna, C. Castilletti, M. R. Capobianchi, A. d. Caro, G. L. Autorino & D. Amaddeo (2011) Cowpox virus in Llama, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 1513-1515.

Franke, A., D. Hoffmann, R. G. Ulrich, M. Jenckel, B. Hoffmann & M. Beer.(2015) Cowpox virus: virulence studies in different animal species. 134. Montpellier: Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD).

Giusy Cardeti,Alberto Brozzi, Claudia Eleni, Nicola Polici, Gianlorenzo D’Alterio, Fabrizio Carletti, Maria Teresa Scicluna, Concetta Castilletti, Maria R. Capobianchi, Antonino Di Caro, Gian Luca Autorino, and Demetrio Amaddeo (2011) Cowpox Virus in Llama, Italy Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Aug; 17(8): 1513–1515.

Prkno, A., M. Kaiser, D. Goerigk, M. Pfeffer, T. W. Vahlenkamp, D. Hoffmann, M. Beer & A. Starke (2018) Clinical presentation of cowpox virus infection in South American camelids: a review. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 46, 50-56.

Cryptococcosis

Bildfell R.J. , Long P, Sonn R. (2002) Cryptococcosis in a llama (Lama glama). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002 Jul;14(4):337-9.

McGill,S.,  R. Malik, N. Saul, S. Beetson, C. Secombe, I. Robertson, P. Irwin (2009)  Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: a retrospective study from 1995–2006 Medical Mycology, Volume 47, Issue 6, September 2009, Pages 625–639.

Stephen, C., S. Lester, W. Black, M. Fyfe & S. Raverty (2002) Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 43, 792-794.

D

Dentition (See Digestion)

Dermititis

Anon. (1990) Mycotic Dermatitis in a Llama Camelid Chronicle   No. 9

Aguirre, D. H. & M. M. Cafrune. (2007)  Parasitoses of South American Camelidae. 281-296. Anguil: EEA Anguil "Ing.Agr. Guillermo Covas" - INTA.

Al Salihi, K. A. (2008) Dermatology of Camelids Lambert Academic Publishing

Atlee, B. A., A. A. Stannard, M. E. Fowler, T. Willemse, P. J. Ihrke & T. Olivry (1997) The histology of normal llama skin. Veterinary Dermatology, 8, 165-176.

Bonenberger, T. E., P. J. Ihrke, D. K. Naydan & V. K. Affolter (2001) Rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal BCG antibody. Veterinary Dermatology, 12, 41-47.

Cecchi, R., G. L. D'Alterio, G. R. Pearson & A. P. Foster (2003) Retrospective histopathological study of some skin disorders of alpacas (Lama pacos). Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 179-183.

Chandramohan, B., C. Renieri, V. La Manna & A. La Terza (2015) The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies. ScientificWorldJournal, 2015, 265751 ST  - The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies.

Clauss, M., C. Lendl, P. Schramel & W. J. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

Eo, K., D. Kwak, T. Shin, Y. Yeo, K. Jung, S. Kwon, S. Kim & O. Kwon (2010) Skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in a llama (Lama peruana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 178-180.

Fleis, R. I. & D. W. Scott (2010) The microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 716-719.

Foster, A. (2008)  Skin diseases of South American camelids. 30-32. Romford: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Frank, E. N., M. H. V. Hick & M. Pesarini. (2001)  SUPREME-project: a new approach for histological description of skin follicular complex in Argentine llamas. 243-250. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

French, R. A. & C. D. Ashworth (1994) Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 31, 120-122.

Häfliger-Speiser, S. (2018) Skin diseases in New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10.

Jones, M. L. & P. Payne.(2013) Skin scraping. 127-129. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Li, Y., J. Yang, Z. Chen, G. Qin, Y. Li, Q. Li, J. Liu, Z. Liu, G. Guan, H. Yin, J. Luo & L. Zhang (2015) Anaplasma infection of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) and ticks in Xinjiang, China. Parasites and Vectors, 8, (10 June 2015).

Luppi, M. M., M. C. C. Malta, N. M. Ocarino, S. A. França & R. Serakides (2010) Cutaneous angiomatosis in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, 223-227.

Maangeles Perez-cabal et.al  (2011) Fibre Production in South American Camelids and Other Fibre Animals Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Mannerová, S., R. Pantůček, J. Doškař, P. Švec, C. Snauwaert, M. Vancanneyt, J. Swings & I. Sedláček (2003) Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1647-1654.

Mattson, D. E. (1994) Viral diseases [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 345-351.

Miesner, M. D.(2013) Anatomical comments on the skin. 123-126. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Miller, W. H., A. D. Weldon, J. R. Wellington & C. A. Smith (1991) Pemphigus vulgaris in a llama. Veterinary Dermatology, 2, 97-101.

Rossanigo, C. R., J. Giulietti & R. L. Sager (1995) Post shearing necrotic dermatitis of llamas of San Luis province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 392-394.

Rosychuk, R. A. W. (1989) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 203-215.

------------------------- (1994) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 228-239.

Zanolari, P., M. Meylan & P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in New World Camelids. Part 1: Propaedeutic and dermatological diagnostics. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 304-308.

---------------, M. Meylan, H. Sager, M. Herrli-Gygi, S. Rüfenacht & P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in South American camelids. Part 2: review of the most relevant skin diseases. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 421-427.

Digestion

General

Barreto R, R., A. Sato S, M. D. Ghezzi, F. Santos R, A. Chávez R & M. Navarrete Z (2019) Anatomical and histological study of the arteries that irrigate the pancreas and small intestine of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 30, 14-25.

Dulphy, J. P., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. P. Jouany (1994) Comparison of the intake and digestibility of different diets in llamas and sheep: a preliminary study. Annales de Zootechnie, 43, 379-387.

----------(1998) Intake and digestibility of different forages in llamas compared to sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 47, 75-81.

Esteban, L. R. & J. R. Thompson (1988) The digestive system of new world camelids - common digestive diseases of llamas. Veterinary Student (Iowa State University Veterinarian), 50, 117-121.

Franz, S., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, B. Hinney & A. M. Dadak (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Veterinary Journal, 204, 255-262.

Jalali, A. R., M. R. Weisbjerg, E. Nadeau, Ǻ. T. Randby, B. O. Rustas, M. Eknæs & P. Nørgaard (2015) Effects of forage type, animal characteristics and feed intake on faecal particle size in goat, sheep, llama and cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 208, 53-65.

Lemosquet, S., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. P. Dulphy (1996) Voluntary intake and gastric digestion of two hays by llamas and sheep: influence of concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 127, 539-548.

Linden, D. R., D. E. Anderson, J. Lakritz, D. M. Rings, P. M. Ramsey & N. Evans (2007) Apparent digestibility of organic zinc forms in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 181-185.

Lopez, A., M. S. Morales, C. R. Cabrera & C. X. Urra (2000) Intake and apparent digestibility of forages in llamas (Lama glama). I. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) at different proportions. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 32, 201-208.

López V, A., M. S. Morales S, R. Cabrera C & M. Arias (2001) Intake and apparent digestibility of forages in llamas (Lama glama). II. Clover hay (Trifolium pratense), riegrass hay (Lolium multiflorum), beans straw (Phaseolus vulgaris) and oat straw (Avena sativa). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 33, 145-153.

Nielsen, M. O., E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog, A. H. Tauson & L. Nielsen. 2010. Digestive efficiency, metabolism of nitrogen and methane emission in sheep, goats and llamas fed grass based diets differing in protein content. 497-498. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

------------------, A. Kiani, E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog & L. Alstrup (2014) Energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 68, 171-185.

Nilsen, B., N. P. Johnston, N. Stevens & T. F. Robinson (2015) Degradation parameters of amaranth, barley and quinoa in alpacas fed grass hay. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 99, 873-9.

Robinson, T. F., M. Sponheimer, B. L. Roeder, B. Passey, T. E. Cerling, M. D. Dearing & J. R. Ehleringer (2006) Digestibility and nitrogen retention in llamas and goats fed alfalfa, C3 grass, and C4 grass hays. Small Ruminant Research, 64, 162-168.

Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, B. Roeder, J. Hammer, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, T. Cerling, D. Dearing & J. Ehleringer (2003) Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses. Small Ruminant Research, 48, 149-154.

Vernet, J., M. Vermorel & J. P. Jouany (1997) Digestibility and energy utilisation of three diets by llamas and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 46, 127-137.

Warmington, B., G. Wilson & T. Barry (1989) Voluntary intake and digestion of ryegrass straw by llama× guanaco crossbreds and sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 113, 87-91.

Wauters, J. J. M., N. Duchi, P. Guevara, W. Onate, P. Castillo, J. Lopez & R. d. Wilde. (2004)  Comparison of the digestibility of paja de paramo and barley straw between sheep (Ovis aries), llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama paco). 766-769. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Zavaleta De Lucio, E. 1969. An investigation of the digestive enzymes of the llama (Lama glama). Ithaca, N.Y

Mouth and Easophagus

(1989) Dental Diseases & Dentistry. Camelid Chronicle   No. 8.

(1990) Developmental Dental Diseases Camelid Chronicle   No. 9

Anderson, D. E. (2004)  Common surgical procedures in camelids. 118-125. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

------------(2006) Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 235-240.

------------(2012). Periapical tooth root infections in llamas and alpacas. unpaginated. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

------------(2013) Tooth extraction - lateral approach to premolars and molars. 111-115. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

------------(2013) Tooth extraction - oral approach. 105-109. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cebra, M. L., C. K. Cebra & F. B. Garry (1996) Tooth rot abscesses in New World camelids: 23 cases (1972-1994). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 819-822.

Duncanson, G. R.( 2012) Medicine and surgery of the gastroenteric system. 80-111.

-----------------------(2012) Veterinary equipment. 44-47.

Jones, M. L.(2013) Dental examination and trimming. 99-103. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Llamas Moya, S., L. A. Boyle, P. B. Lynch & S. Arkins (2006) Influence of teeth resection on the skin temperature and acute phase response in newborn piglets. Animal Welfare, 15, 291-297.

Niehaus, A. (2009) Dental disease in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 281-293.

Niehaus, A. J. & D. E. Anderson (2007) Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231, 284-289.

O'Brien, R. T. (1996) Intraoral dental radiography: experimental study and clinical use in two horses and a llama. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 37, 412-416.

Ortiz, C., J. Cavero, H. Sillau & S. Cueva (1974) The parotid saliva of the alpaca (Lama pacos). Research in Veterinary Science, 16, 54-56.

Popowics, T. E. & S. W. Herring. (2006)  Teeth, jaws and muscles in mammalian mastication. 61-83.

Rostami, A., U. Geissbühler, F. Schellenberger & P. Zanolari (2014) Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, (6 January 2014).

Step, D. L., J. W. Ritchey, W. T. Drost & R. J. Bahr (2003) Ameloblastic odontoma in the mandible of a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 44, 824-827.

Wheeler J C. (1982) Aging Llamas and Alpacas by their teeth. Llama World. 1982; 1(2):12–17.

Williamson, L. H.(2014) Ten reasons to be called to a camelid farm and what you need to know before you get there. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Wolff, P. L. (2007)  The geriatric small ruminant - dental care, body condition scoring, and nutrition. 290-292. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

--------- 2009. Geriatric small ruminants - how to keep them healthy and happy. 364-365. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Zanolari, P. (2007) Teeth problems in New World Camelidae. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 13-20.

Stomach and Small Intenstine

Anderson, D. E.(2013) Intubation of the first forestomach compartment ("C1" or "Rumen"). 179-182. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cebra, C. K. & M. L. Cebra (1999) Gastrointestinal causes of colic in new world camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 171-176.

---------------, M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry, R. S. Larsen & G. M. Baxter (1998) Acute gastrointestinal disease in 27 New World camelids: clinical and surgical findings. Veterinary Surgery, 27, 112-121.

--------------- & B. V. Stang (2008) Comparison of methods to detect gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 733-741.

-----------------, S. J. Tornquist, R. J. Bildfell & J. R. Heidel (2003) Bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without ulcers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 567-570.

------------------, B. J. Watrous & M. L. Cebra (2002) Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 43, 359-366.

Christensen, J. M., T. Limsakun, B. B. Smith, N. Hollingshead & M. Huber (2001) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 23-33.

Correa, L., B. Zapata & M. Soto-Gamboa (2012) Gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 11-15.

Cummings, J. F., J. F. Munnell & A. Vallenas (1971) The mucigenous gastric glands in the llama (Lama peruana) and guanaco (Lama guanacoe). Proceedings 19th World Veterinary Congress, Mexico City, 2, 554.

-----------(1972) The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 137, 71-110.

Davies, H. L., T. F. Robinson, B. L. Roeder, M. E. Sharp, N. P. Johnston, A. C. Christensen & G. B. Schaalje (2007) Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) fed barley or barley alfalfa diets. Small Ruminant Research, 73, 1-7.

Dittmann, M. T., U. Runge, S. Ortmann, R. A. Lang, D. Moser, C. Galeffi, A. Schwarm, M. Kreuzer (2015) Digesta retention patterns of solute and different-sized particles in camelids compared with ruminants and other foregut fermenters. J Comp Physiol B, 185, 559-73.

Drew, M. L., E. Ramsay, M. E. Fowler & P. H. Kass (1992) Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1559-1563.

Dulphy, J. P., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. M. Ballet (1997) Comparative study of forestomach digestion in llamas and sheep. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 37, 709-725.

Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Medicine and surgery of the gastroenteric system. 80-111.

-----------------------(2012) Sample taking and simple diagnostic tests. 32-43.

Eckerlin, R. H. & C. E. Stevens (1973) Bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach. Cornell Veterinarian, 63, 436-445.

Ehrlein, H. J. & W. V. Englehardt (1971) [Studies on the gastric motility of the llama.]. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin, 181-191.

Engelhardt, W. V., K. E. Ali & E. Wipper (1979) Absorption and secretion in the tubiform forestomach (compartment 3) of the llama. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 132, 337-341.

----------------------- (1998) Forestomach motility in llamas and camels. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 105, 472-474.

Galotta, D. R. & J. M. Galotta (1987) Arteriovenous system of the lama stomach. Revista de Ciéncias Agrárias, 8, 27-33.

Geurden, T. & K. v. Hemelrijk (2005) Ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in New World camelids in Belgium. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 71-73.

Löhr, C. V., T. W. O'Neill, D. N. Daw, M. O. Pitel & J. W. Schlipf (2019) Pyogranulomatous enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in an adult llama caused by Rhodococcus equi carrying virulence-associated protein A gene. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 747-751.

Loupal, G. (1982) Gastric phytobezoariasis in a llama. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 95, 14-16.

Luciano, L., G. Voss-Wermbter, M. Behnke, W. v. Engelhardt & E. Reale (1979) Structure of the gastric mucosa in llama (Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomachs. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 125, 519-549.

Navarre, C. B., D. G. Pugh, A. M. Heath & S. A. Simpkins (1999) Analysis of first gastric compartment fluid collected via percutaneous paracentesis from healthy llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 812-815.

Newman, K. D. & D. E. Anderson (2009) Gastrointestinal surgery in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 495-506.

Quist, C. F., D. M. Dutton, D. A. Schneider & A. K. Prestwood (1998) Gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 212, 1438-1441.

Rubsamen, K (1978) Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama. American Journal of Physiology, 235, E1-E6.

Smith, B. B., E. G. Pearson & K. I. Timm (1994) Third compartment ulcers in the llama. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 319-330.

Stieger-Vanegas, S. M. & C. K. Cebra (2013) Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 242, 254-260.

Timm, K. I., B. J. Watrous & B. B. Smith (1999) Radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 40, 596-604.

Vallenas, A. (1970) Structural and functional studies of the llama and guanaco stomach. Ithaca, N.Y.

----------------, J. F. Cummings & J. F. Muunell (1971) A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 134, 399-424.

Vallenas, P. & C. Stevens (1971) Volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta. Cornell Veterinarian, 61, 239-252.

Wallace, L. L. M., D. A. Wilson, R. Halenda, J. R. Turk & L. M. Ross (1992) Gastric perforation and peritonitis resulting from gastrolithiasis in a llama. Veterinary Medicine, 87, 14...19.

Whitehead, C. E. and D. E. Anderson (2006). "Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas." Small Ruminant Research 61(2/3): 207-215.

Digestive Organs and Enzymes

Liver [Also see Liver Fluke]

Anderson, D. E. (1999) Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 163-169.

----------(2004) Comparison of trace mineral concentration in the various lobes of the liver of alpacas and llamas. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3, 162-164.

---------(2004). Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas. 545-554. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

--------------------, R. Leveille, P. Scrivani & C. Brömel (1998) Performing percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 190-195.

-------------------- & F. Silveira (1999) Effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 1423-1425.

Castro, A. N. C., M. D. Ghezzi, M. T. Domínguez, M. C. Lupidio, S. A. Gómez & R. H. Alzola (2009) Conformation and anatomical relations of the liver of llama (Lama glama). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 38, 108-111.

Foreyt, W. J. & S. Parish (1990) Experimental Infection of Liver Flukes (Fascioloides magna) in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21, 468-470.

Gunsser, I., T. Hänichen & J. Maierl (1999) Liver fluke infection in South American camelids: parasitology, pathology, clinical aspects and therapy. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 27, 187-192.

Jones, M. L.(2013) Liver biopsy. 171-174. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Panuska, C., L. G. Rickard & D. D. Rudolph (2006) Isotype-specific serum IgG responses of llamas (Lama glama) to experimental liver fluke infection. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 195-199.

Ray, A. C., M. J. Murphy, M. D. DuVall & J. C. Reagor (1989) Determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 546-550.

Schaefer, D. L., R. J. Bildfell, P. Long & C. V. Löhr (2012) Characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 49, 313-321.

Watanabe, T. T. N., F. R. C. Chaigneau, J. M. Adaska, B. Doncel-Díaz & F. A. Uzal (2019) Polycystic liver in two adult llamas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 280-283.

Welles, E. G., D. G. Pugh, J. G. W. Wenzel, B. Waldridge & R. Hanson (1997) Liver biopsy in llamas. Equine Practice, 19, 24-28.

Colon

Fowler, M. E. (1987) Ulceration and obstruction of the spiral colon in the llama. Verhandlungsbericht des Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 29, 201-208.

Stone, W. C., W. A. Lindsay, G. P. Adams, E. J. Galbreath & D. E. Bjorling (1993) Rectal and colonic injury in the llama. Anatomic considerations and surgical management in four llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 22, 62-66.

Metabolism General

Engelhardt, W. v., G. Becker, W. Engelhardt, R. Hauffe, S. Hinderer, K. Rubsamen & W. Schneider. 1975. Energy, water and urea metabolism in the llama. 111-122. Vienna: IAEA.

----------------W. & W. v. Engelhardt. (1976) Diminished renal urea excretion in the llama at reduced food intake. 61-62. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Hinderer, S. & W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Urea metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 619-622.

Rubsamen, K. & W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Water metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 595-598.

Disease (See Brucellocis, Johne’s Disease, etc.)

Domestication (Also see History)

Alejandro Camino, D. C. &  Julio Sumar, K. (2000) Importance of alpacas and llamas in the changing context of development research. Kathmandu, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. pp 285-296

Al-Ani, F. K. (2004)  Domestication, distribution and population. Baghdad: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.

Bolton, M. (2007) Counting llamas and accounting for people: livestock, land and citizens in southern Bolivia. Sociological Review 55, 5-21.

Bruford, M. W. (2005). Molecular approaches to understanding animal domestication: what have we learned so far? , No.10. Beekbergen: World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA).

Hollister, N. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 461.

Lawrence, T. L. J., V. R. Fowler & J. E. Novakofski. 2012. General aspects of growth. 1-5. Wallingford: CABI.

Marín, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. González, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey, M. W. Bruford, R. E. Palma, E. Poulin, M. A. Alliende & Á. E. Spotorno (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80, 121-140.

Means, P. A. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 268-269.

Mengoni Goñalons, Guillermo and Hugo Yacobaccio, 2006, The Domestication of South American Camelids A View from the South-Central Andes, Chapter 16 in Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by Melinda A. Zeder, et al., published by the University of California Press.

Novoa,  C. , and   Wheeler ,  J.C. (1984). Llama and alpaca. In Mason, I.L. , ed. Evolution of Domestic Animals. London: Longman,116 28.

Pollard, G. C. & I. M. Drew (1975) Llama Herding and Settlement in Prehispanic Northern Chile: Application of an Analysis for Determining Domestication. American Antiquity, 40, 296-305.

Porter, V., L. Alderson, S. J. G. Hall & D. P. Sponenberg. 2016. Mason's world encyclopedia of livestock breeds and breeding. Volume 1 and Volume 2. Wallingford: CABI.

Poulin, M. A. Alliende & Á. E. Spotorno (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80, 121-140.

Sanchez-Villagra, M. R., V. Segura, M. Geiger, L. Heck, K. Veitschegger & D. Flores (2017) On the lack of a universal pattern associated with mammalian domestication: differences in skull growth trajectories across phylogeny. Royal Society Open Science, 4, 170876.

Yacobaccio, H. D. & B. L. Vilá (2016) A model for llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) domestication in the southern Andes. Anthropozoologica, 51, 5-13.

Driving (See Carting)

Dung (See Fertilizer)

E

Ears (Also see Senory & Nervous System)

Concha-Albornoz, I. (2010) Anatomy of the osseous external acoustic meatus, middle ear and surrounding soft tissue in llamas (Lama glama). Oregon, Oregon State University 

Fowler , M.E., and Gillespie , D. (1985) . Middle and inner ear infections in llamas . J. Zoo Anim. Med. 16 : 9–15.

Gauly, M., J. Vaughan, S. K. Hogreve & G. Erhardt (2005) Brainstem auditory-evoked potential assessment of auditory function and congenital deafness in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (L. pacos). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 756-760.

E-Coli

Carhuapoma D, V., N. Valencia M, R. Paucar C, P. H. Mayhua M, R. Huamán J & E. Lizana-Hilario (2019) Effect of E. coli and Salmonella spp. on the growth and mortality of baby alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 30, 946-953.

Ecuador

Llama Nutrition in Equador. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301482562

Embryo Transfer (Also see Reproduction)

The Pacablogger (2009) Alpaca Reproductive Technologies: Embryo Transfer

Adams, C (1988). Llama Breeding - Rowett Research Institute Camelid Chronicle  No. 3

Agüero, A., M. G. Chaves, E. F. Capdevielle, A. F. Russo & M. A. Aba (2001) Superovulation in llamas: comparison of two treatments. InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 3, 13-18.

Aller, J. F., G. E. Rebuffi, A. K. Cancino & R. H. Alberio (2002) Successful transfer of vitrified llama (Lama glama) embryos. Animal Reproduction Science, 73, 121-127.

-------------, M. C. Abalos, F. Acuña, R. Virgili, F. Requena & A. K. Cancino (2015) Birth of live llama (Lama glama) derived from embryo transfer storage at 5°C for 24 h. Small Ruminant Research, 132, 99-102.

-------------, M. C. Abalos, F. A. Acuña, R. Virgili, F. Requena & A. K. Cancino (2015) Embryo yield in llamas synchronized with two different intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices and superovulated with ECG. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e04SC01.

-------------, A. K. Cancino, G. E. Rebuffi & R. H. Alberio (2010) Effect of estradiol benzoate used at the start of a progestagen treatment on superovulatory response and embryo yield in lactating and non-lactating llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 119, 322-328.

Anon. Alpaca Seller Facts About Embryo Transfer In Alpacas

Anouassi, A. and Tibary, A., Development Of A Large Commercial Camel Embryo Transfer Program: 20 Years Of Scientific Research.

Australian Alpaca Association (2015)  Embryo Transfer Revolutionising Alpaca Industry (2005)

------------------------------------- (2015) Advancing Assisted Reproductive Technologies In Camelids (Especially The Alpaca).

Braithwaite, I., (2006), Reflections On Multiple Embryo Transfer Programmes In Alpacas

Bourke, D., C. L. Adam & C. E. Kyle (1990) Successful pregnancy following non-surgical embryo transfer in llamas. Veterinary Record, 127, 580.

----------------------------------------------(1991) Successful pregnancy following non-surgical embryo transfer in llamas. Veterinary Record, 128, 68.

Bourke, D. A., C. E. Kyle, T. G. McEvoy, P. Young & C. L. Adam (1995) Superovulatory responses to ECG in llamas (Lama glama). Theriogenology, 44, 255-268.

Carretero, M. I., M. Miragaya, M. G. Chaves, M. Gambarotta & A. Agüero (2010) Embryo production in superstimulated llamas pre-treated to inhibit follicular growth. Small Ruminant Research, 88, 32-37.

Correa, J. E., M. H. Ratto, R. Ladrix & R. Gatica (1992) Pregnancy in a llama following embryo transfer. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 24, 113-115.

Endicott, S., (2012) Embryo Transfer In Alpacas

Forshey, B. S., (2013) Embryo Production By Superovulation And Dual Siring In Alpacas

Gatica G, R., Ratto F, M., Schüler C, C., Ortíz l, M., Oltra C, J. &  Correas S, J. (1994) Successful pregnancy obtained by embryo transfer to a llama. Agricultura Técnica (Santiago) 54, 68-71

Hearn, F. P. D. (2007) Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society for Theriogenology, Monterey, California, USA, 7-11 August 2007. Theriogenology, 68, 295-520.

Hicks, J., Embryo Transfer At Coolaroo Alpaca Stud

Huanca, W. (2013) The challenges in reproductive management of South American camelids. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 21, 233-236.

---------------, A. Cordero, T. Huanca, O. Cardenas, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2009) Ovarian response and embryo production in llamas treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin alone or with a progestin-releasing vaginal sponge at the time of follicular wave emergence. Theriogenology, 72, 803-808.

Miragaya (2014) First llama (Lama glama) pregnancy obtained after in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of gametes from live animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 148, 83-89.

Pacheco, J., V. Vélez & D. Pezo (2016) Evaluation of the efficiency of interspecies embryo transfer between alpacas and llamas obtained through single ovulation. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 27, 64-69.

Pobel, T., D. Eclache & J. C. Lamer (1993) Improving oestrus synchronization before embryo collection in cattle by using a progesterone intravaginal device (PRID). Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, 169, 783-789.

Pikó, E., V. Faigl, M. Kulcsár & P. Nagy (2014) Induced ovulation in Camelids: the role of beta-nerve growth factor. Literature review. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136, 432-440.

Jackson,G., et al et Program: "beauty lies within" a history of embryo transfer at banksia park

Reyna, J., (2006)  Herd Evaluation: Is Your Farm Ready For An Et Program?, The Camelid Quarterly Magazine, Canada. Vol 3, Sep. 47-48 p.

------------, Basic Concepts About Et In Alpacas (SLIDESHOW)

------------,  Facts About Embryo Transfer In Alpacas

Silva, M. E., M. P. Recabarren, S. E. Recabarren, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2012) Ovarian estradiol modulates the stimulatory effect of ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) on pituitary LH secretion in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1873-1882.

Silva, M., C. Ulloa-Leal, X. P. Valderrama, O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2017) Nerve growth factor from seminal plasma origin (spβ-NGF) increases CL vascularization and level of mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes during the early stage of Corpus Luteum development in llamas. Theriogenology, 103, 69-75.

Sumar, J., G. Fredriksson, V. Alarcón, H. Kindahl & L. E. Edqvist (1988) Levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2α, progesterone and oestradiol-17β after induced ovulation in llamas and alpacas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 29, 339-346.

Sutmoller, P. (1999) Risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. Rev Sci Tech, 18, 719-28.

-----------------& P. Taylor.(1998) An assessment of the risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. 251-275. Richmond: United States Animal Health Association.

Taylor, P.,  Camelid Embryo Freezing Unpublished paper

------------- The Repro Story Unpublished paper

----------- Embryo Transfer In The South American Camelids Unpublished paper

-----------A Breakthrough In Freezing Camelid Embryos: How This Happened And How It Will Affect You (Alpaca World)

Trasorras, V., Chaves, M. G., Deborah M. Neild, Maria Graciela Chaves1, Susana M. Giuliano3 and Marcelo H. Miragaya (2017) Production, Preservation, and Transfer of South American Camelid Embryos Front. Vet. Sci., 13 November (available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00190/full)

Trasorras, V., Chaves, M. G., Neild, D., Gambarotta, M., Aba, M. &  Agüero, A. (2010) Embryo transfer technique: factors affecting the viability of the corpus luteum in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science 121, 279-285.

-------------, G. Chaves, M. Miragaya, D. Neild, M. Gambarotta & A. Agüero (2011) Effect of exogenous estradiol on maternal recognition of pregnancy after embryo transfer in llamas. Journal of Camelid Science, 4, 79-82.

Vaughan, J.,   Mating Management And Embryo Transfer In Alpacas

---------------, Mihm, M., Wittek, T., (2012) Factors Influencing Embryo Transfer Success In Alpacas: A Retrospective Study.

Whitehead, C. e.,  Embryo Transfer

Wiepz, D. W. & R. J. Chapman (1985) Non-surgical embryo transfer and live birth in a llama. Theriogenology, 24, 251-257.

Winblad Von Walter, A.,  (2015) Inter-Species Embryo Transfer In South American Camelids.

Endocrine System

Aba, M. A., M. Forsberg, H. Kindahl, J. Sumar & L. E. Edqvist (1995) Endocrine changes after mating in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas and alpacas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 36, 489-498.

Bianchi, C. P., A. Meikle, I. Sartore, F. González & M. A. Aba (2007) Uterine estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor during the follicular and luteal phase in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 99, 117-126.

Bravo, P. W. (1994) Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 265-279.

----------------, M. E. Fowler, G. H. Stabenfeldt & B. Lasley (1990) Endocrine responses in the llama to copulation. Theriogenology, 33, 891-899.

----------------, G. H. Stabenfeldt, M. E. Fowler & B. L. Lasley (1993) Ovarian and endocrine patterns associated with reproductive abnormalities in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202, 268-272.

Cancino, A. K., J. F. Aller, G. Rebuffi & R. H. Alberio (2011) Control of ovarian follicular dynamics in early postpartum llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Zootecnia, 60, 1009-1020.

Carrasco, R. A., J. Verhoef, C. E. P. Leonardi, E. E. Lanigan & G. P. Adams (2019) Bilateral thyroid follicular compact-cellular carcinoma in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 913-916.

Cavilla, M. V., C. P. Bianchi, C. Maistruarena & M. A. Aba (2013) Ultrasonographic and endocrine characterization of follicular waves in llamas with a special reference to the overlapping phenomenon during successive waves. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48, 923-930.

Chalkley, M. D., M. Kiupel & A. C. E. Draper (2014) Pituitary null cell Adenoma in a domestic llama (Lama glama). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 151, 51-56.

Cotton, T. (2008)  Reproductive hormones in camelids. 290. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

El-Nouty, F. D., M. K. Yousef, A. B. Magdub & H. D. Johnson (1976) Thyroid secretion hormones in Camelidae and Equidae. Federation Proceedings, 35, 216.

Gauly, M., G. Erhardt & V. Dzapo. (2004)  Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in male llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters. 186-194. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Kiani, A., L. Alstrup & M. O. Nielsen (2015) Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 53, 9-16.

Leon, J. B., B. B. Smith, K. I. Timm & G. LeCren (1990) Endocrine changes during pregnancy, parturition and the early post-partum period in the llama (Lama glama). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 88, 503-511.

Norambuena, M. C., M. Silva, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams, W. Huanca & M. H. Ratto (2013) Effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 138, 252-260.

Perkins, N. R., G. S. Frazer & B. L. Hull (1996) Endocrine diagnosis of cryptorchidism in a llama. Australian Veterinary Journal, 74, 275-277.

Powell, S. A., B. B. Smith, K. I. Timm & A. R. Menino, Jr. (2007) Estradiol production by preimplantation blastocysts and increased serum progesterone following estradiol treatment in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 102, 66-75.

Riquelme, R. A., G. Sánchez, L. Liberona, E. M. Sanhueza, D. A. Giussani, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson & A. J. Llanos (2002) Nitric oxide plays a role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and adrenocorticomedullary functions in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 544, 267-276.

Silva, M., F. Urra & M. Ratto (2017) Estradiol but not progesterone plasma concentration correlates with uterine vascularization during the reproductive cycle in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 58.

Smith, B. B., P. J. Reed, E. G. Pearson, P. Long, E. D. Lassen, B. J. Watrous, S. Lovelady, D. E. Sims & S. P. Snyder (1991) Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 81-88.

Williamson, L. H.(2014) Camelid scientific investigations (CSI): what's new from the research front that you can use in your practice. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Eyes (Also see Sensory and Nervous System)

Anderson, D. E.(2013) Conjunctivorhinostomy for alleviation of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. 317-318. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

-------------(2013). Ocular extirpation. 319-321. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Andrew, S. E., A. M. Willis & D. E. Anderson (2002) Density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 326-329.

Aubin, M. L., J. R. Gionfriddo, K. R. Mama & C. C. Powell (2001) Analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1060-1062.

Brightman, A. H., S. A. McLaughlin & V. Brumley (1981) Keratoconjunctivitis in a llama. Veterinary Medicine & Small Animal Clinician, 76, 1776-1777.

Czerwinski, S. L. (2019) Ocular surface disease in new world camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 22, 69-79.

Fischer, K. & D. Hendrix (2012) Conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis secondary to conjunctival plant foreign bodies in a herd of alpacas (Lama Pacos). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 15, 110-114.

Fugaro, M. N., M. Kiupel, F. Montiani-Ferreira, J. F. Hawkins & E. B. Janovitz (2005) Retinoblastoma in the eye of a llama (Llama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 8, 287-290.

Gionfriddo, J. R. (1994) Ophthalmology [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 371-382.

---------------------- (2010) Ophthalmology of South American camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 26, 531-555.

----------------------  (2012) Ophthalmology of new world camelids. 1675-1691. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

------------------------, J. P. Gionfriddo & S. G. Krohne (1997) Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210, 1784-1787.

-------------------------, R. Rosenbusch, J. M. Kinyon, D. M. Betts & T. M. Smith (1991) Bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52, 1061-1064.

Ingram, K. A. & R. L. Sigler. (1983). Cataract removal in a young llama. 95-97.

Jacklin, F. C., Johnson, W. E.,  Appleton, B. R., (2014) The Genetic Inheritance of the Blue-eyed White Phenotype in Alpacas Journal of Heredity, Volume 105, Issue 6, November-December 2014, Pages 941–951

Jones, M. L., M. A. Gilmour & R. N. Streeter (2007) Use of grid keratotomy for the treatment of indolent corneal ulcer in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 416-419.

Knickelbein, K. E., D. J. Maggs, C. M. Reilly, K. L. Good & J. R. Gionfriddo (2018) Multiple ocular developmental defects in fo ur closely related alpacas. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 21, 544-551.

Miesner, T. (2013) Eye exam. 311-313. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

-------------- (2013) Conjunctival pedicle graft. 327-329. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

-------------- (2013). Subpalpebral lavage system. 323-326. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Oplinger, H.(1996) Kinesthesia : University of Pennsylvania graduate school of veterinary studies and large animal research : in conjunction with Berry Acres Llamas. Roger Williams University.

Pirie, C. G., S. Pizzirani & N. M. Parry (2008) Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a Llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 11, 111-113.

Nuhsbaum, M. T., J. R. Gionfriddo, C. C. Powell & M. L. Aubin (2000) Intraocular pressure in normal llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3, 31-34.

Paulsen, M. E., S. Young, J. A. Smith & G. A. Severin (1989) Bilateral chorioretinitis, centropetal optic neuritis, and encephalitis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 194, 1305-1308.

Pirie, C. G., S. Pizzirani & N. M. Parry (2008) Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a Llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 11, 111-113.

Powell, C. C., T. M. Nuhsbaum & J. R. Gionfriddo (2002) Aqueous misdirection and ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma after cataract removal in a llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5, 99-101.

Rebhun, W. C., D. H. Jenkins, R. C. Riis, S. G. Dill, E. J. Dubovi & A. Torres (1988) An epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus 1 in a herd of alpacas and llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 192, 953-956.

Sweeney, R. W.P. L. Habecker & A. M. Komaromy (2011) Intraocular nematodiasis in a llama (Lama glama). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52, 181-183.

Torres, A., E. J. Dubovi, W. C. Rebhun & J. M. King (1985) Isolation of a herpesvirus associated with an outbreak of blindness and encephalitis in a herd of Alpacas and Llamas. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, 66, 50.

Trbolova, A., J. R. Gionfriddo & M. S. Ghaffari (2012) Results of schirmer tear test in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 15, 383-385.

Webb, A. A., C. L. Cullen & L. A. Lamont (2006) Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in eastern Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 74-77.

Williams, D. L., S. MacGregor & A. W. Sainsbury (2000) Evaluation of bacteria isolated from infected eyes of captive, non-domestic animals. Veterinary Record, 146, 515-518.

Willis, A. M., D. E. Anderson, A. J. Gemensky, D. A. Wilkie & F. Silveira (2000) Evaluation of intraocular pressure in eyes of clinically normal llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1542-1544.

F

Faeces (See Fertilizer)

Fascioloides magna (see Liver Fluke)

Fatty Liver Disease

Cebra, C. K. 2009. "Disorders of Carbohydrate or Lipid Metabolism in Camelids." Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice 25(2):339-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.02.005.

Tornquist, S.J., R.J. Van Saun, B.B. Smith, C.K. Cebra and S.P. Snyder. Histologically-confirmed hepatic lipidosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 Cases (1991-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214(9):1368- 1372.

Tornquist, SJ, Cebra, CK, Van Saun, RJ, Smith, BB. Metabolic changes and induction of hepatic lipidosis during feed restriction in llamas. Am J Vet Res 2001;62(7):1081-1087.

Feed/Feeding (see Nutrition)

Feet

Fowler , M.E.  (1998) Hoof, claw and nail problems in nondomestic animals . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 177: 885–93 .

Kofler, J., B. Martinek & W. Hochsteiner (2002) Footpad abscessation caused by a metallic foreign body penetration in the sole cushion of a llama. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 89, 131-135.

Female Sex Organs and (also see Ovulation, Reprodction)

Aba, M. A.(1998) Hormonal interrelationships in reproduction of female llamas and alpacas. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

Aba, M. A.(1995) Studies on the reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas : from mating throughout early pregnancy. Uppsala: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

Bianchi, C. P., A. Meikle, M. A. Benavente, M. A. Álvarez, V. L. Trasorras, M. H. Miragaya, E. Rodríguez & M. A. Aba (2015) Oestrogen and progesterone receptors and COX-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples during maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 50, 980-988.

Bianchi, C. P., L. Sahlin, A. Meikle, B. Masironi, M. V. Cavilla & M. A. Aba (2010) Endometrial population of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptors A and B during the different phases of the follicular wave of llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 872-880.

Campbell, A. J. & A. Tibary (2017) Infertility of female and male camelids. Clinical Theriogenology, 9, 311-319.

Norambuena, M. C., M. Silva, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams, W. Huanca & M. H. Ratto (2013) Effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 138, 252-260.

Riveros, J. L., G. Schuler, C. Bonacic, B. Hoffmann, M. G. Chaves & B. Urquieta (2010) Ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal secretory profiles in guanacos (Lama guanicoe). Animal Reproduction Science, 119, 63-67.

Silva, M., F. Urra & M. Ratto (2017) Estradiol but not progesterone plasma concentration correlates with uterine vascularization during the reproductive cycle in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 58.

--------- (2018) Uterine endometrial vascularization during ovarian follicular growth in llamas: the effect of estradiol plasma concentration. Theriogenology, 106, 164-169.

Sumar, J. & W. Bravo (1991) In situ observation of the ovaries of llamas and alpacas by use of a laparoscopic technique. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 1159-1163.

Vaughan, J. L. & A. Tibary (2006) Reproduction in female South American camelids: a review and clinical observations. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 259-281.

Fertlization (See Copulation, Mating, Reproduction)

Fertilizer

Alvarez, R. &  Liden, G. (2009) Low temperature anaerobic digestion of mixtures of llama, cow and sheep manure for improved methane production. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 527-533.

Anon.  (1991) An Introduction to the siting of llama loos Camelid Chronicle No. 16 (Winter) p.9.

---------(2012) Llama Maure Benefits Llama Link no. 24 (Spring), p.3.
Discussion on manure marketing appears in Llama Life (Autumn 1993) no. 27, pp. 34-5 and on composting it in Llama life No. 21 (Spring 1992), pp. 8-9.

Fibre/Fleece

Anon. (1989) Russell, A. Lamoids for Fibre Production Camelid Chronicle   No. 6.

Anon. (1990) Fibre Focus Clipping: Spinning Camelid Chronicle   No. 11.

Anon. (1990) Fleece Characteristics of Lama Species. Camelid Chronicle   No. 12.

Anna, M. V. & R. R. Aurelia (2005) Characteristics of selected parameters of hair from llamas (Lama glama) kept at Warsaw Zoo. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, Animal Science, 35-39.

Antonini, M. (2010) Hair follicle characteristics and fibre production in South American camelids. Animal, 4, 1460-1471.

Ayala, C. (2001)  Physical characteristics of wool from young llamas. 186-188. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Calderon, D., G. Gutierrez, E. Quispe & C. Silva (2019) Comparison of the precision and accuracy of four equipment to determine the average fibre diameter and standard deviation of alpaca fibre. Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal, 17, 294-297.

Coates, W. & R. Ayerza (2004) Comparison of llama fiber obtained from two production regions of Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments, 58, 513-524.

Delgado Santivañez, J., A. Valle Zaráte & C. Mamani. (2001)  Fibre quality of a Bolivian meat-oriented llama population. 101-109. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Duga, L. 1986. The most important characters of fibres from South American Camelidae (llamas and alpacas and their crosses and guanacos). 215-217. Montevideo: Editorial Hemisfero Sur.

Frank, E. N. (2011) Fiber production in South American camelids. Advances in processing and breeding. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 19, 16-19.

---------------- , M. H. V. Hick, M. Pesarini, P. M. L. Hick, C. I. Capelli & M. R. Ahumada. (2001)  SUPREME-project: classification of fibres of different types of fleeces in Argentine llamas. 251-259. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

---------------- , M. V. H. Hick & M. R. Ahumada (2007) Argentine Llamas fleeces grading by subjective and objective identified body positions. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 27, 358-359.

---------------- , M. V. H. Hick, C. D. Gauna, H. E. Lamas, C. Renieri & M. Antonini (2006) Phenotypic and genetic description of fibre traits in South American domestic camelids (llamas and alpacas). Small Ruminant Research, 61, 113-129.

---------------- , M. V. H. Hick, C. D. Gauna & M. G. Molina (2005) Genetic parameters estimation for fiber production traits of Argentine Llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 25, GM7.

---------------- , M. V. H. Hick, H. E. Lamas, C. D. Gauna & M. G. Molina (2006) Effects of age-class, shearing interval, fleece and color types on fiber quality and production in Argentine Llamas. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 141-152.

---------------- , M. V. H. Hick, M. G. Molina & L. M. Caruso (2009) Heritabilities, phenotypic correlations, genetic correlations and repeatability of production variables in Argentine lamas. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 17, 103-107.

-----------------, (2011) Genetic parameters for fleece weight and fibre attributes in Argentinean Llamas reared outside the Altiplano. Small Ruminant Research, 99, 54-60.

---------------- , C. Renieri, M. V. H. Hick, V. l. Manna, C. D. Gauna & J. J. Lauvergne. 2002. Segregation analysis of irregular spotting and full white in llama. 0-4. Montpellier: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA).

Hick, M. H. V., E. N. Frank, M. F. Castillo, A. Prieto & M. d. R. Ahumada (2016) Determination of the textile potential of small ruminants primary (Creole) populations in less favored areas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 36, 91-102.

------------------, E. N. Frank, A. Prieto & M. F. Castillo (2014) Ethno-zootechnical characterization of the population of fiber bearing llamas from the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 22, 1-8.

-------------------, M. F. Castillo & E. N. Frank (2018) Primariness in fiber production lama flocks from northern Jujuy Province, Argentina. Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal, 12, 108-117.

Iñiguez, L. C., R. Alem, A. Wauer & J. Mueller (1998) Fleece types, fiber characteristics and production system of an outstanding llama population from Southern Bolivia. Small Ruminant Research, 30, 57-65.

Laime Huarcaya, F. D. M., R. Pinares Huamaní, V. Paucara Ocsa, V. Machaca Machaca & E. C. Quispe Peña (2016) Technological traits of the Chaku llama fibre before and after dehairing. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 27, 209-217.

Lam, C.-H. (1978) The physical properties and processing behaviour of llama fibres. Leeds

Martinez, Z., L. C. Iniguez & T. Rodríguez (1997) Influence of effects on quality traits and relationships between traits of the llama fleece. Small Ruminant Research, 24, 203-212.

Petsalaki, E., A. O. Helbig, A. Gopal, A. Pasculescu, F. P. Roth & T. Pawson (2015) SELPHI: correlation-based identification of kinase-associated networks from global phospho-proteomics data sets. Nucleic Acids Res, 43, W276-82.

Quispe, E. C., L. Chipa & R. Pinares (2015) Analysis of the productivity and economics of manual deharing of Chaku llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Zootecnia, 64, 191-197.

----------------, R. A. Sauri, J. J. Bengoechea & M. D. Quispe (2017) Fibre EC: A new equipment to assessment South American camelid fibre. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 51.

----------------- , M. Antonini, T. Rodríguez & Z. Martínez. (2001)  The SUPREME project: classification and characterization of llama fibre. Young animals in the southern Bolivian altiplano. 286-294. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Renieri, C., M., Antonini & E. Frank. (2004)  Fibre recording systems in camelids. 131-143. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

-----------------, E. N. Frank, M. V. H. Hick, V. l. Manna, C. D. Gauna & J. J. Lauvergne. 2002. Segregation analysis of coat colour phenotypes in Llama. 0-4. Montpellier: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA).

Rossanigo, C. R., J. Giulietti & R. L. Sager (1995) Post shearing necrotic dermatitis of llamas of San Luis province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 392-394.

Perez-Cabal, A. and Gutierrez, J. P. et al. (2011) Fibre Production in South American Camelids and Other Fibre Animals  Wageningen Academic Publishers

Yan, S., Z. Yu, L. Ning, W. Hai-Dong, X. Jian-Shan, G. Shu-Yuan, C. Jia-Qi, Y. Xiu-Ju, W. Ting, D. Chang-Sheng & H. D.-F. D.-j. g. Xiao-Yan (2016) Let-7b promotes alpaca hair growth via transcriptional repression of TGFβR I. Gene, 577, 32-6.

--------, R. Fan, Z. Shi, K. Ji, J. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Herrid, Q. Zhang, J. Yao, G. W. Smith & C. Dong (2015) Identification of a novel microRNA important for melanogenesis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos). J Anim Sci, 93, 1622-31.

Yu, X., X. He, J. Jiang, J. He, R. Fan, H. Wang, J. Geng & C. Dong (2015) Expression and tissue distribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (c-Met) in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) skins associated with white and brown coat colors. Acta Histochem, 117, 624-8.

Fleas (See Parasites)

Foot and Mouth Disease

Foot-and-mouth disease virus in the llama (Lama glama): diagnosis, transmission, and susceptibility. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1965585

Blanco Viera, J., F. Marcovecchio, N. Fondevila, B. Carrillo, A. Schudel, M. David, A. Torres & C. Mebus (1995) Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in the llama (Lama glama). Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 620-627.

David, M., A. Torres, C. Mebus, B. J. Carrillo, A. Schudel, N. Fondevilla, J. B. Viera & F. E. Marcovecchio (1993) Further studies on foot-and-mouth disease in the llama (Lama glama). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 97, 280-285.

Fondevila, N. A., F. J. Marcoveccio, J. Bianco Viera, V. K. O'Donnell, B. J. Carillo, A. A. Schudel, M. David, A. Torres & C. A. Mebus (1995) Susceptibility of llamas (Lama glama) to infection with foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 42, 595-599.

Harmsen, M. M., H. P. D. Fijten, A. Dekker & P. L. Eblé (2008) Passive immunization of pigs with bispecific llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease and porcine immunoglobulin. Veterinary Microbiology, 132, 56-64.

--------------------, H. P. D. Fijten, B. Engel, A. Dekker & P. L. Eblé (2009) Passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments reduces foot-and-mouth disease transmission between pigs. Vaccine, 27, 1904-1911.

----------------------, C. B. v. Solt, H. P. D. Fijten, L. v. Keulen, R. A. Rosalia, K. Weerdmeester, A. H. M. Cornelissen, M. G. M. d. Bruin, P. L. Eblé & A. Dekker (2007) Passive immunization of guinea pigs with llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease. Veterinary Microbiology, 120, 193-206.

Lubroch, J. & R. J. Yedloutschnig (1987) Foot-and-mouth disease studies in the llama (Lama glama). Proceedings

Thomson, G. R.(1997) The role of carrier animals in the transmission of foot and mouth disease. 67-85 (Fr), 87-103 (En), 105-123 (Es). Paris: Office International des Epizooties.

Wernery, U. & O. R. Kaaden (2004) Foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review. Veterinary Journal, 168, 134-142.

France

Fungal Disease (See Ringworm, etc.)

G

Gait (Also see Confoirmation)

Graziotti, G. H., Chsmizo, V. E., Rios, C., Acevedo, L. M., Rorriguez-Menendez, J. M.,

Sluis, L. V. D., Gerken, M. &  Paredes, M. G. (2001) SUPREME-project: analysis of locomotion in llamas and alpacas grazing different habitats. Wageningen, Wageningen Pers. pp 315-319

Sluijs, L. V. D., M. Gerken & H. Preuschoft (2010) Comparative analysis of walking gaits in South American camelids. Journal of Zoology, 282, 291-299.

1. Van der Sluijs, M. Gerken and H. Preuschoft , Comparative analysis of walking gaits in South American camelids’, Journal of Zoology, Volume 282, Issue 4, pages 291–299, December 2010.

Genetics

Aguirre, I. M., R. Fuentes & M. O. Celedón (2014) Genotypic characterization of Chilean llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 168, 312-317.

Anello, M., M. S. Daverio, S. R. Romero, F. Rigalt, M. B. Silbestro, L. Vidal-Rioja & F. Di Rocco (2016) Genetic diversity and conservation status of managed vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) populations in Argentina. Genetica, 144, 85-97.

-------------, M. S. Daverio, M. B. Silbestro, L. Vidal-Rioja & F. d. Rocco (2019) Characterization and expression analysis of KIT and MITF-M genes in llamas and their relation to white coat color. Animal Genetics, 50, 143-149.

-------------, E. Fernández, M. S. Daverio, L. Vidal-Rioja & F. D. Rocco (2019) TYR gene in llamas: polymorphisms and expression study in different color phenotypes. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 568.

Bustamante, A. V., A. Zambelli, D. A. d. Lamo, J. v. Thungen & L. Vidal-Rioja (2002) Genetic variability of guanaco and llama populations in Argentina. Small Ruminant Research, 44, 97-101.

Cruz, A. (2015) Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in alpacas. Anim Reprod Sci, 163, 48-55.

Daverio, M. S., M. Anello, V. A. Ersinger, S. Alvarez, E. Frank, L. Vidal-Rioja & F. d. Rocco (2019) Identification of llama KRTAP7-1 and KRTAP8-1 fiber genes and polymorphism screening. Small Ruminant Research, 175, 149-154.

Harmsen, M. M., R. C. Ruuls, I. J. Nijman, T. A. Niewold, L. G. J. Frenken & B. d. Geus (2000) Llama heavy-chain V regions consist of at least four distinct subfamilies revealing novel sequence features. Molecular Immunology, 37, 579-590.

Jin, L., C. K. Cebra, R. J. Baker, D. E. Mattson, S. A. Cohen, D. E. Alvarado & G. F. Rohrmann (2007) Analysis of the genome sequence of an alpaca coronavirus. Virology, 365, 198-203.

Jacklin, F. C., Johnson, W. E.,  Appleton, B. R., (2014) The Genetic Inheritance of the Blue-eyed White Phenotype in Alpacas Journal of Heredity, Volume 105, Issue 6, November-December 2014, Pp. 941–951.

Kessler, M. (1997) Studies on the geneology of New-World camelids (llama, alpaca and guanaco) by means of mitochondrial DNA. Structure and composition of the New-World camelid population of Germany. 176 pp.: Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.

Marín, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. González, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey, M. W. Bruford, R. E. Palma, E. Poulin, M. A. Alliende & Á. E. Spotorno (2007) Systematics, taxonomy and domestication of alpaca and llama: new chromosomal and molecular evidence. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80, 121-140.

Marín, J. C., R. Rivera, V. Varas, J. Cortés, A. Agapito, A. Chero, A. Chávez, W. E. Johnson & P. Orozco-terWengel (2018) Genetic variation in coat colour genes MC1R and ASIP provides insights into domestication and management of South American camelids. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 487.

Memon, M. A. & D. K. Stevens (1997) Termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report. Theriogenology, 47, 615-618.

Mueller, J. P. (2017) Community based small ruminant genetic improvement programs. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 25, 59-73.

Odbileg, R., S. Konnai, K. Ohashi & M. Onuma (2005) Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of Camelidae (llama and camel). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 67, 921-925.

Rojas, M., H. G. Dias, J. L. S. Gonçalves, A. Manchego, R. Rosadio, D. Pezo & N. Santos (2019) Genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of rotavirus A strains in the southern Andean highlands, Peru. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66, 1718-1726.

Geriontology

Fowler, M. (1994) Health care of the geriatric llama and alpaca. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 1994. 10(2): p. 391-399.

Wolf, P. L. 2007. The geriatric small ruminant - dental care, body condition scoring, and nutrition. 290-292. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

--------- 2009. Geriatric small ruminants - how to keep them healthy and happy. 364-365. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Germany

Moser, I., K. Ternes, M. Peters, M. Büttner & M. Spanò (2015) Comments on the presence of tuberculosis in animals except bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Germany: findings from 2002-2014. Tierärztliche Umschau, 70, 167-176.

Schulz, C., M. Eschbaumer, M. Ziller, R. Wäckerlin, M. Beer, M. Gauly, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann & C. Bauer (2012) Cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in South American camelids in Germany (2008/2009). Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 35-42.

----------, M. Ziller, H. Kampen, M. Gauly, M. Beer, C. G. Grevelding, B. Hoffmann, C. Bauer & D. Werner (2015) Culicoides vector species on three South American camelid farms seropositive for bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Germany 2008/2009. Vet Parasitol, 214, 272-81.

Guarding

Efficacy of Guard Ilamas to Reduce Canine Predation on Domestic Sheep on JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783611?

 Cavalcanti, S. M. C. &  Knowlton, F. F. (1998) Evaluation of physical and behavioral traits of llamas associated with aggressiveness toward sheep-threatening canids. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61, 143-158.

Dohner, J. V. (2007)  Livestock guardians: using dogs, donkeys and llamas to protect your herd. North Adams: Storey Publishing.

Jenkins, D. (2003)  Guard animals for livestock protection: existing and potential use in Australia. Orange: NSW Agriculture.

Meadows, L. E. & F. F. Knowlton (2000) Efficacy of guard llamas to reduce canine predation on domestic sheep. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 614-622.

Gut Worm (See: ??)

H

Haematic System

Biochemical components in the secretion of bulbourethral glands for three ages of llamas (llama glama) (Book, 2002)

Aida, Y., K. Okada, R. Kageyama & H. Amanuma (1992) Cross-reactivity between a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen on bovine lymphosarcoma cells and blood lymphocytes from various mammalian species. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1988-1991.

Cebra, C. K., F. B. Garry, B. E. Powers & L. W. Johnson (1995) Lymphosarcoma in 10 New World Camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 9, 381-385.

Davoudi, S. M., M. Eshagian & M. EdalatiNasab (2013) Overview of hepatic disease in large animals. Advances in Bio Research, 4, 12-20.

Delgado Callisaya, P. . 2002. Biochemical components of llama seminal plasma at three ages.

Fowler, M. E., D. Gillespie & J. Harkema (1985) Lymphosarcoma in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187, 1245-1246.

Gauna Añasco, L., G. Oliva, O. Affricano, A. Montesano & G. Graziotti (2005) Morphology of the superficial cervical lymph center of the llama (Lama glama). InVet - Investigación Veterinaria, 7, 25-30.

Hong, C. B. & J. M. Donahue (1995) Rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a llama. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 113, 85-88.

Lassen, E. D., E. G. Pearson, P. Long, W. B. Schmotzer, A. J. Kaneps & T. W. Riebold (1986) Clinical biochemical values of llamas: reference values. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 47, 2278-2280.

Nie, Y., S. Li, J. Zhu, R. Hu, M. Liu, T. He & Y. Yang (2018) Chemical shift assignments of a camelid nanobody against aflatoxin B. Biomol NMR Assign.

Ramos G, M., J. Descailleaux L, M. Velásquez R, W. Huanca L, L. Iannuzzi & A. Perucatti (2014) Adaptation of the lymphocyte culture technique of alpacas and lamas for the analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 25, 461-467.

Sheedy, C., K. Y. F. Yau, T. Hirama, C. R. MacKenzie & J. C. Hall (2006) Selection, characterization, and CDR shuffling of naive llama single-domain antibodies selected against auxin and their cross-reactivity with auxinic herbicides from four chemical families. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 3668-3678.

Stanitznig, A., B. Lambacher, P. Nuyken, L. Kiefer, S. Franz & T. Wittek (2018) New World camelids in Austria: a compilation of haematological and clinical-chemical parameters as well as serum concentrations of minerals and trace elements. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 105, 3-12.

Twomey, D. F., A. M. Barlow & S. Hemsley (2008) Immunophenotyping of lymphosarcoma in South American camelids on six British premises. Veterinary Journal, 175, 133-135.

Uhde, A. K., A. Lehmbecker, W. Baumgärtner & I. Spitzbarth (2017) Evaluation of a panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues of new- and old-world camelids. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 184, 42-53.

Underwood, W. J. & T. G. Bell (1993) Multicentric lymphosarcoma in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 117-121.

Werney, U., Wernery, R and Murray E. F. (1999) Color Atlas of Camelid Hematology.Blackwell wissenschaft.

Blood

Adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus - Giussani - 1999 - The Journal of Physiology - Wiley Online Library. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.233ad.x/full

Aba, M. A., J. Sumar, H. Kindahl, M. Forsberg & L. E. Edqvist (1998) Plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-PGF2α, progesterone, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17β and cortisol during late gestation, parturition and the early postpartum period in llamas and alpacas. Animal Reproduction Science, 50, 111-121.

Abal, M. A., M. Ghezzi, M. Quiroga, H. Solana & N. Auza (1996) Concentrations of progesterone during storage of whole blood from llama (Lama glama): effects of anticoagulants, storage time and temperature. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 37, 123-125.

Abdouslam, O. E., S. A. Al-Izzi, L. S. Al-Bassam & S. M. Azwai (2003) Effect of anthelmintic treatment on haematological and coagulation parameters in llamas (Lama glama) infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 149-152.

Adam, C. L., C. E. Moir & P. Shiach (1989) Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 125, 618-620.

Adams, G. P. & M. H. Ratto (2013) Ovulation-inducing factor in seminal plasma: a review. Animal Reproduction Science, 136, 148-156.

---------------, M. H. Ratto, W. Huanca & S. Jaswant (2005) Ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas and llamas. Biology of Reproduction, 73, 452-457.

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Silva, M., C. Ulloa-Leal, X. P. Valderrama, O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2017) Nerve growth factor from seminal plasma origin (spβ-NGF) increases CL vascularization and level of mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes during the early stage of Corpus Luteum development in llamas. Theriogenology, 103, 69-75.

Silva, M., F. Urra & M. Ratto (2017) Estradiol but not progesterone plasma concentration correlates with uterine vascularization during the reproductive cycle in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 37, 58.

------------(2018) Uterine endometrial vascularization during ovarian follicular growth in llamas: the effect of estradiol plasma concentration. Theriogenology, 106, 164-169.

Simons, J. A., D. L. Waldron & D. P. Hennessy (1993) Clinical biochemical reference ranges for female alpacas (Lama pacos). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry, 105, 603-608.

Smith, B. B., P. J. Reed, E. G. Pearson, P. Long, E. D. Lassen, B. J. Watrous, S. Lovelady, D. E. Sims & S. P. Snyder (1991) Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 81-88.

Snook, C. S., A. N. Baird, R. H. Poppenga, I. Rudik & R. W. Sweeney (2002) Plasma concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in llamas after orogastric administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25, 383-386.

Tornquist, S. J., L. Boeder, C. Rios-Phillips & V. Alarcon (2010) Prevalence of Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in Peruvian and Chilean llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 766-769.

-------------------, L. Dodson & D. V. Lanning (2000) Effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29, 16-18.

----------------------, R. J. v. Saun, B. B. Smith, C. K. Cebra & S. P. Snyder (1999) Hepatic lipidosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1991-1997). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 1368-1372.

Ulloa-Leal, C., O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2014) Luteotrophic effect of ovulation-inducing factor/nerve growth factor present in the seminal plasma of llamas. Theriogenology, 81, 1101-1107.

Umminger, B. L. (1975) Body size and whole blood sugar concentrations in mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 455-458.

Viesselmann, L. C.,  R. Videla & B. Flatland (2018) Verification of the Heska Element Point-of-Care blood gas instrument for use with venous blood from alpacas and llamas, with determination of reference intervals. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 47, 435-447.

------------------------, B. Flatland, T. Stokol, S. Sisson & D. M. W. Schaefer (2019) Evaluation of automated erythrocyte methodology in new world camelids using the ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 48, 239-249.

Wagener, M. G., L. M. Grimm & M. Ganter (2018) Anaemia in a llama (Lama glama): treatment, regeneration and differential diagnoses. Veterinary Record Case Reports, 6, e000638.

Waitt, L. H. & C. K. Cebra (2008) Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1995-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 1362-1367.

Walker, P. G.(2018) Practical fluid therapy and blood transfusions in camelids. 212-217. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Weiser, M. G., M. J. Fettman, D. v. Houten, L. Johnson & F. Garry (1992) Characterization of erythrocytic indices and serum iron values in healthy llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1776-1779.

Yang, H., D. Hewett-Emmett & R. E. Tashian (2000) Absence or reduction of carbonic anhydrase II in the red cells of the beluga whale and llama: implications for adaptation to hypoxia. Biochemical Genetics, 38, 241-252.

Sosnowski, A. (1972) Morphological studies of the blood of Old and New World Camelidae. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 28, 292-295.

Herpes

Bildfell, R., C. Yason, D. Haines & M. McGowan (1996) Herpesvirus encephalitis in a camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 27, 409-415.

Celedón, M., A. Sandoval, J. Droguett, R. Calfio, L. Ascencio, J. Pizarro & C. Navarro (2001) Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 33, 165-172.

House, J. A., D. A. Gregg, J. Lubroth, E. J. Dubovi & A. Torres (1991) Experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 137-143.

Puntel, M. (1997) Seroprevalence of viral infections in llamas (Lama glama) in Argentina. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 29, 38-46.

Rosadio, R. H., H. Rivera & A. Manchego (1993) Prevalence of neutralising antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 in Peruvian livestock. Veterinary Record, 132, 611-612.

Stanitznig, A., B. Lambacher, M. Eichinger, S. Franz & T. Wittek (2016) Prevalence of important viral infections in New World Camelids in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 103, 92-100.

Torres, A., E. J. Dubovi, W. C. Rebhun & J. M. King (1985) Isolation of a herpesvirus associated with an outbreak of blindness and encephalitis in a herd of Alpacas and Llamas. Abstracts of Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, 66, 50.

Whitehead, C. E. (2008)  Approach to the neurologic camelid: case-based signs, diagnostic findings & treatment plans. 238-240. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Whitehead, C. E. & D. Bedenice (2009) Neurologic diseases in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 385-405.

Williams, J. R., J. F. Evermann, R. F. Beede, P. M. Dilbeck, C. A. Whetstone & D. S. Stone.(1990) Association of bovine herpesvirus type I with bronchopneumonia in a llama. 14. Madison, Wisconsin: AAVLD.

------------------, J. F. Evermann, R. F. Beede, E. S. Scott, P. M. Dilbeck, C. A. Whetstone & D. M. Stone (1991) Association of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in a llama with bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 258-260.

Yeșİlbağ, K., G. Alpay & H. Karakuzulu (2011) A serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in Turkish zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 44-48.

Homeopathy

Health Care

Bertin, F. R., J. M. Squires, J. E. Kritchevsky & S. D. Taylor (2015) Clinical findings and survival in 56 sick neonatal New World Camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29, 368-374.

Johnson, L. R. W. (1994) Llama herd health. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 248-258.

Jones, M. & M. Boileau (2009) Camelid herd health. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 239-263.

Karen Nicholson (2016), A Whole Farm Approach to Parasite Management
http://vermontllamaalpacaassociation.blogspot.com/2012/04/whole-farm-approach-to-parasite.html

Kempf, I., D. Patureau & A. M. Pourcher (2017) Antibiotics, resistant bacteria and resistance genes in farm effluents and what becomes of them. Bulletin des G.T.V., 33-39.

Risco-castillo, V., Wheeler, J. C., Rosadio, R., García-Peña, F.Jj., Arnaiz-Seco, I., Hoces, D., Castillo, H., Veliz, A. &  Ortega-Mora, L. M. (2014) health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in peru. tropical animal health and production 46, 641-646.

Wheeler, J. C. R. Rosadio, F. J. García-Peña, I. Arnaiz-Seco, D. Hoces, H. Castillo, Á. Veliz & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2014) Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (Vicugna

Heart (Also see cardio-Vascular)

Alstine, W. G.  & I. Mitsui (2010) Sudden death associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an alpaca (Llama pacos). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 448-450.

Boon, J. A., A. P. Knight & D. H. Moore (1994) Llama cardiology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 353-370.

Corapi, W. V., K. B. Eden, J. F. Edwards & K. F. Snowden (2015) Heterobilharzia americana infection and congestive heart failure in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 52, 562-565.

Cueva, S. & H. Sillau (1972) [Relative weights of the right ventricle of the heart in alpacas and llamas at high altitude and at sea level]. Revista de Investigacioes Pecuarias, Peru, 1, 145-149.

Lucas, J. R., M. Barrios-Arpi, J. Rodríguez, S. Balcázar-Nakamatsu, J. Zarria, G. Namiyama, N. Taniwaki & O. Gonzales-Viera (2019) Ultrastructural description of Sarcocystis sp. in cardiac muscle of naturally infected alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 14, 174-179.

Margiocco, M. L., B. A. Scansen & J. D. Bonagura (2009) Camelid cardiology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 423-454.

Middleton, J. R., M. Chigerwe, D. M. Fine, J. R. Turk & J. C. Lattimer (2006) Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in an adult llama with hepatic disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228, 756-759.

------------(2006) Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in an adult llama with hepatic disease

10.2460/javma.228.5.756. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 228, 756-9.

Miller, P. D., A. F. Alexander, J. L. Lebel & N. Banchero (1972) Iatrogenic myocardial infarction and mitral valve insufficiency in a llama (Lama glama). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 639-647.

Stieger-Vanegas, S. M., K. F. Scollan, L. Meadows, D. Sisson & J. Schlipf (2016) Cardiac-gated computed tomography angiography in three alpacas with complex congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol, 18, 88-98.

Will, J. A. & G. E. Bisgard (1972) Cardiac catheterization of unanesthetized large domestic animals. Journal of Applied Physiology, 33, 400-401.

Heat Stress

D’Souza, D. (2016) Signs of Heat Stress and Precautionary Measure’, Llama Link, No 41, p. 7.

Evans, C. N (1991), Heat Stress Llamas Llamas (July/August), pp 102-4.

Fowler, Murray E. (1989). Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids.(Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 170-172.

Fowler, M.E., Hyperthermia in llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 1994. 10(2): p. 309-317.

Gerken, M. (2010) Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids. Animal, 4, 1451-1459.

Middleton, J.R. and S.M. Parish, Heat stress in a llama (Lama glama): a case report and review of the syndrome. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 1999. 6(2): p. 265-269.

Moore, J. (1992) Minimizing Heat Stress in Pack Llamas,  Llama Life, No. 21, p18.

Riek, A., L. Brinkmann, M. Gauly, J. Perica, T. Ruf, W. Arnold, C. Hambly, J. R. Speakman & M. Gerken (2017) Seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (Lama glama). Scientific Reports, 7, 7600.

-----------, A. Stölzl, R. M. Bernedo, T. Ruf, W. Arnold, C. Hambly, J. R. Speakman & M. Gerken (2019) Energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of Peru. Scientific Reports, 9, 4037.

Schwalm, A., et al., Influence of heat stress on thermoregulation and fertility in shorn and unshorn male llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 2008. 36(5): p. 324-328.

Strain, M. G. & S. S. Strain (1988) Handling heat stress syndrome in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 83, 494-498.

History (Also see Domestication)

Anon (1988) Peter Scott: First Public Auction Camelids Camelid Chronicle   No.:4

Bourke, D. A. (1992) Camelids in Chile Camelid Chronicle 18 (Summer) 12-13.

Burke, R. L. (1990) The llama figurine in Andean prehistory : analysis of llama figurines from the Callejon de Huaylas, Peru.

Capriles, J. M.  (2014) The Economic Organization of Early Camelid Pastoralism in the Andean Highlands of Bolivia (Paperback)BAR Publishing, United Kingdom

Cowie, H., (2017) Llama London Reacktion 200pp.

Dransart, P. (2003) Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric : An Ethnography and Archaeology of Andean Camelid Herding Routledge

Duke, G. S. (2019) 'Doing' Llama Face Stew: A Late Moche Culinary Assemblage as a Domestic Dedicatory Deposit. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 29, 517-535.

Flannery, K. V., (2009) The Flocks of the Wamani: A Study of llama herders on the punas of Ayacucho, Peru, Walfnut Creek, CA, Left Coact Press.

Fowler, Murray E. (1989). Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids.(Ames: Iowa State University Press. Chapter 1 General Biologyand Evolution pp. 3-16.

Göbel, B. (2001) The symbolism of llama breeding in North-Western Argentina. Wageningen, Wageningen Pers. pp 175-180.

Güttler, E. (1992) Problems in the husbandry and breeding of llamas in the Argentinian Andes. Zoologische Garten 62, 23-32.

Healy, K. (2001) Llamas, weavings and organic chocolate: multicultural grassroots development in the Andes and Amazon of Bolivia. Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press.

Hollister, N. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 461.

Kessler, M. (1997) Studies on the geneology of New-World camelids (llama, alpaca and guanaco) by means of mitochondrial DNA. Structure and composition of the New-World camelid population of Germany. Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen. p 176 pp.

Markermann, A., Stemmer, A., Siegmund-Schultze, M., Piepho, H. P. &  Zarate, A. V. (2009) Stated preferences of llama keeping functions in Bolivia. Livestock Science 124, 119-125.

Markermann, A.,  &  Zarate, A. V.  (2010) Traditional llama husbandry and breeding management in the Ayopaya region, Bolivia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 79-87.

Means, P.A., The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 1918. 47(1211): p. 268-269.
Marín, J. C., B. Zapata, B. A. González, C. Bonacic, J. C. Wheeler, C. Casey, M. W. Bruford, R. E.

Miller, G. & Burger, R. L., ‘Our Father the Cayman, Our Dinner the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavin de Huantar, Peru’, American Antiquity, Vol. 60, No. 3 (July, 1995), pp. 421-458.

Melo, C., A. Manunza, M. Melo, L. Olivera & M. Amills. 2011. Analysis of the mitochondrial diversity of alpacas in nine farming areas of the southern region of Peru. 533-535. Zaragoza: Asociación Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario.

Ochoa, Jorge Flores (1994) Gold of the Andes; The Llamas, Alpacas, Vicunas and Guanacos of South America. Volume One Pathey,

Palma, E. Means, P. A. (1918) The Domestication of the Llama. Science, 47, 268-269.

Paz, O. (1994) La llama doble : amor y erotismo. Barcelona, Seix Barral

Pollard, Gordon C., and Isabella M. Drew. (1975) “Llama Herding and Settlement in Prehispanic Northern Chile: Application of an Analysis for Determining Domestication.” American Antiquity, vol. 40, no. 3 (1975), pp. 296–305.

Porter, V., L. Alderson, S. J. G. Hall & D. P. Sponenberg. (2016). Mason's world encyclopedia of livestock breeds and breeding. Volume 1 and Volume 2.

Sanchez-Villagra, M. R., V. Segura, M. Geiger, L. Heck, K. Veitschegger & D. Flores (2017) On the lack of a universal pattern associated with mammalian domestication: differences in skull growth trajectories across phylogeny. Royal Society Open Science, 4, 170876.

Stordy, C. R. J. (1921) The Breeding of sheep, llamas and alpacas in Peru with a view to improving raw material to the textile trades’,  Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 69, 118-132.

Taylor, P., The Search of the Perfect Llama - The Argentine Story (unpublished paper)

------------, The Repro Story (unpublished paper)

Tomka, S.A. (1992). Vicuas as and llamas—parallels in behavioral ecology and implications for the domestication of Andean camelids. Hum. Ecol. 20: 407–33.

Wheeler, J. C., Russel, A. Y. F. &  Stanley, H. F. (1992) A measure of loss: prehispanic llama and alpaca breeds. Archivos de Zootecnia 41, 467-475.

Wheeler, J. C., (2012) South American Camelids, Past, Present and Future, Journal of Camelid Science, 5, (1), 1-24.

Yacobaccio, H. D. & B. L. Vilá (2016) A model for llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) domestication in the southern Andes. Anthropozoologica, 51, 5-13.

Handling and Restraint (See Behanviour, Restraint)

Hay (See Husbandry, Nutrition, etc.)

Husbandry

General

Ali, T. M.(1994) A manual for the primary animal health care worker. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Anderson, D. E. &  Whitehead, C. E. (2009) Alpaca and llama health management. Philadelphia, Pa., W. B. Saunders Co

Bennett, M. M. & N. L. Richards (2015) Camelid wellness. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 255-80.

Bromage, G. (2006)  Llamas and alpacas: a guide to management. Marlborough: Crowood Press.

Campero, J. R. (2005)  Camelids in South America. Lama (Lama pacos) production systems in Bolivia. 145-158. Roma: International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR).

Cebra, C. ,Anderson, David E., Tibary, Ahmed , Van Saun, Robert J. Johnson LaRue Willard Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd ... -

Coleby, P. (2000). Natural goat and alpaca care. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Duncanson, G. (2008) Camelid consult overview: Part One. Veterinary Times, 38, 18.

--------------(2012). Animal husbandry. in Veterinary treatment of llamas and alpacas1-12.

Ebel, S. (1989) The llama industry in the United States. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 1-20.

Fowler, M. E. (1996) Husbandry and diseases of camelids. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 15, 155-169.

------------(1999) Llama and alpaca behaviour: a clue to illness detection. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 135-152.

------------(2000). Medical management of South American camelids. 151-183. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Gauly, M. 2002. New World Camelidae. A manual for owners, breeders and veterinarians. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag.

------------(2004) Aspects of animal welfare in South American Camelids husbandry. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 111, 127-130.

------------, W. Egen & M. Trah (1997) Husbandry of South American camelids kept in central Europe. Tierärztliche Umschau, 52, 343-350.

-------------, J. Vaughan & C. Cebra.(2018) South American camelids. Attitude, breeding, diseases. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag KG.

Gordon, I. (1997) Controlled Reproduction in Horses, Deer and Camelids (Controlled Reproduction in Farm Animals)  CABI Publishing

Güttler, E. (1992) Problems in the husbandry and breeding of llamas in the Argentinian Andes. Zoologische Garten 62, 23-32.

Gunsser, I. (2009) Problems in keeping and in transporting of llamas and alpacas. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 116, 121-124.

Isaac, P. (1999) Understanding some of the needs and requirements of the llama. Veterinary Times, 29, 31-32.

Long, P. O. 2010. Camelid herd health and husbandry - basics and how to communicate them. 362-364. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Marcoppido, G. & B. Vila (2013) Management of extra-Andean llamas. Comments that contribute to their welfare in non-originating context. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 33, 139-154.

Markemann, A., A. Stemmer, M. Siegmund-Schultze, H. P. Piepho & A. V. Zárate (2009) Stated preferences of llama keeping functions in Bolivia. Livestock Science, 124, 119-125.

-------------------- & A. V. Zárate (2010) Traditional llama husbandry and breeding management in the Ayopaya region, Bolivia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 79-87.

Moseley, G. (1995) Commercial management of small Camelidae in northern Europe. Veterinary Annual, 35, 320-330.

Nuernberg, M. & A. Valle Zárate. (2001)  Evaluation of camelid-based farming systems in rural communities in the highlands of Bolivia. 27-33. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Raggi, S. L. A. (2000) Advances in research and management of llamas (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) in Chile. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 27, 27-37.

Weaver, S. (2009) Llamas and Alpacas: Keeping a Small-Scale Camelid Herd

Williamson, L. H. (2014) Ten reasons to be called to a camelid farm and what you need to know before you get there. Gainesville, North American Veterinary Community (NAVC). p unpaginated.

Zanolari, P. (2011) Veterinary herd management and consulting for New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-13.

I

Immunology

sen, M. M., C. B. v. Solt, A. M. v. Zijderveld-van Bemmel, T. A. Niewold & F. G. v. Zijderveld (2006) Selection and optimization of proteolytically stable llama single-domain antibody fragments for oral immunotherapy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72, 544-551.

Marcoppido, G., Parreno, V. &  Vila, B. (2010) Antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) population in the Argentinean Andean Altiplano. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46, 608-614

Sivasankar, M. (1999), Immunodeficiency syndrome in a 3-year-old llama, Can Vet J, Volume: 40, Issue: 4, Pages: 271-2.

Integumentary System (See Skin)

Injecting (see Restraint)

Italy

Cardeti, G., A. Brozzi, C. Eleni, N. Polici, G. D'Alterio, F. Carletti, M. T. Scicluna, C. Castilletti, M. R. Capobianchi, A. d. Caro, G. L. Autorino & D. Amaddeo (2011) Cowpox virus in Llama, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 1513-1515.

Navillod, F. V., M. D'Ottavio, L. Domenis, V. Botti, S. Robetto, M. Mancini, W. Mignone, A. Bertolla, M. Ragionieri, G. Savini, R. Orusa & C. Guidetti. 2010. Case of seropositivity. From BTV 8 in a llama bred in Valle d'Aosta. 310-311. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Palazzo, L., V. Quaranta, B. Brigante, S. Nesta, M. Vignola, M. N. Haouet & M. Muscarella. 2013. Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 399-400. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Perosino, M., C. Grattarola, M. C. Abete, A. Dondo, I. Giorgi & S. Zoppi. 2013. Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 401-402. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Ramos G, M., J. Descailleaux L, M. Velásquez R, W. Huanca L, L. Iannuzzi & A. Perucatti (2014) Adaptation of the lymphocyte culture technique of alpacas and lamas for the analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 25, 461-467.

Tavella, A., A. Bettini, M. Cocchi, I. Idrizi, S. Colorio, L. Viel, C. Zanardello & P. Zanolari (2018) Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Vet Res, 14, 343.

------------ (2018) Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Veterinary Research, 14, (13 November 2018).

Itch mite

Curtis, C. F., S. J. Chappell & R. Last (2001) Concurrent sarcoptic and chorioptic acariosis in a British llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 149, 208-209.

J

Johne’s Disease

Appleby, E. C. & K. W. Head, D (1954) A case of suspected Johne's disease in a llama (L. glama). J Comp Pathol, 64, 52-3.

Fowler, M. E. (1996) Johne's disease in llamas and alpacas: not a threat to other animals. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, 100, 276-282.

Hunter, D. 2010. Brucellosis and Johne's disease in cervids and bovids. 309-311. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Marin, R. E., B. Brihuega & G. Romero (2008) Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in Llamas from Jujuy province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 25, 281-287.

K

Kidneys (See Llama Uniary System)

L

Liver (See Liver Fluke and Digestive System)

Liver Fluke (Fascioloides magna)

Cornick, J. L. (1988) Gastric squamous cell carcinoma and fascioliasis in a llama. Cornell Veterinarian, 78, 235-241.

Conboy, G. A., T. D. O'Brien & D. L. Stevens (1988) A natural infection of Fascioloides magna in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Parasitology, 74, 345-346.

Dadak, A. M., C. Wieser, A. Joachim & S. Franz (2013) Efficacy and safety of oral praziquantel against Dicrocoelium dendriticum in llamas. Veterinary Parasitology, 197, 122-125.

Duff, J. P., A. J. Maxwell & J. R. Claxton (1999) Chronic and fatal fascioliasis in llamas in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 315-316.

Flores C, B., R. Pinedo V, F. Suárez A, R. Angelats M & A. Chávez V (2014) Prevalency of fascioliasis in llamas and alpacas in two rural communities of Jauja, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 25, 284-292.

Foreyt, W. J. &  Parish, S. (1990) Experimental Infection of Liver Flukes (Fascioloides magna) in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21, 468-470

Foreyt, W. J., Rickard, L. G., Dowling, S., Parish, S. &  Pipas, M. (1991) Experimental infections of two llamas with the meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22, 339-344

Gevrey, J. (1989) Llamas and sheep : cross infection studies. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie 7, 245-249.

Foreyt, W. J. & S. Parish (1990) Experimental Infection of Liver Flukes (Fascioloides magna) in a Llama (Lama glama). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21, 468-470.

Gunsser, I., T. Hänichen & J. Maierl (1999) Liver fluke infection in South American camelids: parasitology, pathology, clinical aspects and therapy. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 27, 187-192.

Harwood, D., J. Nuttall & C. Bidewell (2008) Fasciolosis in camelids. Veterinary Record, 162, 424.

Hertzberg, H. & L. Kohler (2006) Prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in South American Camelids in Switzerland. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 119, 291-294.

Hilbe, M., N. Robert, A. Pospischil & C. Gerspach (2015) Pulmonary arterial lesions in New World camelids in association with Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica infection. Veterinary Pathology, 52, 1202-1209.

Klein, D., H. Prosl, D. Thaller & M. Floeck (2012) Diagnosis of a Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in New World Camelids: a case report. Veterinární Medicína, 57, 154-162.

Panuska, C., L. G. Rickard & D. D. Rudolph (2006) Isotype-specific serum IgG responses of llamas (Lama glama) to experimental liver fluke infection. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 195-199.

Rickard, L. G. & W. J. Foreyt (1992) Experimental fascioliasis in llamas. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 59, 140-144.

Wenker, C., J. M. Hatt, H. Hertzberg, P. Ossent, T. Hänichen, A. Brack & E. Isenbügel (1998) Dicrocoeliosis in South American camelids. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 26, 355-361.

Lung Worm (Also see Parasites General)

Duff, J. P., A. J. Maxwell & J. R. Claxton (1999) Chronic and fatal fascioliasis in llamas in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 315-316.

Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Medicine and surgery of the respiratory and circulatory systems. 112-120.

--------------------- (2012) Sample taking and simple diagnostic tests. 32-43.

Marley, S. E. & G. A. Conder. 2002. The use of macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of domesticated wild ruminants. 371-393. .

Tait, S. A., J. A. Kirwan, C. J. Fair, G. C. Coles & K. A. Stafford (2002) Parasites and their control in South American camelids in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 150, 637-638.

Tilc, K. & Z. Hanuskova (1976) Dynamics of coccidiases and helminthiases in Siberian ibexes and other ruminants in a zoo and the respective control measures. Acta Veterinaria, Brno, 45, 133-140.

Varney, K. (2010) Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - January to March 2010. Surveillance (Wellington), 37, 36-42.

M

Male Genetalia/Sperm Production/Fertlility (Also see Mating, Reproduction)

Anderson, D. E.(2013) Male genitalia anatomical comments and breeding behavior and soundness. 273-275. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cruz, R. S., S. M. Giuliano, M. C. Gambarotta, J. M. Morrell, M. C. Abraham, M. H. Miragaya & M. I. Carretero (2016) Comparison of differents methods of sperm selection of llama raw semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 173, 8-12.

????------(2013) Male genitalia anatomical comments and breeding behavior and soundness. 273-275. Chichester: Delhon, G. A. & I. v. Lawzewitsch (1987) Reproduction in the male llama (Lama glama), a South American camelid. I. Spermatogenesis and organization of the intertubular space of the mature testis. Acta Anatomica, 129, 59-66.

Director, A., S. Giuliano, V. Trasorras, I. Carretero, M. Pinto & M. Miragaya (2007) Electroejaculation in llama (Lama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 203-206.

Gauly, M., G. Erhardt & V. Dzapo (1997) Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in male llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 4, 159-163.

------------(1997). Seasonal changes in semen characters and serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17β, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in male llamas (Lama glama) in Central Europe. 163 pp.: Justus-Liebig-Universität, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Giessen.

------------(2004). Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in male llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters. 186-194. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Heath, A. M., D. G. Pugh, E. A. Sartin, B. Navarre & R. C. Purohit (2002) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of testicular biopsies in llamas. Theriogenology, 58, 1125-1130.

Pearson, L. K. &  Tibary, A. (2014) Reproductive disorders of male camelids. Clinical Theriogenology  6, 571-577.

Soler, C., M. Sancho, A. García, M. C. Fuentes, J. Núñez & H. Cucho (2014) Ejaculate fractioning effect on llama sperm head morphometry as assessed by the ISAS® CASA system. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49, 71-78.

Zampini, R., L. M. Sari, M. E. Argañaraz, F. G. Fumuso, D. E. Barraza, M. I. Carretero & S. A. Apichela (2018) Mating induces production of MMP2 in the llama oviduct: Analysis of MMP2 effect on semen. Anim Reprod Sci, 192, 223-232.

Mange (Also see Parasites General)

Beck, W. (2014) Treatment of Sarcoptes mange in Llamas and Alpacas. Tierärztliche Umschau, 69, 185-190.

Belknap, E. B. & R. W. Dunstan (1990) Congenital ichthyosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 764-767Eo, K., D. Kwak, T. Shin, Y. Yeo, K. Jung, S. Kwon, S. Kim & O. Kwon (2010) Skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in a llama (Lama peruana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 178-180.

Fowler, M.E., Lice in llamas. Avian Exotic Practice, 1986. 3(1): p. 22-25.

Johnson, L. W. (2005)  Dermatologic problems of small ruminants. 299-300. Gainesville: Eastern States Veterinary Association.

Kuntze, A. & O. Kuntze (1991) Ivermectin in exotic animals: scabies in tylopodes (Camelus bactrianus, Lama guanicoe, L. glama), and scabies and ascariasis in bears (Thalarctos maritimus and Ursus arctos). Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 46-48.

D' Alterio, G. L., C. Callaghan, C. Just, A. Manner-Smith, A. P. Foster & T. G. Knowles (2005) Prevalence of Chorioptes sp. mite infestation in alpaca (Lama pacos) in the south-west of England: implications for skin health. Small Ruminant Research, 57, 221-228.

Leroy, J., T. Geurden, G. Meulemans, K. Moerloose & A. d. Kruif (2003) Severe Sarcoptes scabiei mange in llamas. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 72, 359-363.

Lusat, J. (2011) Importance and management of mange mites and gastrointestinal parasites in alpaca and llama populations in the UK. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol (available in electronic format.

-----------, E. R. Morgan & R. Wall (2007) Itch and Scratch - Mange in Llama, Alpaca and Goat Populations in the UK  British Llama News No. 7 December, p6.

------------, E. R. Morgan & R. Wall (2009) Mange in alpacas, llamas and goats in the UK: incidence and risk. Veterinary Parasitology, 163, 179-184.

Plant, J. D., M. A. Kutzler & C. K. Cebra (2007) Efficacy of topical eprinomectin in the treatment of Chorioptes sp. infestation in alpacas and llamas. Veterinary Dermatology, 18, 59-62.

Rosychuk, R. A. W. (1994) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 228-239.

Schlögl, C., S. Bork-Mimm & K. Pfister (2010) Investigation on the infestation of South American camelids with external parasites. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 38, 293-296.

Twomey, D. F., W. A. Cooley & R. Wood (2010) Confirmation of the chewing louse, Bovicola breviceps, in a British llama (Lama glama) herd. Veterinary Record, 166, 790-791.

Meat

Cristofanelli, S., et al., Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Meat Science, 2016.
Fontana, C., et al., Microbial ecology involved in the ripening of naturally fermented llama meat sausages. A focus on lactobacilli diversity. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2016. 236: p. 17-25.

Holman, N. (1992) Llama Meat Camelid Chronicle (Spring) p. 3.

Limon, G., J. Guitian, and N.G. Gregory, A note on the slaughter of llamas in Bolivia by the puntilla method. Meat Science, 2009. 82(3): p. 405-406.

Maindi Hook (1993) Meat Production and Llamas Llama Life, No. 27 (Aurumn), pp. 10-11.

Mamani-Linares, L.W., F. Cayo, and C. Gallo, Effect of season on proximate composition and fatty acids profile of llama meat in extensive rearing. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 2013. 24(4): p. 417-424.

Mamani-Linares, L.W., F. Cayo, and C. Gallo, Carcass characteristics, quality of meat and chemical composition of meat llama: a review. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 2014. 25(2): p. 123-150.

Mamani-Linares, L.W. and C.B. Gallo, Meat quality, proximate composition and muscle fatty acid profile of young llamas (Lama glama) supplemented with hay or concentrate during the dry season. Meat Science, 2014. 96(1): p. 394-399.

Pausch, I. (2015) Slaughter of the animal species llama and animal welfare - a progress report. Fleischwirtschaft, 95, 98-106.

Polidori, P., C. Renieri, M. Antonini & G. Lebboroni (2007) Llama meat nutritional properties. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6, 857-858.

Rosenfeld, S. A. &  Sayre, M. R. (2016) Llamas on the land: production and consumption of meat at chavín de huántar, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 27, 497-511.

Smith, M.A., et al., Carcass traits and saleable meat yield of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Meat Science, 2015. 107: p. 1-11.

--------------, et al., Effect of electrical stimulation and ageing period on alpaca (Vicugna pacos) meat and eating quality. Meat Science, 2016. 111: p. 38-46.

United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards., Llama / alpaca meat : carcases and cuts : UNECE standard. 2006 ed. ed. 2008, New York: United Nations. 36pp.

Mating (Also see Reproduction)

Apichela, S., M. A. Jiménez-Díaz, M. Roldan-Olarte, J. N. Valz-Gianinet & D. C. Miceli (2009) In vivo and in vitro sperm interaction with oviductal epithelial cells of llama. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 943-951.

Apichela, S. A., J. N. Valz-Gianinet, S. Schuster, M. A. Jiménez-Díaz, E. M. Roldán-Olarte & D. C. Miceli (2010) Lectin binding patterns and carbohydrate mediation of sperm binding to llama oviductal cells in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science, 118, 344-353.

Berland, M. A., A. v. Baer, J. Ruiz, V. H. Parraguez, P. Morales, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2011) In vitro fertilization and development of cumulus oocytes complexes collected by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in superstimulated llamas. Theriogenology, 75, 1482-1488.

Bravo, P. W., M. E. Fowler, G. H. Stabenfeldt & B. Lasley (1990) Endocrine responses in the llama to copulation. Theriogenology, 33, 891-899.

-----------------, G. H. Stabenfeldt, M. E. Fowler & B. L. Lasley (1992) Pituitary response to repeated copulation and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in llamas and alpacas. Biology of Reproduction, 47, 884-888.

Duncanson, G. (2008) Camelid consults - Part Two: Recumbency and reproduction. Veterinary Times, 38, 20.

England, B.G., et al., Oestrous and mating behaviour in the llama (Llama glama). Animal Behaviour, 1971. 19(Part 4): p. 722-726.

Lichtenwalner, A. B., G. L. Woods & J. A. Weber (1996) Ejaculatory pattern of llamas during copulation. Theriogenology, 46, 285-291.

------------------------- (1996) Seminal collection, seminal characteristics and pattern of ejaculation in llamas. Theriogenology, 46, 293-305.

-------------------------- (1998) Male llama choice between receptive and nonreceptive females. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59, 349-356.

McElderry-Maxwell, J. (2019) Why male and female alpacas must be kept separately (http://www.bagendsuris.com/?page_id=1230&fbclid=IwAR04q_7qBa2gJ708hROoEEpmTKn5_7IXiXwEinn2oc5TG4CgRS6VQifMBvk)

Silva, M., F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal & M. H. Ratto (2017) A comparative study of the effects of intramuscular administration of gonadorelin, mating and intrauterine infusion of either raw seminal plasma or seminal plasma purified β-NGF on luteal development in llamas. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52, 625-631.

Tibary, Ahmed and Abdelhaq Anouassi, (2001), Uterine Infections in Camelidae, Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow, Issue 3, August 2001.

Trasorras, V., C. Baca Castex, A. Alonso, S. Giuliano, R. Santa Cruz, C. Arraztoa, G. Chaves, D. Rodríguez, D. Neild & M. Miragaya (2014) First llama (Lama glama) pregnancy obtained after in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of gametes from live animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 148, 83-89.

----------------, S. Giuliano, G. Chaves, D. Neild, A. Agüero, M. Carretero, M. Pinto, C. B. Castex, A. Alonso, D. Rodríguez, J. M. Morrell & M. Miragaya (2012) In vitro embryo production in Llamas (Lama glama) from in vivo matured oocytes with raw semen processed with Androcoll-E using defined embryo culture media. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 562-567.

Meningeal Worm (Also see Parasites General)

Abdouslam, O. E., S. A. Al-Izzi, L. S. Al-Bassam & S. M. Azwai (2003) Effect of anthelmintic treatment on haematological and coagulation parameters in llamas (Lama glama) infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 149-152.

Baumgärtner, W., A. Zajac, B. L. Hull, F. Andrews & F. Garry (1985) Parelaphostrongylosis in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187, 1243-1245.

Bertin, F. R. & S. D. Taylor (2016) Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in 20 camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30, 1390-1395.

Bishop, J. K. & L. G. Rickard (1987) Faecal survey of llamas (Lama glama) in Oregon: incidental recovery of Nematodirus battus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191, 1579-1581.

Brown, T. T., Jr., H. E. Jordan & C. N. Demorest (1978) Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis in llamas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 14, 441-444.

Dadak, A. M., H. Asanger, A. Tichy & S. Franz (2013) Establishing an efficacious dose rate of monepantel for treating gastrointestinal nematodes in llamas under field conditions. Veterinary Record, 172, 155.

Geurden, T. & K. v. Hemelrijk (2005) Ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in New World camelids in Belgium. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 71-73.

Foreyt, W. J., L. G. Rickard, S. Dowling, S. Parish & M. Pipas (1991) Experimental Infections of Two Llamas with the Meningeal Worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 22, 339-344.

Ismail, Z. B., M. Levy, T. Qureshi & M. W. Lankester (2011) Clinico-pathological findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in llamas (Lama glama) experimentally infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57, 175-181.

Rickard, L. G., E. J. Gentz, E. G. Pearson, A. A. Frank & B. B. Smith.(1993) Evaluation of experimental meningeal worm infections in the llama. 397-399. Philadelphia: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV).

Rickard, L. G., E. J. Gentz, E. G. Pearson, B. B. Smith, A. A. Frank, L. L. Walker & M. J. Pybus (1994) Experimentally Induced Meningeal Worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) Infection in the Llama (Lama glama): Clinical Evaluation and Implications for Parasite Translocation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25, 390-402.

Welchman, D. D. B., J. G. Parr, R. Wood, A. M. J. Mead & A. F. Starnes (2008) Alpaca and llama nematodes in Britain. Veterinary Record, 162, 832.

Windsor, R. S. (1997) Type II ostertagiasis in llamas. Veterinary Record, 141, 608.

Milk (Also see Reproduction)

Anderson, D. E. 2013. Teat and udder examination. 253-255. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Bravo, P. W., J. Garnica & M. E. Fowler (1997) Immunoglobulin G concentrations in periparturient llamas, alpacas and their crias. Small Ruminant Research, 26, 145-149.

Dec, M., A. Wernicki, A. Puchalski & R. Urban-Chmiel (2011) Conglutinin is not specific to cattle. Veterinární Medicína, 56, 510-519.

Drew, M. L. & M. E. Fowler (1995) Comparison of methods for measuring serum immunoglobulin concentrations in neonatal llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206, 1374-1380.

Fernandez, F. M. & G. Oliver (1988) Proteins present in llama milk. I. Quantitative aspects and general characteristics. Milchwissenschaft, 43, 299-302.

--------------------- (1992) Studies of α-lactalbumin in llama milk. Small Ruminant Research, 8, 97-106.

Garmendia, A. E. & T. C. McGuire (1987) Mechanism and isotypes involved in passive immunoglobulin transfer to the newborn alpaca (Lama pacos). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1465-1471.

----------------------, G. H. Palmer, J. C. DeMartini & T. C. McGuire (1987) Failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer: a major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (Lama pacos). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1472-1476.

Hurley, L.  (1995) Comparative study of proteins, peroxidase activity and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in llama milk. Small Ruminant Research, 17, 255-261.

Johnston, N. A., S. M. Parish, J. W. Tyler & C. B. Tillman (1997) Evaluation of serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 1165-1166.

Miles, P. D. N., J. Lozano, J. M. Martin, P. Miquet & S. M. d. Pino (1984) Analysis of sodium in milk by flame photometry as an indicator of somatic cell count. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 4, 861-865.

Morin, D. E., L. L. Riek, A. (2008) A contribution to the energy supply of pre-ruminant and lactating llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 338-342.

-------------, M. Gerken & E. Moors (2007) Measurement of milk intake in suckling llamas (Lama glama) using deuterium oxide dilution. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 867-875.

Morin, D. E., L. L. Rowan, W. L. Hurley & W. E. Braselton (1995) Composition of milk from llamas in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 1713-1720.

Nagy, D. W., J. Chakwenya, J. W. Tyler & J. Holle (2002) A note on colostral immunoglobulin G concentrations vs. subsequent serum concentrations in naturally suckled llama (Llama glama) and alpaca (Llama pacos) crias. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 9, 171-172.

Napolitano, L., A. Cantisani, A. Conti, J. Godovac-Zimmermann, O. Lucero, C. Donoso & I. Ramos (1991) Separation of whey proteins from llama (Lama glama L.) milk. Identification of a protein immunologically related to β-lactoglobulins. Milchwissenschaft, 46, 27-30.

Park, Y. W. & G. F. W. Haenlein. 2013. Other minor species milk (reindeer, caribou, musk ox, llama, alpaca, moose, elk, and others). 644-658. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Pauciullo, A. & G. Erhardt (2015) Molecular Characterization of the Llamas (Lama glama) Casein Cluster Genes Transcripts (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, CSN3) and Regulatory Regions. PLoS One, 10, e0124963.

Riek, A. (2006) Investigations on milk composition, milk intake and body weight development in the Llama (Lama glama). Gottingen: Cuvillier.

----------- & M. Gerken (2006) Changes in llama (Lama glama) milk composition during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3484-3493.

------------ (2008) A contribution to the energy supply of pre-ruminant and lactating llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 338-342.

----------- (2009) Milk intake studies in llamas (Lama glama) using the "dose-to-the-mother" technique. Small Ruminant Research, 82, 105-111.

-----------, M. Gerken & E. Moors (2007) Measurement of milk intake in suckling llamas (Lama glama) using deuterium oxide dilution. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 867-875.

Rowan, L. L., D. E. Morin, W. L. Hurley, R. D. Shanks, I. Kakoma, W. E. Hoffmann, T. E. Goetz & J. S. Cullor (1996) Evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1457-1463.

Saadaoui, B., L. Bianchi, C. Henry, G. Miranda, P. Martin & C. Cebo (2014) Combining proteomic tools to characterize the protein fraction of llama (Lama glama) milk. Electrophoresis, 35, 1406-1418.

Schoos, V., M. Medina, S. Saad & C. P. v. Nieuwenhove (2008) Chemical and microbiological characteristics of Llama's (Lama glama) milk from Argentina. Milchwissenschaft, 63, 398-401.

Tu, Z., Q. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Xiong, Y. Xu, N. Hu & Y. Tao (2016) Identification and characterization of species-specific nanobodies for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Anal Biochem, 493, 1-7.

Weaver, D. M., J. W. Tyler, M. A. Scott, L. M. Wallace, R. S. Marion & J. M. Holle (2000) Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin G in neonatal llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 738-741.

Minerals and Vitamins (Also see Nutrition)

Anon. (1989) Selenium Deficiency. Camelid Chronicle   No. 7.

Chauvet, A. E., G. D. Shelton & B. J. Darien (1996) Vitamin E deficiency associated with myopathy in a llama. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 149-152.

Dart, A. J., H. Kinde, D. R. Hodgson, J. R. Peauroi, A. W. Selby, J. Maas & M. E. Fowler (1996) Serum α-tocopherol, vitamin A, and blood selenium concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in llamas fed alfalfa hay. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 689-692.

Dwyer, C., L. K. Whitfield & R. A. Laven (2019) The effect of elemental Zn boluses on concentrations of Zn in serum and faeces of South American camelids. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67, 210-213.

Herdt, T. H. (1995) Blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (Lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of United States, reproductive stage, and health of offspring. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 337-344.

Judson, G. J., B. A. McGregor, K. J. Ellis & A. M. Howse (2018) Evaluation of controlled-release devices for providing chromium sesquioxide and zinc in Huacaya alpacas at pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal, 96, 458-463.

Polidori, P., M. Antonini, D. Torres, D. Beghelli & C. Renieri (2007) Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat. Meat Science, 77, 599-601.

Pugh, D. G., B. Waldridge & J. G. W. Wenzel (1999) Trace mineral nutrition in llamas. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 209-216.

---------- (2004)  Trace mineral nutrition in llamas. 728-737. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

----------- & B. M. Waldridge. (2004)  Goat and llama trace mineral nutrition. 112-113. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Saun, R. J., B. B. Smith & B. J. Watrous (1996) Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1128-1133.

------------(2012). Understanding copper nutrition in small ruminants. 155-160. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Semevolos, S. A., S. K. Reed & L. G. Schultz (2013) Evaluation of serum trace mineral, vitamin D, and sex steroid hormone concentration, and survey data in llamas and alpacas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 48-52.

Smith, B. B. & R. J. Saun (2001) Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1187-1193.

--------------, R. J. Saun, P. J. Reed, A. M. Craig & A. Youngberg (1998) Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1063-1070Sponheimer, M., T. Robinson, B. Roeder, J. Hammer, L. Ayliffe, B. Passey, T. Cerling, D. Dearing & J. Ehleringer (2003) Digestion and passage rates of grass hays by llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, and horses. Small Ruminant Research, 48, 149-154.

Starnes, A. (2008) Selenium Deficiency in Camelids BLS News No. 8 (March), p.5.

Wladridge, B. M. & D. G. Pugh (1997) Managing trace mineral deficiencies in South American camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 92, 744-750.

---------------------, S. H. Duran, W. R. Ravis, R. Paxton, T. H. Herdt & D. G. Pugh (2004) Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas. Veterinary Therapeutics, 5, 272-278.

Mouth (See Digestion)

Music

Stobart, H., The Llama's Flute: Musical Misunderstandings in the Andes. Early Music, 1996. 24(3): p. 471-482.

NeoNatal Care [See Reproduction)

New Zealand

Afshar, A., R. A. Heckert, G. C. Dulac, H. C. Trotter & D. J. Myers (1995) Application of competitive ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 31, 327-330.

Arthur, D. G. (1991) Diseases of llamas and alpacas. Surveillance (Wellington), 18, 21-23.

---------------- (1997) Diseases of lamoids in New Zealand. Surveillance (Wellington), 24, 29-30.

McKenna, P. B. (2003) Register of new host-parasite records. Surveillance (Wellington), 30, 12-13.

------------------- (2006) Register of new host-parasite records. Surveillance (Wellington), 33, 6-7.

Shinde, S. B., S. D. Hagawane, D. N. Rajguru & G. P. Dhage (2010) Tuberculosis in wild animals. Veterinary Practitioner, 11, 76-79.

Struthers, G. (1989) Alpacas and llamas to New Zealand from Chile. Surveillance (Wellington), 16, 28.

Varney, K. (2010) Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - April to June 2010. Surveillance (Wellington), 37, 23-30.

-------------- (2010) Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - January to March 2010. Surveillance (Wellington), 37, 36-42.

Nutrition (Also see Colostrum, Digestion, Milk, Minerals, Vitamins, etc.)

Anon. (1988) Nutrition of Camelids Camelid Chronicle   No. 3

Andrews, A. H. & A. Cox (1997) Suspected nutritional deficiency causing anaemia in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 140, 153-154.

Antkowiak, M.(1999) Malnutrition and hypothermia in a neonatal llama.

Bennett, M. M. & N. L. Richards (2015) Camelid wellness. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 18, 255-80.

Cebra, C., D. E. Anderson, A. Tibary, R. J. Van Saun & L. R. W. Johnson.(2014) Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Coleby, P. (2000)  Natural goat and alpaca care. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Dumont, B. & M. Meuret (1993) Intake dynamics of goats and llamas feeding on garrigue grazing lands. Annales de Zootechnie, 42, 193.

Duncanson, G. R. 2012. Nutrition and metabolic diseases. 13-21.

Hervas Ordoñez, T. (1994) Llamas, llama production and llama nutrition in the Ecuador Highlands. Journal of Arid Environments, 26, 67-71.

Hovda, L. R., S. M. McGuirk & D. P. Lunn (1990) Total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 319-322.

Jalali, A. R., M. R. Weisbjerg, E. Nadeau, Ǻ. T. Randby, B. O. Rustas, M. Eknæs & P. Nørgaard (2015) Effects of forage type, animal characteristics and feed intake on faecal particle size in goat, sheep, llama and cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 208, 53-65.

Johnson, L. W. (1994) Llama nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 10, 187-201.

Kayouli, C., C. Dardillat & J. P. Jouany (1993) Comparative study of the muralytic activity of rumen microbes measured in situ in llamas and sheep. Annales de Zootechnie, 42, 184.

Kiani, A., L. Alstrup &  Nielsen J. D. (2015) Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 53, 9-16 ST  - Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets.

Linden, D. R., D. E. Anderson, J. Lakritz, D. M. Rings, P. M. Ramsey & N. Evans (2007) Apparent digestibility of organic zinc forms in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 181-185.

Long, P. (1999) A practitioner approach to llama and alpaca nutrition. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 275-277.

------------(2004). A practitioner approach to llama and alpaca nutrition. 747-749. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

López, A. & L. A. Raggi (1992) Nutritional requirements of South American Camelidae: llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 24, 121-130.

Martin, F. S. & F. C. Bryant (1989) Nutrition of domesticated South American llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research, 2, 191-216.

Matthewman, L. & K. Allenspach (2013) Pre and probiotics - practical applicatons for VNs in practice. VN Times, 13, 8-9.

National Research Council (2006), Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids National Academies Press.

Navarre, C. B. (2003)  Simplified nutrition of camelids. 287-289. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Nielsen, M. O., A. Kiani, E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog & L. Alstrup (2014) Energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 68, 171-185.

Nielsen, M. O., E. Tejada, A. Chwalibog, A. H. Tauson & L. Nielsen. 2010. Digestive efficiency, metabolism of nitrogen and methane emission in sheep, goats and llamas fed grass based diets differing in protein content. 497-498. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Nilsen, B., N. P. Johnston, N. Stevens & T. F. Robinson (2015) Degradation parameters of amaranth, barley and quinoa in alpacas fed grass hay. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 99, 873-9.

Norambuena, M. C., M. Silva, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams, W. Huanca & M. H. Ratto (2013) Effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 138, 252-260.

Ordoaez, T. H. (1994) Llamas, llama production and llama nutrition in the Ecuador highlands. Journal of arid environments, 26, 67-71.

Rahn-Chique, K., N. Carrion, and M. Murillo, Determination of copper, magnesium and zinc in mononuclear leukocytes by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Investigación Clínica, 2012. 53(4): p. 342-352.

Reiner, R. J. (1985) Nutrition of alpacas grazing high altitude rangeland in southern Peru. Texas Tech University.

Rubsamen, K. & W. v. Engelhardt (1975) Water metabolism in the llama. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 52, 595-598.

San Martin, F. & F. C. Bryant.(1993) Comparative Nutrition Of Sheep And Camelids. In Proceedings, Small Ruminant Workshop, 93. Small Ruminant CRSP, University of California, Davis.

Saun, R. J., (2006) Nutritional diseases of South American camelids. Small Ruminant Research, 61, 153-164.

---------------(2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

---------------(2009) Nutritional diseases of llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 797-810.

-------------- (2009) Nutritional requirements and assessing nutritional status in camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 265-279.

Saun, R. J. , B. R. Callihan & S. J. Tornquist (2000) Nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217, 1531-1535.

---------------(2010) Nutritional unbalances in camelids. unpaginated. Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

Stölzl, A. M., C. Lambertz, J. Hummel, G. Breves & M. Gauly (2017) Dry matter intake and feed selection in South American camelids under Central European conditions: do gender or species specific differences on different hay qualities exist? Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 130, 415-423.

Sumar, J. 2010. Nutrition in camelids. 343-357. Santiago: World Buiatrics Association.

Silva, M. E., M. G. Colazo & M. H. Ratto (2012) GnRH dose reduction decreases pituitary LH release and ovulatory response but does not affect corpus luteum (CL) development and function in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1802-1810.

Van Saun, R. (2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

---------------- (2009) Nutritional requirements and assessing nutritional status in camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25, 265-279.

Wauters, J. J. M., N. Duchi, P. Guevara, W. Onate, P. Castillo, J. Lopez & R. d. Wilde. (2004)  Comparison of the digestibility of paja de paramo and barley straw between sheep (Ovis aries), llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama paco). 766-769. Bikaner: The Camelid Publishers.

Weaver, D. M., J. W. Tyler, R. S. Marion, S. W. Casteel, C. M. Loiacono & J. R. Turk (1999) Subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 40, 422-424.

Wolf, P. & J. Kamphues (2009) Questions arising in the field of veterinary dietary advisory services concerning small rodents. Kleintierpraxis, 54, 317-321.

O

Ovulation - (Also see Reproduction)

Aba, M. A., M. A. Quiroga, N. Auza, M. Forsberg & H. Kindahl (1999) Control of ovarian activity in Llamas (Lama glama) with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 34, 471-476.

Adam, C. L., C. E. Moir & P. Shiach (1989) Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 125, 618-620.

Adams, G. P., M. H. Ratto, M. E. Silva & R. A. Carrasco (2016) Ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) in seminal plasma: a review and update. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51, 4-17.

-----------------, J. Sumar & O. J. Ginther (1990) Effects of lactational and reproductive status on ovarian follicular waves in llamas (Lama glama). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 90, 535-545.

-----------------(1991) Hemorrhagic ovarian follicles in llamas. Theriogenology, 35, 557-568.

-----------------, J. Sumar & O. J. Ginther (1991) Form and function of the corpus luteum in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 24, 127-138.

-----------------, M. H. Ratto, W. Huanca & S. Jaswant (2005) Ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas and llamas. Biology of Reproduction, 73, 452-457.

-------------------& M. H. Ratto (2013) Ovulation-inducing factor in seminal plasma: a review. Animal Reproduction Science, 136, 148-156.

--------------------, M. H. Ratto, M. E. Silva & R. A. Carrasco (2016) Ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) in seminal plasma: a review and update. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51, 4-17.

Aller, J. F., A. K. Cancino, G. E. Rebuffi & R. H. Alberio (2010) Effect of estradiol benzoate used at the start of a progestagen treatment on superovulatory response and embryo yield in lactating and non-lactating llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 119, 322-328.

-------------- & R. H. Alberio (1996) Follicular dynamics in llamas during the autumn and winter. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 319-323.

--------------, J. F. Alberio & G. Rebuffi (1996) The relationship between rectal palpations and ultrasound used for the determination of the term of gestation in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 331-335.

Alberio, R. H. & J. F. Aller (1996) Control and synchronisation of the follicular cycle mediated by the exogenous influence of progesterone in llamas. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 16, 325-329.

Bianchi, C. P., A. Meikle, M. A. Alvarez, M. A. Benavente, M. V. Cavilla, E. Rodríguez & M. A. Aba (2013) Oestrogen, progesterone and oxytocin receptors and COX-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples from the induction of ovulation to luteolysis in llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48, 681-690.

Bourke, D. A., C. E. Kyle, T. G. McEvoy, P. Young & C. L. Adam (1995) Superovulatory responses to eCG in llamas (Lama glama). Theriogenology, 44, 255-268.

Cancino, A. K., J. F. Aller, G. Rebuffi & R. H. Alberio (2011) Control of ovarian follicular dynamics in early postpartum llama (Lama glama). Archivos de Zootecnia, 60, 1009-1020.

Cavilla, M. V., C. P. Bianchi, C. Maistruarena & M. A. Aba (2013) Ultrasonographic and endocrine characterization of follicular waves in llamas with a special reference to the overlapping phenomenon during successive waves. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48, 923-930.

-------------------, C. P. Bianchi, F. Aguilera, M. Hermida & M. A. Aba (2016) Hormonal changes and follicular activity after treatment with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices in llamas. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 51, 930-939.

Conde, P. A., C. Herrera, V. L. Trasorras, S. M. Giuliano, A. Director, M. H. Miragaya, M. G. Chaves, M. I. Sarchi, D. Stivale, C. Quintans, A. Agüero, B. Rutter & S. Pasqualini (2008) In vitro production of llama (Lama glama) embryos by IVF and ICSI with fresh semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 109, 298-308.

England, B. G. (1967) Ovulation, corpus luteum function and estrous behavior in the llama.

-------------------, W. C. Foote, A. G. Cardozo, D. H. Matthews & S. Riera (1971) Oestrous and mating behaviour in the llama (Llama glama). Animal Behaviour, 19, 722-726.

Evangelista V, S., A. Cordero R, A. Santiani A, M. Vásquez E, O. Cárdenas M & W. Huanca L (2009) Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ECG) stimulation during the luteal and non-luteal phases on ovarian response and embryo quality in llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 20, 33-40.

Fernández, A., C. Ulloa-Leal, M. Silva, C. Norambuena, G. P. Adams, M. Guerra & M. H. Ratto (2014) The effect of repeated administrations of llama ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) during the peri-ovulatory period on corpus luteum development and function in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 149, 345-352.

Huanca, W., A. Cordero, T. Huanca, O. Cardenas, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2009) Ovarian response and embryo production in llamas treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin alone or with a progestin-releasing vaginal sponge at the time of follicular wave emergence. Theriogenology, 72, 803-808.

Norambuena, M. C., M. Silva, F. Urra, C. Ulloa-Leal, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams, W. Huanca & M. H. Ratto (2013) Effects of nutritional restriction on metabolic, endocrine, and ovarian function in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 138, 252-260.

Ratto, M., W. Huanca, S. Jaswant & G. P. Adams (2006) Comparison of the effect of natural mating, LH, and GnRH on interval to ovulation and luteal function in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 91, 299-306.

------------, R. Gatica & J. E. Correa (1997) Timing of mating and ovarian response in llamas (Lama glama) treated with pFSH. Animal Reproduction Science, 48, 325-330.

-------------, J. Singh, W. Huanca & G. P. Adams (2003) Ovarian follicular wave synchronization and pregnancy rate after fixed-time natural mating in llamas. Theriogenology, 60, 1645-1656.

Silva, M. E., M. G. Colazo & M. H. Ratto (2012) GnRH dose reduction decreases pituitary LH release and ovulatory response but does not affect corpus luteum (CL) development and function in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1802-1810.

----------------, M. P. Recabarren, S. E. Recabarren, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2012) Ovarian estradiol modulates the stimulatory effect of ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) on pituitary LH secretion in llamas. Theriogenology, 77, 1873-1882.

----------------, A. Fernández, C. Ulloa-Leal, G. P. Adams, M. A. Berland & M. H. Ratto (2015) LH release and ovulatory response after intramuscular, intravenous, and intrauterine administration of β-nerve growth factor of seminal plasma origin in female llamas. Theriogenology, 84, 1096-1102.

-----------------, C. Ulloa-Leal, C. Norambuena, A. Fernández, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2014) Ovulation-inducing factor (OIF/NGF) from seminal plasma origin enhances Corpus Luteum function in llamas regardless the preovulatory follicle diameter. Animal Reproduction Science, 148, 221-227.

Sumar, J. (1994) Effects of various ovulation induction stimuli in alpacas and llamas. Journal of Arid Environments, 26, 39-45.

Tribulo, P., O. Bogle, R. J. Mapletoft & G. P. Adams (2015) Bioactivity of ovulation inducing factor (or nerve growth factor) in bovine seminal plasma and its effects on ovarian function in cattle. Theriogenology, 83, 1394-401.

Ulloa-Leal, C., O. A. Bogle, G. P. Adams & M. H. Ratto (2014) Luteotrophic effect of ovulation-inducing factor/nerve growth factor present in the seminal plasma of llamas. Theriogenology, 81, 1101-1107.

P

Parasites in General (Also see Barber’s Pole Worm, Dermitisis, Lice, Liver Fluke, Lung Worm, Meningeal Worm, Mange, Round Worm, Scabies, Tape Worm, ticks, Whip Worm, etc.)

External/Ecto  Parasites- General

Abdouslam, O. E., L. S. Al-Bassam, S. A. Al-Izzi & S. M. Azwai (2003) Prevalence of external and internal parasites in llamas (Lama glama) at Surman park in Libya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 61-65.

Aguirre, D. H. & M. M. Cafrune. (2007)  Parasitoses of South American Camelidae. EEA Anguil "Ing.Agr. Guillermo Covas281-296.

Altmann, D. (1975) The principal diseases of old-world and new-world Camelidae. 53-60. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Arzamendia, Y., L. E. Neder, G. Marcoppido, F. Ortiz, M. Arce, H. E. Lamas & B. L. Vilá (2012) Effect of the prevalence of ectoparasites in the behavioral patterns of wild vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna). Journal of Camelid Science, 5, 105-117.

Ballweber, L. R. (2009) Ecto- and endoparasites of New World camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 295-310.

Barnett, J. E. F., G. D. Preston, L. M. Steele, L. M. Gibbons, S. F. E. Scholes, A. Schock & R. J. Higgins (2008) Parasite-induced leucomyelopathy in llamas (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 163, 516-517.

Bertin, F. R. & S. D. Taylor (2016) Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in 20 camelids. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30, 1390-1395.

Bornstein, S. & K. D. Verdier (2010) Some important ectoparasites of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama). Journal of Camelid Science, 3, 49-61.

Brolin-Schlanger, L. (2003) Prevalence of external parasites in alpacas and llamas in Andean Ecuador. Minor Field Studies - International Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 24 pp.

Cebra, C. (2007)  Internal parasites in llamas and alpacas: importance and detection methods. 251-252. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Corapi, W. V., K. B. Eden, J. F. Edwards & K. F. Snowden (2015) Heterobilharzia americana infection and congestive heart failure in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 52, 562-565.

Duncanson, G. R. 2012. Zoonotic diseases. 214-223.

Dunkel, B., R. W. Sweeney, P. L. Habecker & A. M. Komaromy (2011) Intraocular nematodiasis in a llama (Lama glama). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52, 181-183.

Foreyt, W. J.(1997) Veterinary parasitology reference manual. Pullman: SCAVMA Bookstore.

Folwer, M. E. (1996) Husbandry and diseases of camelids. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties, 15, 155-169.

-------------------- (1997) Unique parasitisms of South American camelids in North and South America. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 4, 257-260.

Gahlot, T. K.  And Chhabra, M. B. (2009) Selected Research on Camelid Parasitology Camel Pub.

Gevrey, J. (1989) Llamas and sheep : cross infection studies. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie, 7, 245-249.

Geurden, T., E. Claerebout & J. Vercruysse (2005) Parasite infections in llamas in temperate zones. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 74, 347-354.

Gillespie, R. A. M., L. H. Williamson, T. H. Terrill & R. M. Kaplan (2010) Efficacy of anthelmintics on South American camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology, 172, 168-171Jones, K. R. & G. W. Garcia (2019) Endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the Neo-Tropics (new world tropics). Veterinary Sciences, 6, 24.

Kaufmann, C. (2009) Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: blood parasites in New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-11.

Krogdahl, D. W., J. P. Thilsted & S. K. Olsen (1987) Ataxia and hypermetria caused by Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 190, 191-193.

Lambacher, B., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, A. Dadak, A. Stanitznig, B. Hinney, A. Tichy, G. Duscher & S. Franz (2016) From the New World to the Old World: endoparasites of South American camelids in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift, 103, 33-42.

Leguía, G. (1991) The epidemiology and economic impact of llama parasites. Parasitology Today, 7, 54-56.

Lusat, J. (2011). Importance and management of mange mites and gastrointestinal parasites in alpaca and llama populations in the UK.

Marin, R. E., B. Brihuega & G. Romero (2008) Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in Llamas from Jujuy province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 25, 281-287.

Marley, S. E. & G. A. Conder. 2002. The use of macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of domesticated wild ruminants. 371-393..

Nagy, D. W., J. Lakritz, J. W. Tyler, J. Jarboe, C. M. Loiacono & M. F. Haddad (2002) The treatment of suspected cerebrospinal nematodiasis with moxidectin in 3 llamas (Llama glama). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 9, 145-149.

Navone, G. T. & M. L. Merino (1989) Contribution to knowledge of the endoparasitic fauna of Lama guanicoe Muller, 1776, from the Mitre Peninsula, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología, 44, 46-51.

Pavlović, I., D. Nešić, D. Valter, G. Mitić & V. Hudina (1992) Helminth fauna of bison, camels, llamas, Barbary, Somali and domestic sheep, and goats in Belgrade zoo in 1990. Veterinarski Glasnik, 46, 271-275.

Rashid, M. H., I. Beveridge, J. L. Vaughan & A. Jabbar (2019) Worm burdens and associated histopathological changes caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas from Australia. Parasitology Research, 118, 1031-1038.

-----------------, H. Gebrekidan & A. Jabbar (2018) Multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay to detect and differentiate gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas. Parasites and Vectors, 11, (28 June 2018).

Rashid, M. H., M. A. Stevenson, A. J. D. Campbell, J. L. Vaughan, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2019) An assessment of worm control practices used by alpaca farmers in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology, 265, 91-100.

------------------, M. A. Stevenson, J. L. Vaughan, M. A. Saeed, A. J. D. Campbell, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2019) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: II. A longitudinal study. Parasitology Research, 118, 901-911.

-------------------, J. L. Vaughan, M. A. Stevenson, A. J. D. Campbell, I. Beveridge & A. Jabbar (2018) Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Parasites and Vectors, 11, (4 July 2018).

Rickard, L. G. & J. K. Bishop (1991) Helminth parasites of llamas (Lama glama) in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 58, 110-115.

----------------- (1991) Redescription of Trichuris tenuis Chandler, 1930, from llamas (Lama glama) in Oregon with a key to the species of Trichuris present in North American ruminants. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 70-75.

------------------- (1992) Llama parasites. Large animal veterinarian covering health and nutrition (USA).

------------------- (1993) Parasitic gastritis in a llama (Lama glama) associated with inhibited larval Teladorsagia spp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea). Veterinary Parasitology, 45, 331-335.

---------------------(1994) Parasites [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 239-247.

Schlögl, C., S. Bork-Mimm & K. Pfister (2010) Investigation on the infestation of South American camelids with external parasites. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 38, 293-296.

Scarratt, W. K., S. S. Karzenski, M. A. Wallace, M. V. Crisman, G. K. Saunders, D. O. Cordes & D. P. Sponenberg (1996) Suspected parelaphostrongylosis in five llamas. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 124-129.

Schmaschke, R. (2015) Endo- and ectoparasites of South American camelids and their control. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 43, 169-79.

Smith, B. B. (1993) Major infectious and non-infectious diseases of the llama amd alpaca. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 35, 33-39.

Smith, M. C. (2005) Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common small ruminant parasites. Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 24-24 September, 2005, 123-127.

Soulsby, E. J. L. (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. London SW1P 1SB: Bailliere Tindall, 10 Greycoat Place.

Storey, B. E., L. H. Williamson, S. B. Howell, T. H. Terrill, R. Berghaus, A. N. Vidyashankar & R. M. Kaplan (2017) Validation of the FAMACHA© system in South American camelids. Veterinary Parasitology, 243, 85-91.

Stropnická, L. & V. Svobodová (2011) Occurrence of endo- and ectoparasites in llamas and alpacas in the Czech Republic. Folia Veterinaria, 55, 30-32.

Švandová, I. (1987) Observations on parasitic infections, their prevalence and treatment in artiodactyls in the Liberec zoo. Veterinářství, 37, 132-134.

Tait, S. A., J. A. Kirwan, C. J. Fair, G. C. Coles & K. A. Stafford (2002) Parasites and their control in South American camelids in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 150, 637-638.

Taylor, M. (2016) Parasites of new world camelids. Veterinary Times, 46, 12, 14.

Twomey, D. F., G. Wu, R. Nicholson, E. N. Watson & A. P. Foster (2014) Review of laboratory submissions from New World camelids in England and Wales (2000-2011). Veterinary Journal, 200, 51-59.

Vasquez D, M. S. & C. Marchinares A (1971) Parasitological survey in sheep and other animal species of Puno Department, Peru. Revista del Instituto de Zoonosis e Investigacion Pecuaria, Lima, 1, 25-109.

Viesselmann, L. C., R. Videla, J. Schaefer, A. Chapman, H. Wyrosdick & D. M. W. Schaefer (2019) Mycoplasma haemolamae and intestinal parasite relationships with erythrocyte variables in clinically healthy alpacas and llamas. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33, 2336-2342.

Walker, J. G. & E. R. Morgan (2014) Generalists at the interface: nematode transmission between wild and domestic ungulates. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 3, 242-250.

Walker, P. G.(2015) Camelid case reports: the good, the bad, and the ugly! , 320-323. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Welchman, D. d. B., J. G. Parr, R. Wood, A. M. J. Mead and A. F. Starnes (2008). "Alpaca and llama nematodes in Britain." Veterinary Record 162(25): 832.

Williamson, L. H.(2014) Fecal fluency: a review of fecal tests and how to interpret the results. 102-106. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

Windsor, R. S., R. H. S. Windsor & M. Teran (1992) Economic benefits of controlling internal and external parasites in South American camelids. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 653, 398-405.

Zanolari, P. (2010) Parasite control in South American camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-14.

Peru

Bezos, J., B. Romero, A. Delgado, J. Álvarez, C. Casal, Á. Venteo, I. González, L. Domínguez & L. d. Juan (2014) Evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) herds under field conditions in Peru. Veterinary Record, 174, 532.

Burke, R. L. 1990. The llama figurine in Andean prehistory : analysis of llama figurines from the Callejon de Huaylas, Peru.

Canaza-Cayo, A. W., T. Huanca, J. P. Gutiérrez & P. A. Beltrán (2015) Modelling of growth curves and estimation of genetic parameters for growth curve parameters in Peruvian young llamas (Lama glama). Small Ruminant Research, 130, 81-89.

Cano Z, L., R. Rosadio A, L. Maturrano H, R. Dávalos R & J. C. Wheeler (2012) Phenotypic characterization and mitocondrial DNA analysis of Marcapomacocha llamas, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 23, 388-398.

Chang H, K., A. Chávez V, O. Li E, N. Falcón P, E. Casas A & G. Casas V (2009) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in female llamas of the central highlands of Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 20, 306-311.

Chávez-Velásquez, A., A. Aguado-Martínez, L. M. Ortega-Mora, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez, G. Casas-Velásquez, J. A. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria & G. Álvarez-García (2014) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum seroprevalences in domestic South American camelids of the Peruvian Andes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 1141-1147.

--------------------------, G. Álvarez-García, M. Gómez-Bautista, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2005) Toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (Lama glama) and vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Peruvian Andean region. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 93-97.

Cristofanelli, S., M. Antonini, D. Torres, P. Polidori & C. Renieri (2004) Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Meat Science, 66, 589-593.

----------------- (2005) Carcass characteristics of peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) reared in the Andean highlands. Small Ruminant Research, 58, 219-222.

------------------ (2016) Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Meat science.

Cummings, J. F., J. F. Munnell & A. Vallenas (1971) The mucigenous gastric glands in the llama (Lama peruana) and guanaco (Lama guanacoe). Proceedings 19th World Veterinary Congress, Mexico City, 2, 554.

Daz, P., R. Panadero, R. Lapez, A. Cordero, A. P Arez-Creo, C. M. Lopez, G. Fernandez, P. DÃez-Baos & P. Morrondo (2016) Prevalence and risk factors associated to Eimeria spp. infection in unweaned alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Southern Peru. Acta Parasitol, 61, 74-8.

Eo, K., D. Kwak, T. Shin, Y. Yeo, K. Jung, S. Kwon, S. Kim & O. Kwon (2010) Skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in a llama (Lama peruana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 178-180.

Flores C, B., R. Pinedo V, F. Suárez A, R. Angelats M & A. Chávez V (2014) Prevalency of fascioliasis in llamas and alpacas in two rural communities of Jauja, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 25, 284-292.

Fowler, M. E. (1983) The Jugular Vein of the Llama (Lama peruana): A Clinical Note. The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 14, 77-78.

Garmendia, A. E., W. Lopez, N. Ortega & M. J. D.-O. D.-j. v. Chamorro (2015) Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the Andean Region of Cusco, Peru. Vet Microbiol, 180, 109-12 ST  - Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the Andean Region of Cusco, Peru.

Hinojosa, R. A., A. Yzarra, J. A. Ruiz & M. Castrejón (2019) Structural characterization of the production system of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Huancavelica, Peru. Archivos de Zootecnia, 68, 100-108.

Miller, G. R. & R. L. Burger (1995) Our Father the Cayman, Our Dinner the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavin de Huantar, Peru. American Antiquity, 60, 421-458.

Pfister, J. A., F. San Martin, L. Rosales, D. V. Sisson, E. Flores & F. C. Bryant (1989) Grazing behaviour of llamas, alpacas and sheep in the Andes of Peru. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 23, 237-246.

Pilco, M. & E. Serrano-Martínez (2018) Neospora caninum in llamas of Huancavelica, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 29, 1449-1455.

Puicón, V., J. Chávez, G. Gutiérrez, D. Sánchez, M. More & D. Zárate (2018) Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas and sheep from two communal cooperatives in the Pasco region, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 29, 1440-1448.

Reiner, R. J. 1985. Nutrition of alpacas grazing high altitude rangeland in southern Peru. Texas Tech University.

Riek, A., A. Stölzl, R. M. Bernedo, T. Ruf, W. Arnold, C. Hambly, J. R. Speakman & M. Gerken (2019) Energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of Peru. Scientific Reports, 9, 4037.

Risco-Castillo, V., J. C. Wheeler, R. Rosadio, F. J. García-Peña, I. Arnaiz-Seco, D. Hoces, H. Castillo, Á. Veliz & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2014) Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in Peru. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 641-646.

Rocha, C. B., L. A. M. G. Fornells, M. Rojas, M. Liberal, A. Manchego, D. Pezo & N. Santos (2018) Molecular epidemiology of coronavirus in faeces of Brazilian calves and Peruvian camelid herds. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 12, 37-42.

--------------, H. G. Dias, J. L. S. Gonçalves, A. Manchego, R. Rosadio, D. Pezo & N. Santos (2019) Genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of rotavirus A strains in the southern Andean highlands, Peru. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66, 1718-1726.

---------------, M., A. Manchego, C. B. Rocha, L. A. Fornells, R. C. Silva, G. S. Mendes, H. G. Dias, N. Sandoval, D. Pezo & N. Santos (2016) Outbreak of diarrhea among preweaning alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the southern Peruvian highland. J Infect Dev Ctries, 10, 269-74.

Rosadio, R. H., H. Rivera & A. Manchego (1993) Prevalence of neutralising antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 in Peruvian livestock. Veterinary Record, 132, 611-612.

Santé, R. & E. Serrano-Martínez (2018) Neosporosis in alpacas of the Huaytará province, Huancavelica, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 29, 1456-1462.

Serrano-Martínez, E., E. Collantes-Fernández, A. Chávez-Velásquez, A. Rodríguez-Bertos, E. Casas-Astos, V. Risco-Castillo, R. Rosadio-Alcantara & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2007) Evaluation of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) aborted foetuses from Peru. Veterinary Parasitology, 150, 39-45.

Shimada, M. & I. Shimada (1985) Prehistoric Llama Breeding and Herding on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity, 50, 3-26.

Tornquist, S. J., L. Boeder, C. Rios-Phillips & V. Alarcon (2010) Prevalence of Mycoplasma haemolamae infection in Peruvian and Chilean llamas and alpacas. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 766-769.

Vasquez D, M. S. & C. Marchinares A (1971) [Parasitological survey in sheep and other animal species of Puno Department, Peru]. Revista del Instituto de Zoonosis e Investigacion Pecuaria, Lima, 1, 25-109.

Wolf, D., G. Schares, O. Cardenas, W. Huanca, A. Cordero, A. Bärwald, F. J. Conraths, M. Gauly, H. Zahner & C. Bauer (2005) Detection of specific antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama) and vicuñas (Lama vicugna) from Peru and Germany. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 81-87.

Poisioning (Also see Taxoplasma)

Anon. Plant Poisoning in Llamas.

Brahm, E., S. Buntenkotter & W. Simanowski. (1973) Poisoning of llamas, alpacas, goats and wolves by Ericaceae at Dortmund zoo. 125-130. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

Duncanson, G. R. (2012) Poisons. 175-213. Wallingford: CABI.

Fowler, M. E. (1985) Plant poisoning [Sierra laurel, Leucothoe davisiae] in two pack llamas. California Veterinarian, 39, 17-20.

Grüss, A. & N. Priymenko (2009) Cotoneaster sp. poisoning in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21, 247-249.

Junge, R. E. & L. Thornburg (1989) Copper poisoning in four llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 195, 987-989.

Knight, A. P. (2004) Plant poisoning of small ruminants. 127-134. Stillwater: American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

McNiven R, V., U. Guajardo G & L. A. Raggi S (1993) Cestrum parqui poisoning in South American camelids reared in the arid area of central Chile. Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias, 8, 66-68.

Miller, R. M. (1981) Azalea poisoning in a llama: a case report. Veterinary Medicine & Small Animal Clinician, 76, 104.

Wisser, J., G. Strauss & M. Stolte. (1997) Acorn poisoning of llamas and guanacos. 227-235. Berlin: Institut fuer Zoo- und Wildtierforschung im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.

Pregnancy (Also see Reproduction)

Aba, M. A., M. Forsberg, H. Kindahl, J. Sumar & L. E. Edqvist (1995) Endocrine changes after mating in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas and alpacas. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 36, 489-498.

Abalos, M. C., F. Acuña, A. K. Cancino & J. F. Aller (2018) Effect of GnRH analogue administration on Day 7 after natural mating on formation accessory corpus luteum, progesterone concentration and conception rate in llamas (Lama glama). Animal Reproduction Science, 190, 47-52.

Bravo, P. W., M. E. Fowler, G. H. Stabenfeldt & B. L. Lasley (1990) Ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama. Biology of Reproduction, 43, 579-585.

---------------, D. R. Stewart, B. L. Lasley & M. E. Fowler (1996) Hormonal indicators of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 2027-2030.

Carretero, M. I., M. Miragaya, M. G. Chaves, M. Gambarotta & A. Agüero (2010) Embryo production in superstimulated llamas pre-treated to inhibit follicular growth. Small Ruminant Research, 88, 32-37.

Drew, M. L., B. M. Alexander & G. R. Sasser (1995) Pregnancy determination by use of pregnancy-specific protein B radioimmunoassay in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207, 217-219.

Gauly, M. & D. Bourke (1997) Pregnancy testing in American camelids. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 15-17.

Herrera, E. A., R. A. Riquelme, E. M. Sanhueza, L. A. Raggi & A. J. Llanos (2002) Use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas. Animal Reproduction Science, 74, 101-109.

Herrid, M., M. Billah & J. A. Skidmore (2017) Successful pregnancies from vitrified embryos in the dromedary camel: avoidance of a possible toxic effect of sucrose on embryos. Animal Reproduction Science, 187, 116-123.

Trasorras, V. L., M. G. Chaves, M. H. Miragaya, M. Pinto, B. Rutter, M. Flores & A. Agüero (2009) Effect of ECG superstimulation and buserelin on cumulus-oocyte complexes recovery and maturation in llamas (Lama glama). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 359-364.

Zampini, R., M. E. Argañaraz, D. C. Miceli & S. A. Apichela (2014) Detection of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in llama (Lama glama) oviduct. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49, 492-498.

Pregnancy Diagnosis (Also see Reproduction)

Whitehead, C. E. (2017) Pregnancy diagnosis in camelids. Livestock 22, 330-334.

R

Reproduction (Also see, BNeonatal Care, Birthing, Castration,  Copulation, Male Genetalia, Mating,  Ovulation, Pregnancy, etc.)

General                                

Adams, G. P. (2007) Theriogenology in llamas and alpacas. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 7, 6 pp.

Arafa, W. M., P. J. Holman & T. M. Craig (2017) Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation for benzimidazole resistance or susceptibility in Haemonchus contortus isolates. Parasitology Research, 116, 797-807.

Bourke, D. A., C. L. Adam & C. E. Kyle (1992) Ultrasonography as an aid to controlled breeding in the llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 130, 424-428.

Bravo, P. W. (1994) Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 265-279.

---------------- (2002) The reproductive process of South American camelids Seagull Publishing.

Cotton, T. (2008). Reproductive hormones in camelids. 290. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

----------((2008) ) Reproductive physiology of camelids, male and female. 285. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Des Côteaux, L. And Colloton, J. et al.  (2009)  Practical Atlas of Ruminant and Camelid Reproductive Ultrasonography Wiley-Blackwell

Gauly, M. (1997) Reproduction in South American camelids. A review. Tierärztliche Praxis, 25, 74-79.

Güttler, E. 1986. Investigations on the management, breeding, physiology and pathology of reproduction and diseases in llamas in the Argentinian Andes. 169pp.: Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.

Hernández-Caravaca, I., P. J. Llamas-López, M. J. Izquierdo-Rico, C. Soriano-Úbeda, C. Matás, J. C. Gardón & F. A. García-Vázquez (2017) Optimization of post-cervical artificial insemination in gilts: effect of cervical relaxation procedures and catheter type. Theriogenology, 90, 147-152.

Huanca, W. (2013) The challenges in reproductive management of South American camelids. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 21, 233-236.

----------(2015) Reproductive biotechnologies in domestic South American camelids as alternatives for genetic improvement. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 23, 1-4.

Johnson, L. W. (1989) Llama reproduction. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 159-182.

Knauf, S., A. Schwalm & A. Wehrend (2008) Physiology of reproduction in domesticated South American camelids. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 313-318.

Leroy, J. L., T. Flahou, K. Moerloose & A. d. Kruif (2004) The reproduction in llama and alpaca mares. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 73, 310-316.

Martin, P. A. (2003)  Reproductive patterns of alpacas and llamas, with reference to the vicuña and guanaco. 523-546. Ames: Iowa State Press.

Merlian, C. P., J. D. Sikes, B. W. Read, W. J. Boever & D. Knox (1979) Comparative characteristics of spermatozoa and semen from a bactrian camel, dromedary camel and llama. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 10, 22-25.

Müller, K.(2015) Reproduction in South American camelids - an overview. 34. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Nes, E. V. & M. C. Pieterse (2007) Reproduction in the llama and alpaca. Veehouder en Dierenarts, 21, 20-22.

Saun, R. J. V. (2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

Smith, C. L., A. T. Peter & D. G. Pugh (1994) Reproduction in llamas and alpacas: a review. Theriogenology, 41, 573-92.

Sumar, J.(1991) Contribution of the radioimmunoassay technique to knowledge of the reproductive physiology of South American camelids. 353-370. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Sumar, J. B. (1996) Reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Animal Reproduction Science, 42, 405-415.

Tibary, A., C. Fite, A. Anouassi and A. Sghiri (2006). "Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids." Theriogenology  66(3): 633-647.

Van Saun, R. (2008) Effect of nutrition on reproduction in llamas and alpacas. Theriogenology, 70, 508-514.

Vaughan, J. (2011) Ovarian function in South American camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). Animal Reproduction Science, 124, 237-243.

Wurzinger, M., A. Willam, J. Delgado, M. Nürnberg, A. V. Zárate, A. Stemmer, G. Ugarte & J. Sölkner (2008) Design of a village breeding programme for a llama population in the High Andes of Bolivia. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 125, 311-319.

Zielińska, P. & P. Jurka (2007) Characteristics of llamas and alpacas reproduction. Życie Weterynaryjne, 82, 202-207.

Artificial InsemminationI [See Artificial Insemmination]

Respiration

Banchero, N. & R. F. Grover (1972) Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O2 transport in llama and sheep. American Journal of Physiology, 222, 1239-1245.

Banchero, N., R. F. Grover & J. A. Will (1971) Oxygen transport in the llama (Lama glama). Respiration Physiology, 13, 102-115.

Braunitzer, G., B. Schrank & A. Stangl (1977) Sequence of alpha chains of the haemoglobins of swine and llama. (Aspects of respiration at high altitude.). Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 358, 409-412.

-------------(1978) Haemoglobins. XXII. Phosphate-protein interaction and respiration in llama, human fetus, and horse. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 359, 547-558.

Cepeda, C. P., C. Navarro & M. O. Celedón (2011) A serological survey of parainfluenza-3 virus in South American camelids from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 43, 177-179.

Chang, C. D., T. R. Boosinger, P. M. Dowling, E. E. McRae, J. W. Tyler & D. G. Pugh (1993) Nocardiosis in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 5, 631-634.

Chiodi, H. (1971) Comparative study of the blood gas transport in high altitude and sea level Camelidae and goats. Respiration Physiology, 11, 84-93.

Duke, T., C. M. Egger, J. G. Ferguson & M. M. Frketic (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol infusion in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 58, 153-156.

Duncanson, G. (2013) South American camelid (SAC) medicine. 143-165.  Medicine and surgery of the respiratory and circulatory systems. 112-120.

Fenwick, B. W., M. Fowler, M. Kock & L. Matern (1982) Complete choanal atresia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181, 1409-1410.

Fitzgerald, S. D. & D. D. Harrington (1991) Pulmonary nocardiosis in a young llama. Equine Practice, 13, 26-29.

Frank, W., E. C. Reisinger, W. Brandt-Hamerla, I. Schwede & W. Handrick (2009) Mycobacterium microti - pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 121, 282-286.

Galbreath, E. J., R. E. Holland, A. L. Trapp, E. Baker-Belknap, R. K. Maes, B. Yamini, F. A. Kennedy, A. K. Gilardy & D. Taylor (1994) Adenovirus-associated pneumonia and hepatitis in four llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 424-426.

Gentz, E. J., E. G. Pearson, E. D. Lassen, S. P. Snyder & E. Sharpnack (1994) Polycythemia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204, 1490-1492.

Gerros, T. C. & W. C. Stone (1994) What is your diagnosis? [Complete bilateral choanal atresia in a llama]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 205, 179-180.

Grubb, T. L., J. W. Schlipf, T. W. Riebold, C. K. Cebra, L. Poland, X. Zawadzkas & N. Mailhot (2003) Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223, 1167-1169.

Hammer, S., M. Gauly & K. H. Bonath. (2001). Medetomidine/ketamine-anaesthesia of llama (Lama glama) under field conditions and its influence on haemodynamics, respiration and metabolism. 267-268. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

Herceg, M., I. Huber & V. Gomercic. (1976). Hyaline membranes in the lungs of a newborn llama (Lama glama). 123-125. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

------------(1978) Haemoglobins. XXII. Phosphate-protein interaction and respiration in llama, human fetus, and horse. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, 359, 547-558.

Kiorpes, A. L., W. A. Lindsay & W. M. Adams (1986) Repair of complete choanal atresia in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 189, 1169-1171.

Lascola, K. M., A. M. Hoffman, M. R. Mazan & D. Bedenice (2007) Respiratory mechanics in sedated and nonsedated adult llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 68, 676-684.

Ledesma, M. M., A. M. Díaz, C. Barberis, C. Vay, M. A. Manghi, J. Leoni, M. S. Castro & A. Ferrari (2017) Identification of Lama glama as reservoirs for Acinetobacter lwoffii. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 278.

Levine, S. A., W. A. Lindsay & K. A. Beck (1987) The use of a silicone T-tube to treat tracheal stenosis in a llama. Veterinary Surgery, 16, 241-244.

Mama, K. R., A. E. Wagner, D. A. Parker, P. W. Hellyer & J. S. Gaynor (1999) Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in llamas. Veterinary Surgery, 28, 121-125.

----------------, A. E. Wagner & E. P. Steffey (2001) Circulatory, respiratory and behavioral responses in isoflurane anesthetized llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 28, 12-17.

Mattoon, J. S., T. C. Gerros, J. E. Parker, C. A. Carter & R. M. LaMarche (1997) Upper airway obstruction in a llama caused by aberrant nasopharyngeal bots (Cephenemyia sp.). Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38, 384-386.

----------------, T. C. Gerros & M. Brimacombe (2001) Thoracic radiographic appearance in the normal llama. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 42, 28-37.

Miesner, M. D. (2013). Tracheotomy/tracheostomy. 143-146. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

--------------------(2013). Transtracheal wash. 151-154. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Moser, L., K. Kegler, C. Precht & P. Zanolari (2019) Bronchioalveolar carcinoma in an adult alpaca (Vicugna pacos). BMC Veterinary Research, 15, (9 May 2019).

Prado, T. M., T. J. Doherty, E. B. Boggan, H. M. Airasmaa, T. Martin-Jimenez & B. W. Rohrbach (2008) Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69, 182-188.

Rhodes, S., T. Crawshaw, R. d. l. Rua-Domenech, S. Bradford, K. P. Lyashchenko, G. Mamo, D. Summers, U. Wernery & P. Zanolari.(2015) Mycobacterial infections in camelids. 216-234.

Robinson, R. M. (1982) Coccidioidomycotic pneumonia in a llama. Southwestern Veterinarian, 34, 176.

Schmidt, N. 2010. What small animal technicians and assistants need to know about small ruminants. 142-145. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Schwalm, A., G. Erhardt, M. Gerken, E. Moors & M. Gauly (2008) Influence of heat stress on thermoregulation and fertility in shorn and unshorn male llamas (Lama glama). Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 324-328.

Šehić, M. (2004)  Disorders of abdominal and thoracic organs in domestic animals. Roentgenology, ultrasonography and computed tomography. A review. Zagreb: Veterinarski Fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb).

Seddighi, R., S. B. Elliot, B. K. Whitlock, C. M. Egger & T. J. Doherty (2014) Antinociceptive and selected physiological effects of morphine and xylazine on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 41, 365-371.

Timm, K. I., B. B. Smith, B. J. Watrous, J. R. Heidel, A. N. Mann & M. J. Huber (1997) Choanal atresia in llamas - a model for human beings? Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 36, 49.

Tinkler, S. H., L. A. Mathews, A. M. Firshman & J. E. Quandt (2015) The use of equine surfactant and positive pressure ventilation to treat a premature alpaca cria with severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia. Can Vet J, 56, 370-4.

Wilken, L. & A. McPherson (2018) Application of camelid heavy-chain variable domains (VHHs) in prevention and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Int Rev Immunol, 37, 69-76.

Williams, J. R., J. F. Evermann, R. F. Beede, E. S. Scott, P. M. Dilbeck, C. A. Whetstone & D. M. Stone (1991) Association of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in a llama with bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 258-260.

Restraint

Abrahamsen, E. J. (2009) Chemical restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia for camelids. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 25, 455-494.

Anderson, D. E. (2012) Anesthesia, analgesia, and chemical restraint in the clinic and on the farm - Part 1: Handling, restraint, and field anesthesia of camelids. unpaginated. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

---------- (2013) Manual restraint. 15-21. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

---------  (2013) Sedation and tranquilization. 35-38. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

----------, F. Silveira & T. Grubb (1999) Effects of venipuncture and correlation of plasma, serum and saliva cortisol concentration with transportation stress in camelids. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 6, 249-254.

Chapman, S. & P. Dobbs. 2015. The trials and tribulations of vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) anaesthesia at Twycross Zoo. 24. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Davis, I. A., J. R. McGaffin & G. D. Kuchinka (1996) Intravenous catheterization of the external jugular vein in llamas. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 18, 330-335.

Fowler, M. E. (1989) Restraint & Handling Camelid Chronicle   No. 8.

Anderson, D. E.,   M. L. Jones & M. D. Miesner, (2013) Veterinary Techniques for Llamas and Alpacas Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Jones, M. L. (2013) Chute restraint. 23-25. In above

----------------(2013) Ear squeeze (ear twitch). 27-28

--------------- (2013) Haltering. 11-13.

--------------- (2013) Injections - subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intradermal (ID), intravenous (IV). 29-32.

--------------- (2013) Toenail trimming. 135-137. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

McGee Bennet,  M. (1994) Llama handling and training. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 421-434.

------------------------ (2003) Medicating made Easier Camelid Chronicle No 61 2 p17.

Schmidt, N. (2010) What small animal technicians and assistants need to know about small ruminants. 142-145. Gainesville: The North American Veterinary Conference.

Williamson, L. H. 2014. Ten reasons to be called to a camelid farm and what you need to know before you get there. unpaginated. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Rickets

Aguirre, D. H., S. T. d. Echaide, A. B. Guglielmone & A. A. Gaido (1994) Experimental inoculation of Anaplasma marginale in llamas (Lama glama). Medicina Veterinaria, 11, 296...300.

Barlough, J. E., J. E. Madigan, V. L. Kramer, J. R. Clover, L. T. Hui, J. P. Webb & L. K. Vredevoe (1997) Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2018-2021.

Duncanson, G. R. 2012. Medicine and surgery of the respiratory and circulatory systems. 112-120.

-----------------------2012. Zoonotic diseases. 214-223.

Johnson, L. W., F. M. Garry, G. M. Weiser, R. P. Ellis, A. R. Smith, B. G. McLaughlin, D. Morris, B. Frye, P. Schultheis & D. Jorgenson. 1990. Experimental eperythrozoonosis in llamas. 17-19. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Li, Y., J. Yang, Z. Chen, G. Qin, Y. Li, Q. Li, J. Liu, Z. Liu, G. Guan, H. Yin, J. Luo & L. Zhang (2015) Anaplasma infection of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) and ticks in Xinjiang, China. Parasites and Vectors, 8, (10 June 2015).

McLaughlin, B. G., C. N. Evans, P. S. McLaughlin, L. W. Johnson, A. R. Smith & J. F. Zachary (1990) An Eperythrozoon-like parasite in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197, 1170-1175.

-----------------------, P. S. McLaughlin & C. N. Evans (1991) An Eperythrozoon-like parasite of llamas: attempted transmission to swine, sheep, and cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 3, 352-353.

Ogden, N. H., Z. Woldehiwet & C. A. Hart (1998) Granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease? Journal of Medical Microbiology, 47, 475-482.

Párraga, M. E., M. I. Gonzatti & P. M. Aso (2016) Diagnosis of Venezuelan equine anaplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction. Revista Cientifica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad del Zulia, 26, 366-373.

Ringworm

Duncanson, G. R. 2012. Zoonotic diseases. 214-223.

Johnson, L. W. (2005)  Dermatologic problems of small ruminants. 299-300. Gainesville: Eastern States Veterinary Association.

Ranganathan, S., M. Thangam & S. A. M. Balajee (1996) Role of animals in the spread of human ringworm disease in Madras. Current Science, 71, 666.

S

Scarifice

Flores-Ochoa J A. (1978) Classification et Denomination des Camelides Sud-Americains. Annales ESC (Economies, Societes, Civilisations). 1978; 5(6):1006–1016.

Goepfert N. (2010) Llama and Deer: Food and Symbolical Dualism in the Central Andes Area. Anthropozoologica. 2010; 45(1):25–45.

Kent J. D. (1982) The Domestication and Exploitation of the South American Camelids: Methods of Analysis and Their Application to Circum-Lacustrine Archaeological Sites in Bolivia and Peru. PhD in Anthropology, St. Louis: Washington University. 1982.

Wheeler J C. (1996) El estudio de restos momificados de alpacas y llamas precolombinas. In Elkin C. M. D.C., Mengoni Golañons C.L., Olivera D.E, Reigadas H.D M.d.C. Zooarqueologia de Camelidos. Perspectivas Teoricas y Metodologicas (2da Parte), Año 1. Buenos Aires: Grupo de Zooarqueologia de Camelidos (Gzc); 1996. pp. 91–101.

Salmonella

Anderson N.V., Anderson D.E., Leipold HW, Kennedy GA, Repenning L, Strathe GA. Septicemic salmonellosis in two llamas J Am Vet Med Assoc.1995 Jan 1;206(1):75-6.

Scabies

Kuntze, A. & O. Kuntze (1991) Ivermectin in exotic animals: scabies in tylopodes (Camelus bactrianus, Lama guanicoe, L. glama), and scabies and ascariasis in bears (Thalarctos maritimus and Ursus arctos). Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104, 46-48.

Żuchowska, E. (1991) Scabies in mammals in Zoological Gardens. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne, 37, 123-125.

Sensory/Nervous System (Also see Eyes, Ears, etc.)

Baum, K. H. (1994) Neurologic diseases of llamas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 383-390.

Bedenice, D. & C. Whitehead (2016) A systematic approach to the neurological examination of llamas and alpacas. Livestock, 21, 308-313.

Dobey, C. L., C. Grunenwald, S. J. Newman, L. Muller & R. W. Gerhold (2014) Retrospective study of central nervous system lesions and association with Parelaphostrongylus species by histology and specific nested polymerase chain reaction in domestic camelids and wild ungulates. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 26, 748-754.

Frank, W., E. C. Reisinger, W. Brandt-Hamerla, I. Schwede & W. Handrick (2009) Mycobacterium microti - pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 121, 282-286.

Videla, R.(2016) Neurologic disease in camelids. 327-329. Gainesville: North American Veterinary Community (NAVC).

Whitehead, C. E. (2008)  Approach to the neurologic camelid: case-based signs, diagnostic findings & treatment plans. 238-240. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Selenium (See Minerals and Vitamins, Nutrition)

Skin (Also see Lice, Mange, etc.)

Anon. (1990) Mycotic Dermatitis in a Llama Camelid Chronicle   No. 9

Aguirre, D. H. & M. M. Cafrune. (2007)  Parasitoses of South American Camelidae. 281-296. Anguil: EEA Anguil "Ing.Agr. Guillermo Covas" - INTA.

Al Salihi, K. A. (2008) Dermatology of Camelids Lambert Academic Publishing

Atlee, B. A., A. A. Stannard, M. E. Fowler, T. Willemse, P. J. Ihrke & T. Olivry (1997) The histology of normal llama skin. Veterinary Dermatology, 8, 165-176.

-------------- (1990) The histology of normal llama skin and mucous membranes. Davis, Calif.

--------------, A. A. Stannard, M. E. Fowler, T. Willemse, P. J. Ihrke & T. Olivry (1997) The histology of normal llama skin. Veterinary Dermatology, 8, 165-176.

Bonenberger, T. E., P. J. Ihrke, D. K. Naydan & V. K. Affolter (2001) Rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal BCG antibody. Veterinary Dermatology, 12, 41-47.

Cecchi, R., G. L. D'Alterio, G. R. Pearson & A. P. Foster (2003) Retrospective histopathological study of some skin disorders of alpacas (Lama pacos). Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 179-183.

Chandramohan, B., C. Renieri, V. La Manna & A. La Terza (2015) The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies. ScientificWorldJournal, 2015, 265751 ST  - The alpaca melanocortin 1 receptor: gene mutations, transcripts, and relative levels of expression in ventral skin biopsies.

Clauss, M., C. Lendl, P. Schramel & W. J. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

D' Alterio, G. L., C. Callaghan, C. Just, A. Manner-Smith, A. P. Foster & T. G. Knowles (2005) Prevalence of Chorioptes sp. mite infestation in alpaca (Lama pacos) in the south-west of England: implications for skin health. Small Ruminant Research, 57, 221-228.

Duncanson, G. R. 2012. Skin conditions. 157-167. Wallingford: CABI.

Eo, K., D. Kwak, T. Shin, Y. Yeo, K. Jung, S. Kwon, S. Kim & O. Kwon (2010) Skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in a llama (Lama peruana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 178-180.

Fleis, R. I. & D. W. Scott (2010) The microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 716-719.

Foster, A. (2008)  Skin diseases of South American camelids. 30-32. Romford: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Frank, E. N., M. H. V. Hick & M. Pesarini. (2001)  SUPREME-project: a new approach for histological description of skin follicular complex in Argentine llamas. 243-250. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

French, R. A. & C. D. Ashworth (1994) Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Pathology, 31, 120-122.

Frank, E. N., M. H. V. Hick & M. Pesarini. 2001. SUPREME-project: a new approach for histological description of skin follicular complex in Argentine llamas. 243-250. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers.

González Arribas, J. L., Y. Moral Llamas, S. Domínguez Hermosa & L. Agredano Marcos (2014) Therapeutic approach to autoimmune skin disease in the dog and cat. Argos - Informativo Veterinario, 44, 46.

Häfliger-Speiser, S. (2018) Skin diseases in New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10.

Jones, M. L. (2013) Skin biopsy. 131-134. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

--------------  & P. Payne. (2013) Skin scraping. 127-129. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Li, Y., J. Yang, Z. Chen, G. Qin, Y. Li, Q. Li, J. Liu, Z. Liu, G. Guan, H. Yin, J. Luo & L. Zhang (2015) Anaplasma infection of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) and ticks in Xinjiang, China. Parasites and Vectors, 8, (10 June 2015).

Luppi, M. M., M. C. C. Malta, N. M. Ocarino, S. A. França & R. Serakides (2010) Cutaneous angiomatosis in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, 223-227.

Maangeles Perez-cabal et.al  (2011) Fibre Production in South American Camelids and Other Fibre Animals Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Mannerová, S., R. Pantůček, J. Doškař, P. Švec, C. Snauwaert, M. Vancanneyt, J. Swings & I. Sedláček (2003) Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1647-1654.

Mattson, D. E. (1994) Viral diseases [llama]. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 345-351.

Miesner, M. D.(2013) Anatomical comments on the skin. 123-126. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Miller, W. H., A. D. Weldon, J. R. Wellington & C. A. Smith (1991) Pemphigus vulgaris in a llama. Veterinary Dermatology, 2, 97-101.

Llamas Moya, S., L. A. Boyle, P. B. Lynch & S. Arkins (2006) Influence of teeth resection on the skin temperature and acute phase response in newborn piglets. Animal Welfare, 15, 291-297.

Mach, R. 1992. LLAMA : a multitasking mobile robot control language designed and optimized for intersystem communication to an expert system.

Mannerová, S., R. Pantůček, J. Doškař, P. Švec, C. Snauwaert, M. Vancanneyt, J. Swings & I. Sedláček (2003) Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1647-1654.

Miesner, M. D. (2013). Anatomical comments on the skin. 123-126. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Rossanigo, C. R., J. Giulietti & R. L. Sager (1995) Post shearing necrotic dermatitis of llamas of San Luis province, Argentina. Veterinaria Argentina, 12, 392-394.

Rossotti, M. A., K. A. Henry, H. van Faassen, J. Tanha, D. Callaghan, G. Hussack, M. Arbabi-Ghahroudi & C. R. MacKenzie (2018) Camelid single-domain antibodies raised by DNA immunization are potent inhibitors of EGFR signaling. Biochem J.

Rosychuk, R. A. W. (1989) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 5, 203-215.

------------------------- (1994) Llama dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 10, 228-239.

Saun, Robert J. Van. (2016), "Skin Disease in Camelids" Llama Link. 12-13.

Twomey, D. F., R. Collins, M. P. Cranwell, T. R. Crawshaw, R. J. Higgins, G. S. Dean, H. M. Vordermeier, A. Hollingdale & R. d. l. Rua-Domenech (2012) Controlling tuberculosis in a llama (Lama glama) herd using clinical signs, tuberculin skin testing and serology. Veterinary Journal, 192, 246-248.

Yu, X., X. He, J. Jiang, J. He, R. Fan, H. Wang, J. Geng & C. Dong (2015) Expression and tissue distribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (c-Met) in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) skins associated with white and brown coat colors. Acta Histochem, 117, 624-8.

Zanolari, P., M. Meylan & P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in New World Camelids. Part 1: Propaedeutic and dermatological diagnostics. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 304-308.

---------------, M. Meylan, H. Sager, M. Herrli-Gygi, S. Rüfenacht & P. Roosje (2008) Dermatology in South American camelids. Part 2: review of the most relevant skin diseases. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 36, 421-427.

Stomach (Also see digestion)

Anon. (1970) Structural and functional studies of the llama and guanaco stomach.

Anderson, D. E. 2013. Creation of stoma into first forestomach compartment ("Rumenostomy"). 203-206. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

-------------------- (2013) Intubation of the first forestomach compartment ("C1" or "Rumen"). 179-182. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Cebra, C. K., M. L. Cebra, F. B. Garry & E. B. Belknap (1996) Forestomach acidosis in six New World camelids. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 901-904.

Cummings, J. F., J. F. Munnell & A. Vallenas (1972) The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 137, 71-110.

Drew, M. L., E. Ramsay, M. E. Fowler & P. H. Kass (1992) Effect of flunixin meglumine and cimetidine hydrochloride on the pH in the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201, 1559-1563.

Dulphy, J. P., C. Dardillat, M. Jailler & J. M. Ballet (1997) Comparative study of forestomach digestion in llamas and sheep. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development, 37, 709-725.

Eckerlin, R. H. & C. E. Stevens (1973) Bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach. Cornell Veterinarian, 63, 436-445.

Engelhardt, W. (1998) Forestomach motility in llamas and camels. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 105, 472-474.

---------------------, K. E. Ali & E. Wipper (1979) Absorption and secretion in the tubiform forestomach (compartment 3) of the llama. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 132, 337-341.

Galotta, D. R. & J. M. Galotta (1987) Arteriovenous system of the lama stomach. Revista de Ciéncias Agrárias, 8, 27-33.

Galotta, J. M., H. Tríbulo, E. N. Frank, G. P. Bollati & M. C. Bulaschevich (1990) Fistulation of the major compartment of the stomach in South American domestic camelids. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 10, 81-89.

Gregory, P. C., R. Heller & W. v. Engelhardt (1985) Control of stomach motility in the llama (Lama guanacoe F. Glama). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 70, 51-61.

Hajsig, M., T. Naglić, D. Hajsig & M. Herceg (1985) Systemic mycoses in domestic and wild ruminants. I. Candidosis of forestomachs in the lamb, calf, kid and newborn llama. Veterinarski Arhiv, 55, 53-58.

Hoogmoed, L. M. , C. M. Drake & J. R. Snyder (2004) In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2α on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 220-224.

---------------------, F. A. Harmon & J. Snyder (2003) Microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64, 346-350.

----------------------, P. C. Rakestraw, J. R. Snyder & F. A. Harmon (1998) Role of nitric oxide in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1166-1169.

Luciano, L., E. Reale & W. v. Engelhardt (1980) The fine structure of the stomach mucosa of the llama (Llama guanacoe). II. The fundic region of the stomach. Cell and Tissue Research, 208, 207-228.

-------------, L., G. Voss-Wermbter, M. Behnke, W. v. Engelhardt & E. Reale (1979) Structure of the gastric mucosa in llama (Lama guanacoe and Lama lamae). I. Forestomachs. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 125, 519-549.

Rubsamen, K. & W. v. Engelhardt (1978) Bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama. American Journal of Physiology, 235, E1-E6.

Vallenas, A., J. F. Cummings & J. F. Muunell (1971) A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world Camelids, the llama and guanaco. Journal of Morphology, 134, 399-424.

-------------- & C. Stevens (1971) Volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta. Cornell Veterinarian, 61, 239-252.

Streptococcus

Tavella, A., A. Bettini, M. Cocchi, I. Idrizi, S. Colorio, L. Viel, C. Zanardello & P. Zanolari (2018) Isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (Lama glama) in South Tyrol (Italy). BMC Veterinary Research, 14, (13 November 2018).

Stress

Arias, N. & B. Velapatiño (2015) Cortisol as a reliable indicator of stress in alpacas and llamas. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 26, 1-8.

Strongyloides (see Tapeworm)

Switzerland

BURRI, I. H., MARTIG, J., SAGER, H., LIESEGANG, A. &  MEYLAN, M. (2005) South American camelids in Switzerland. I. Population, management and health problems. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 147, 325-334

BURRI, I. H., TSCHUDI, P., MARTIG, J., LIESEGANG, A. &  MEYLAN, M. (2005) South American camelids in Switzerland. II. Reference values for blood parameters. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 147, 335-343

BUSSY, M. &  ZANOLARI, P. (2014) Current situation of South American camelids attitude in Switzerland. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10, 11-15

CAMENZIND, D. (2005) Accumulation of actinomycosis in a llama herd in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 147, 351-356

DANUSER, R., VOGT, H. R., KAUFMANN, T., PETERHANS, E. &  ZANONI, R. (2009) Seroprevalence and characterization of pestivirus infections in small ruminants and new world camelids in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 151, 109-117

FRANZ, S., SPERGSER, J., SCHWENDENWEIN, I., STANITZNIG, A., LAMBACHER, B., TICHY, A. &  WITTEK, T. (2016) "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" infections in clinically asymptomatic Austrian South American Camelids. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 129, 318-322

GEISER, F. (2012) Malformations by Schmallenberg virus - what's coming towards us? Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-10

HERTZBERG, H. &  KOHLER, L. (2006) Prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in South American Camelids in Switzerland. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 119, 291-294

HILBE, M., KAUFMANN, C., ZLINSZKY, K., ZANOLARI, P. &  EHRENSPERGER, F. (2012) New World camelids and Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection in Switzerland. SAT, Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 154, 155-158

HILBE, M., ROBERT, N., POSPISCHIL, A. &  GERSPACH, C. (2015) Pulmonary arterial lesions in New World camelids in association with Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica infection. Veterinary Pathology 52, 1202-1209

KAUFMANN, C. (2009) Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: blood parasites in New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-11

KAUFMANN, C., MELI, M. L., HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R., RIOND, B. &  ZANOLARI, P. (2011) Epidemiology of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' infection in South American camelids in Central Europe. Journal of Camelid Science 4, 23-29

KAUFMANN, C., MELI, M. L., HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R. &  ZANOLARI, P. (2010) First detection of "Candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae" in South American Camelids of Switzerland and evaluation of prevalence. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 123, 477-481

MELI, M. L., KAUFMANN, C., ZANOLARI, P., ROBERT, N., WILLI, B., LUTZ, H. &  HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R. (2010) Development and application of a real-time TaqMan® qPCR assay for detection and quantification of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' in South American camelids. Veterinary microbiology 146, 290-294

METTLER, D. &  INEICHEN, P. (2013) Protection herd with llamas: wishful thinking or success? Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 11-16

MUDRY, M., MEYLAN, M., REGULA, G., STEINER, A., ZANONI, R. &  ZANOLARI, P. (2010) Epidemiological study of pestiviruses in South American camelids in Switzerland. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 24, 1218-1223

OEVERMANN, A., ZANOLARI, P., PFYFFER, G. E., MEYLAN, M. &  ROBERT, N. (2003) Mycobacterium microti infection in two llamas (Lama guanicoe f. glama). Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41. Internationalen Symposiums über die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May - 1 June, 2003, 217-220

SYRING, C. (2015) New World Camelid Days 2014. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 157, 8, 24

WENKER, C., HATT, J. M., HERTZBERG, H., OSSENT, P., HÄNICHEN, T., BRACK, A. &  ISENBÜGEL, E. (1998) Dicrocoeliosis in South American camelids. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere 26, 355-361

ZANOLARI, P. (2007) Teeth problems in New World Camelidae. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 13-20

ZANOLARI, P. (2010) Parasite control in South American camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-14

ZANOLARI, P. (2011) Veterinary herd management and consulting for New World camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants, 6-13

ZANOLARI, P., CHAIGNAT, V., KAUFMANN, C., MUDRY, M., GRIOT, C., THUER, B. &  MEYLAN, M. (2010) Serological survey of bluetongue virus serotype-8 infection in South American camelids in Switzerland (2007-2008). Journal of veterinary internal medicine 24, 426-430

T

Tapeworm (Strongyloides) (Also see Parasites General)

Abdouslam, O. E., S. A. Al-Izzi, L. S. Al-Bassam & S. M. Azwai (2003) Effect of anthelmintic treatment on haematological and coagulation parameters in llamas (Lama glama) infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10, 149-152.

Alcaino, H., T. Gorman & M. Burgos (1991) Gastrointestinal helminthiasis in llamas (Lama glama) from Region I of Chile. Parasitología al Dia, 15, 93-96.

Beier, E., III, T. W. Lehenbauer & S. Sangiah (2000) Clinical efficacy of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal parasites in llamas. Small Ruminant Research, 36, 17-23.

Cebra, C. K. & B. V. Stang (2008) Comparison of methods to detect gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232, 733-741.

Correa, L., B. Zapata & M. Soto-Gamboa (2012) Gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 11-15.

Dadak, A. M., H. Asanger, A. Tichy & S. Franz (2013) Establishing an efficacious dose rate of monepantel for treating gastrointestinal nematodes in llamas under field conditions. Veterinary Record, 172, 155.

Erskine Molina, D. & M. Miqueles Rodriguez (1975) Gastro-intestinal parasites of South American llamas in the first region of Chile. Boletin, Servicio Agricola y Ganader (Chile), 19-22.

Fagiolini, M., R. P. Lia, P. Laricchiuta, P. Cavicchio, R. Mannella, C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto, R. Finotello & S. Perrucci (2010) Gastrointestinal Parasites In Mammals Of Two Italian Zoological Gardens. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 662-670.

Franz, S., T. Wittek, A. Joachim, B. Hinney & A. M. Dadak (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Veterinary Journal, 204, 255-262.

Hertzberg, H. & L. Kohler (2006) Prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in South American Camelids in Switzerland. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 119, 291-294.

Larrieu, E., R. Bigatti, R. Lukovich, C. Eddi, E. Banazzi, E. Gomez, R. Niec & N. Oporto (1982) A contribution to the study of gastrointestinal parasitism in guanacos and llamas. Gaceta Veterinaria, 44, 958-960.

Taxonomy (See Classification)

Therapy

Ford, S., (2018) Be a Llama and Stay a Little Calmer, Hachette, 96pp.
Hendrickson, S. J. (2016) Rojo: The Perfectly Imperfect Llama, Mascot Books.

Thyroid (Also see Endocrinology, Reproduction)

Carrasco, R. A., J. Verhoef, C. E. P. Leonardi, E. E. Lanigan & G. P. Adams (2019) Bilateral thyroid follicular compact-cellular carcinoma in a llama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31, 913-916.

El-Nouty, F. D., M. K. Yousef, A. B. Magdub & H. D. Johnson (1976) Thyroid secretion hormones in Camelidae and Equidae. Federation Proceedings, 35, 216.

-------------------- (1978) Thyroid hormones and metabolic rate in burros, Equus asinus, and llamas, Lama glama: effects of environmental temperature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, 60, 235-237.

Gauly, M., G. Erhardt & V. Dzapo (1997) Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in male llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 4, 159-163.

Hamir, A. N. & K. I. Timm (2003) Nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (Lama glama) from north-west USA. Veterinary Record, 152, 507-508.

Smith, B. B., P. J. Reed, E. G. Pearson, P. Long, E. D. Lassen, B. J. Watrous, S. Lovelady, D. E. Sims & S. P. Snyder (1991) Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 81-88.

Ticks (Also see Parasites General)

Barlough, J. E., J. E. Madigan, V. L. Kramer, J. R. Clover, L. T. Hui, J. P. Webb & L. K. Vredevoe (1997) Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2018-2021.

Cebra, C. K., F. B. Garry & M. L. Cebra (1996) Tick paralysis in eight New World camelids. Veterinary Medicine, 91, 673-676.

Barlough, J. E., J. E. Madigan, V. L. Kramer, J. R. Clover, L. T. Hui, J. P. Webb & L. K. Vredevoe (1997) Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2018-2021.

Barrington, G. M. & S. M. Parish (1995) Tick paralysis in two llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 207, 476-477.

Toxoplasma

Albini, S., I. Brodard, A. Jaussi, N. Wollschlaeger, J. Frey, R. Miserez & C. Abril (2008) Real-time multiplex PCR assays for reliable detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, 179-185.

Andersen, K. K., N. M. Strokappe, A. Hultberg, K. Truusalu, I. Smidt, R. H. Mikelsaar, M. Mikelsaar, T. Verrips, L. Hammarstram & H. Marcotte (2015) Neutralization of Clostridium difficile Toxin B Mediated by Engineered Lactobacilli That Produce Single-Domain Antibodies. Infect Immun, 84, 395-406.

Bártová, E., K. Kobédová, J. Lamka, R. Kotrba, R. Vodička & K. Sedlák (2017) Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the Czech Republic. Parasitology Research, 116, 1925-1929.

Bentancor, A. B., P. Halperin, M. Flores & F. Iribarren (2009) Antibody response to the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens following vaccination of Lama glama crias. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 624-627.

Burneo, J. J. D. L., M. L. D. V. Ruiz, M. A. Capo Marti & E. F. Llama Hurtado (1987) Study of the N-methylpiperidine derivative as a therapeutic agent in the convulsive manifestations of Cistus ladaniferus intoxication. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 138, 971-973.

Chang H, K., A. Chávez V, O. Li E, N. Falcón P, E. Casas A & G. Casas V (2009) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in female llamas of the central highlands of Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 20, 306-311.

Chávez-Velásquez, A., A. Aguado-Martínez, L. M. Ortega-Mora, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez, G. Casas-Velásquez, J. A. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria & G. Álvarez-García (2014) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum seroprevalences in domestic South American camelids of the Peruvian Andes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 1141-1147.

---------------------------, A., G. Álvarez-García, M. Gómez-Bautista, E. Casas-Astos, E. Serrano-Martínez & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2005) Toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (Lama glama) and vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Peruvian Andean region. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 93-97.

Conway, J. O., L. J. Sherwood, M. T. Collazo, J. A. Garza & A. Hayhurst (2010) Llama single domain antibodies specific for the 7 botulinum neurotoxin serotypes as heptaplex immunoreagents. PLoS ONE, e8818.

Coulton, M. A., A. J. Dart, S. A. McClintock & D. R. Hodgson (1997) Sporodesmin toxicosis in an alpaca. Australian Veterinary Journal, 75, 136-137.

Dubey, J. P., T. K. Newell, S. K. Verma, R. Calero-Bernal & E. L. Stevens (2014) Toxoplasma gondii infection in Llama (Llama glama): acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts. Journal of Parasitology, 100, 288-294.

--------------- (2016) Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Llama (Llama glama): Acute Visceral Disseminated Lesions, Diagnosis, and Development of Tissue Cysts. Journal of parasitology.

---------------, L. G. Rickard, G. L. Zimmerman & D. M. Mulrooney (1992) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in llamas (Lama glama) in the northwest USA. Veterinary Parasitology, 44, 295-298.

Ellis, R. P., A. Ramirez, R. J. Todd, L. Phillips, T. McConnell, M. Fowler, R. Walker & E. Hoffman. 1990. An overview of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxemia in alpacas and llamas. 2-3. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Featherstone, C. A., A. P. Foster, S. A. Chappell, T. Carson & G. C. Pritchard (2011) Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in camelids. Veterinary Record, 168, 194-195.

Garmory, H. S., N. Chanter, N. P. French, D. Bueschel, J. G. Songer & R. W. Titball (2000) Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens β2-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays. Epidemiology and Infection, 124, 61-67.

Geoghegan, E. M., H. Zhang, P. J. Desai, A. Biragyn & R. B. Markham (2015) Antiviral activity of a single-domain antibody immunotoxin binding to glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus 2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59, 527-535.

Goldman, E. R., G. P. Anderson, J. Conway, L. J. Sherwood, M. Fech, B. H. Vo, J. L. Liu & A. Hayhurst (2008) Thermostable llama single domain antibodies for detection of botulinum A neurotoxin complex. Analytical Chemistry (Washington), 80, 8583-8591.

Gorman, T., J. P. Arancibia, M. Lorca, D. Hird & H. Alcaino (1999) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and alpacas (Llama pacos) in Chile. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 40, 143-149.

Herrera, C., J. M. Tremblay, C. B. Shoemaker & N. J. C.-P. D.-N. D.-j. M. Mantis (2015) Mechanisms of Ricin Toxin Neutralization Revealed through Engineered Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Camelid Antibodies. J Biol Chem, 290, 27880-9 ST  - Mechanisms of Ricin Toxin Neutralization Revealed through Engineered Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Camelid Antibodies.

Herrid, M., M. Billah & J. A. Skidmore (2017) Successful pregnancies from vitrified embryos in the dromedary camel: avoidance of a possible toxic effect of sucrose on embryos. Animal Reproduction Science, 187, 116-123.

Holmes, L. A., N. W. Frame, R. K. Frame, J. P. Duff & G. C. Lewis (1999) Suspected tremorgenic mycotoxicosis (ryegrass staggers) in alpacas (Llama pacos) in the UK. Veterinary Record, 145, 462-463.

Hutchison, J., M. Salman, F. Garry, L. Johnson, T. Keefe & R. Ellis (1997) Evaluation of factors affecting the response of llamas to vaccination with Clostridium perfringens C toxoid. Épidémiologie et Santé Animale, 08.06.1-08.06.2.

Jarvinen, J. A., J. P. Dubey & G. C. Althouse (1999) Clinical and Serologic Evaluation of Two Llamas (Lama glama) Infected with Toxoplasma gondii during Gestation. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 142-144.

               Kotorri, S., K. Korro, R. Bakiu, P. Muhedini & B. Gora (2016) Enterotoxemia in Albanian zoo-Park llama (Lama glama): Clostridium perfringens-type C was the causative agent. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 11, 42-46.

Kozikowski, T. A., K. G. Magdesian & B. Puschner (2009) Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235, 305-310.

               Loayza M, E., E. Casas A, A. Chávez V, L. Coronado S & C. Venturini De Arana (2011) Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in female llamas from two peasant communities in Puno. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú (RIVEP), 22, 239-243.

Luiz, M. B., S. S. Pereira, N. D. R. Prado, N. R. Gonçalves, A. M. Kayano, L. S. Moreira-Dill, J. C. Sobrinho, F. B. Zanchi, A. L. Fuly, C. F. Fernandes, J. P. Zuliani, A. M. Soares, R. G. Stabeli & C. F. C. Fernandes (2018) Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies (VHHs) against Crotoxin: A Basis for Developing Modular Building Blocks for the Enhancement of Treatment or Diagnosis of Crotalic Envenoming. Toxins (Basel), 10.

Mercado, E., S. RodrÃguez, A. Elizondo, G. Marcoppido & V. Parreño (2004) Isolation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from a South American camelid (Lama guanicoe) with diarrhea. Journal of clinical microbiology, 42, 4809-4811.

Moonens, K., I. Van der. Broeck, E. Okello, E. Pardon, M. d. Kerpel, H. Remaut & H. d. Greve (2015) Structural insight in the inhibition of adherence of F4 fimbriae producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by llama single domain antibodies. Veterinary Research, 46, (24 February 2015).

-------------------, E. Okello, E. Pardon, M. De Kerpel, H. Remaut & H. De Greve (2016) Structural insight in the inhibition of adherence of F4 fimbriae producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by llama single domain antibodies. Veterinary research.

Moré, G., L. Pardini, W. Basso, R. Marín, D. Bacigalupe, G. Auad, L. Venturini & M. C. Venturini (2008) Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis sp. in llamas (Lama glama) from Jujuy, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 155, 158-160.

Nie, Y., S. Li, J. Zhu, R. Hu, M. Liu, T. He & Y. Yang (2018) Chemical shift assignments of a camelid nanobody against aflatoxin B. Biomol NMR Assign.

               Palazzo, L., V. Quaranta, B. Brigante, S. Nesta, M. Vignola, M. N. Haouet & M. Muscarella. 2013. Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 399-400. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Parisien, A. (2009) Over-expression in Escherichia coli of the ToxA5.1 llama single domain antibody targeting Clostridium difficile enterotoxin A.

               Parisien, A. 2010. Surexpression chez Escherichia coli de l'anticorps à domaine simple ToxA5.1 provenant du lama et ayant pour cible l'entérotoxine A produite par Clostridium difficile = Over-expression in Escherichia coli of the ToxA5.1 llama single domain antibody targeting Clostridium difficile enterotoxin A. Ottawa.

Patitucci, A. N., M. J. Pérez, G. Barril, C. M. Cárcamo & A. Muñoz (2006) Serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in llamas and alpacas from Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 38, 179-182.

Paul-Murphy, J., L. J. Gershwin, E. F. Thatcher, M. E. Fowler & W. H. Habig (1989) Immune response of the llama (Lama glama) to tetanus toxoid vaccination. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 1279-1281.

Pearson, E. G., A. M. Craig & E. D. Lassen (1986) Suspected chlorpyrifos toxicosis in a llama, and plasma pseudocholinesterase activity in llamas given chlorpyrifos. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 189, 1062-1064.

               Perosino, M., C. Grattarola, M. C. Abete, A. Dondo, I. Giorgi & S. Zoppi. 2013. Metolcarb intoxication in Tibetan goats (Capra hircus domestica) and llama (Lama glama) of a park zoo [Conference poster]. 401-402. Parma: Società Italiana di Diagnostica di Laboratorio Veterinaria (SIDiLV).

Prado, N. D., S. S. Pereira, M. P. da Silva, M. S. Morais, A. M. Kayano, L. S. Moreira-Dill, M. B. Luiz, F. B. Zanchi, A. L. Fuly, M. E. Huacca, C. F. Fernandes, L. A. Calderon, J. P. Zuliani, L. H. Pereira da Silva, A. M. Soares & R. G. Stabeli (2016) Inhibition of the Myotoxicity Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated Phospholipases A2 by Specific Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments. PLoS One, 11, e0151363.

Read, M. R., T. Duke & A. R. Toews (2000) Suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216, 227-229.

Riemann, H. P., D. E. Behymer, M. E. Fowler, T. Schulz, A. Lock, J. G. Orthoefer, S. Silverman & C. E. Franti (1974) Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in captive exotic mammals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 165, 798-800.

Seixas, J. N., D. R. Orlando, F. Wouters, A. T. B. Wouters, M. S. Varaschin & D. L. Raymundo (2017) Pathological aspects of diminazene aceturate toxicosis in American camelids. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 37, 1509-1513.

Serrano-Martínez, E., E. Collantes-Fernández, A. Chávez-Velásquez, A. Rodríguez-Bertos, E. Casas-Astos, V. Risco-Castillo, R. Rosadio-Alcantara & L. M. Ortega-Mora (2007) Evaluation of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) aborted foetuses from Peru. Veterinary Parasitology, 150, 39-45.

Stewart, C. S. 2007. Selection and characterization of alpha-cobrotoxin specific llama single-domain antibodies. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliotheque et Archives Canada.

Turner, K. B., D. Zabetakis, P. Legler, E. R. Goldman & G. P. Anderson (2014) Isolation and epitope mapping of staphylococcal enterotoxin B single-domain antibodies. Sensors, 14, 10846-10863.

Valdivia, A. G., A. Martínez, F. J. Damián, T. Quezada, R. Ortíz, C. Martínez, J. Llamas, M Rodríguez, L. Yamamoto, F. Jaramillo, M. G. Loarca-Piña & J. L. Reyes (2001) Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine to reduce the effects of aflatoxin B1 intoxication in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 80, 727-734.

Virdi, V., A. Coddens, S. d. Buck, S. Millet, B. M. Goddeeris, E. Cox, H. d. Greve & A. Depicker (2013) Orally fed seeds producing designer IgAs protect weaned piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 11809-11814.

Wolf, D., G. Schares, O. Cardenas, W. Huanca, A. Cordero, A. Bärwald, F. J. Conraths, M. Gauly,

Zahner & C. Bauer (2005) Detection of specific antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama) and vicuñas (Lama vicugna) from Peru and Germany. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 81-87.

Yao, G., K. Lam, J. Weisemann, L. Peng, N. Krez, K. Perry, C. B. Shoemaker, M. Dong, A. Rummel & R. Jin (2017) A camelid single-domain antibody neutralizes botulinum neurotoxin A by blocking host receptor binding. Scientific Reports, 7, 7438.

Training (Also see Restraint)

McGee Bennet, M. (1994). "Llama Handling and Training." Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice 10(2):421-34.

McGee Bennett, M. (2001) The Camelid Companion: Handling and Training Your Alpacas & Llamas.

Trekking

Anon., (2014) A Llama Trek in New Mexico. Wall Street Journal (Online), 1-1.

Beattie, L.(1998) Making the most of your llama. Kalama, WA: Kopacetic inK.

Harmon, D. A. R. 1989. Llama packing : a guide for the low impact use of llamas in the backcountry.Region,

1. S. F. S. P. N. (1991) Packing with llamas: partners on the trail, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.

Tuberculosis (See Bovine TB)

U

Uniary System

Urology

Chamorro, M. F., T. Passler, K. Joiner, R. H. Poppenga, J. Bayne & P. H. Walz (2013) Acute renal failure in 2 adult llamas after exposure to oak trees (Quercus spp.). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 54, 61-64.

Dubey, J. P., T. K. Newell, S. K. Verma, R. Calero-Bernal & E. L. Stevens (2014) Toxoplasma gondii infection in Llama (Llama glama): acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts. Journal of Parasitology, 100, 288-294.

------------(2016) Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Llama (Llama glama): Acute Visceral Disseminated Lesions, Diagnosis, and Development of Tissue Cysts. Journal of parasitology.

Engelhardt, W. & W. v. Engelhardt. 1976. Diminished renal urea excretion in the llama at reduced food intake. 61-62. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Gerros, T. C. (1998) Recognizing and treating urolithiasis in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 583-590.

Hutchison, J. M., E. B. Belknap & R. J. Williams (1993) Acute renal failure in the llama (Lama glama). Cornell Veterinarian, 83, 39-46.

Kozikowski, T. A., K. G. Magdesian & B. Puschner (2009) Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235, 305-310.

Kubátová, A. & T. Fedorova (2018) Urinalysis of pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 25, 303-306.

Lackey, M. N., E. B. Belknap, M. D. Salman, L. Tinguely & L. W. Johnson (1995) Urinary indices in llamas fed different diets. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 859-865.

Patel, J. H., C. Kosheluk & P. N. Nation (2004) Renal teratoma in a llama. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45, 938-940.

Paul-Murphy, J., L. A. Tell, W. Bravo, M. E. Fowler & B. L. Lasley (1991) Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VIII. Correspondence of urinary and plasma steroids in the Llama (Lama glama) during nonconceptive and conceptive cycles. Zoo Biology, 10, 225-236.

Riquelme, R. A., G. Sánchez, L. Liberona, E. M. Sanhueza, D. A. Giussani, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson & A. J. Llanos (2002) Nitric oxide plays a role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and adrenocorticomedullary functions in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology, 544, 267-276.

Roth, C. & M. Ganter (2007) Urolithiasis in a gelded llama. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere, 35, 446-452.

Smith, S. H. & D. R. Reel (2008) Cerebral and renal candidosis in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record, 162, 485-486.

Wintour, E. M., R. Riquelme, C. Gaete, C. Rabasa, E. Sanhueza, M. Silver, M. Towstoless & A. Llanos (1995) Renal function in the chronically cannulated fetal llama: comparison with studies in the ovine fetus. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7, 1311-1319.

Uses (see Llama Caddying, Driving, Fertilizer, Fibre, Guarding, Meat, Hunting, Polo, etc.)

V

Viral Disease (See Diseases)

Vitamins (Also see Minerals and Vitmains)

Chauvet, A. E., G. D. Shelton & B. J. Darien (1996) Vitamin E deficiency associated with myopathy in a llama. Progress in Veterinary Neurology, 7, 149-152.

Dart, A. J., H. Kinde, D. R. Hodgson, J. R. Peauroi, A. W. Selby, J. Maas & M. E. Fowler (1996) Serum α-tocopherol, vitamin A, and blood selenium concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in llamas fed alfalfa hay. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 689-692.

Judson, G. J. & A. Feakes (1999) Vitamin D doses for alpacas (Lama pacos). Australian Veterinary Journal, 77, 310-315.

Saun, R. J. v. (2007) Rickets and vitamin D metabolism in llamas and alpacas. 6-8. Lakewood: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

---------------, B. B. Smith & B. J. Watrous (1996) Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 209, 1128-1133.

Semevolos, S. A., S. K. Reed & L. G. Schultz (2013) Evaluation of serum trace mineral, vitamin D, and sex steroid hormone concentration, and survey data in llamas and alpacas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal hyperextension. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74, 48-52.

Smith, B. B. & R. J. v. Saun (2001) Seasonal changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations in llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 1187-1193.

--------------, R. J. v. Saun, P. J. Reed, A. M. Craig & A. Youngberg (1998) Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1063-1070.

Whitehead, C. E. (2005) The effect of maternal supplementation of vitamin D on transplacental and transmammary transfer to neonatal llamas and alpacas.

W

Weaning (See Reproduction)

Weight

Barrington, G. M., S. M. Parish, J. W. Tyler, D. G. Pugh & D. E. Anderson (1997) Chronic weight loss in an immunodeficient adult llama. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 211, 294-298.

Carmen Aguilar, J. (1999) Supplementation of alfalfa hay and ensilage to increase live weight in male Ancuta Llamas.

Cueva, S. & H. Sillau (1972) Relative weights of the right ventricle of the heart in alpacas and llamas at high altitude and at sea level Revista de Investigacioes Pecuarias, Peru, 1, 145-149.

Hilton, C. D., D. G. Pugh, J. C. Wright, B. M. Waldridge, S. A. Simpkins & A. M. Heath (1998) How to determine and when to use body weight estimates and condition scores in llamas. Veterinary Medicine, 93, 1015-1018.

Jürgens, K. D., M. Pietschmann, K. Yamaguchi & T. Kleinschmidt (1988) Oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 158, 469-477.

Müller, K. 2015. Anaemia and weight-loss in South American camelids. 39-42. Loughborough: British Veterinary Zoological Society.

Riek, A. (2006) Investigations on milk composition, milk intake and body weight development in the Llama (Lama glama). Gottingen: Cuvillier.

-----------& M. Gerken (2007) Measurements of the bodyweight and other physical characteristics of 11 llamas (Lama glama) from birth to weaning. Veterinary Record, 161, 520-524.

Smith, B. B. & P. J. Reed. (1990) The chronically underweight llama (Lama glama): characteristics and medical management. 25-31. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

---------------, P. J. Reed, E. G. Pearson, P. Long, E. D. Lassen, B. J. Watrous, S. Lovelady, D. E. Sims & S. P. Snyder (1991) Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198, 81-88.

Whip Worm (Also see Parasites General)

Abdouslam, O. E., Al-Bassam, L. S., Al-Izzi, S. A., & Azwai, S. M. (2003)  Prevalence of external and internal parasites in llamas (Lama glama) at Surman park in Libya. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 10(1): 61-65.

Zanolari, P. 2010. Parasite control in South American camelids. Forum Kleinwiederkäuer/Petits Ruminants(No.12): 6-14.

Worming (See Barber’s Pole Worm, Lung Worm, Round Worm, Tape Worm, Whip Worm, etc.)

Duncanson, G. R. (2012). Sample taking and simple diagnostic tests. 32-43.

Nutall, J. (200), Internal Parasites Camelids Chronicle 53, 2 , pp. 20-24.

Martin Hoes (2017) The Worming Enigma: What are our options? And What can We do? Llama Link No. 45, (summer), pp16-17.

Pugh, D. (2017) Proceedings of the 4th British Veterinary Cameid Conference, also reported by Annie Austen in Llama Link No. 47, (Winter), pp.20-21.

Zinc (Also see Minerals and Vitamins, Nutrition)

Apparent digestibility of chelated and non-chelated forms of zinc in Llama (Lama glama) and Alpaca (Lama pacos) (Book, 2004)

Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.496.2357&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Clauss, M., C. Lendl, P. Schramel & W. J. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report. Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

-------------, C. Lendl, P. Schramel & W. J. r. Streich (2004) Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status–a preliminary report. The Veterinary Journal, 167, 302-305.

Falcón Florido, J. T., M. C. Fernández, J. M. Galán González, A. Hardisson de la Torre & L. M. Wildpret Dixkes (1984) Metallic ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) in wines from Tenerife estimated by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Anales de Bromatología, 35, 31-40.

Judson, G. J., B. A. McGregor, K. J. Ellis & A. M. Howse (2018) Evaluation of controlled-release devices for providing chromium sesquioxide and zinc in Huacaya alpacas at pasture. Australian Veterinary Journal, 96, 458-463.

Linden, D. R. (2004) Apparent digestibility of chelated and non-chelated forms of zinc in Llama (Lama glama) and Alpaca (Lama pacos).

----------------, D. R., D. E. Anderson, J. Lakritz, D. M. Rings, P. M. Ramsey & N. Evans (2007) Apparent digestibility of organic zinc forms in llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 14, 181-185.

Rahn-Chique, K., N. Carrion & M. Murillo (2012) Determination of copper, magnesium and zinc in mononuclear leukocytes by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Investigación Clínica, 53, 342-352.

Saito, R., Y. Saito, H. Nakazawa, T. Hattori, I. Kumagai, M. Umetsu & K. Makabe (2018) Impact in stability during sequential CDR grafting to construct camelid VHH antibodies against zinc oxide and gold. J Bioch

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