See here and below

Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 613
Author: Sivasankar, M.
Year: 1999
Title: Immunodeficiency syndrome in a 3-year-old llama
Journal: Can Vet J
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 271-2
Date: Apr
Accession Number: 10200887
Abstract: An adult, castrated male llama was presented for evaluation of a chronic respiratory problem. Complete blood analyses indicated a leukopenia and hypoproteinemia. Radial immunodiffusion, bone marrow core, and lymph node biopsies supported a tentative diagnosis of juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome. This diagnosis was confirmed by postmortem findings.
Notes: Sivasankar, M

Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 53
Year: 2016
Title: A Whole Farm Approach to Parasite Management
Abstract: By Karen Nicholson of Stepping Stone Farm Alpacas Internal parasites are a part of most every livestock producer's farm. Regardless of wh...
URL: http://vermontllamaalpacaassociation.blogspot.com/2012/04/whole-farm-approach-to-parasite.html


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 54
Author: Ch; xe; vez, Vel; squez, A.; xc; lvarez, Garc; xed; a, G.; Collantes, Fern; ndez, E.; Casas-Astos, E.; Rosadio, Alc; ntara, R.; Serrano, Mart; nez, E.; Ortega-Mora, L. M.
Year: 2004
Title: First Report of Neospora caninum Infection in Adult Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and Llamas (Lama glama)
Journal: The Journal of Parasitology
Volume: 90
Issue: 4
Pages: 864-866
Abstract: Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian that mainly affects bovines, although Neospora infection has also been described in other domestic and wild ruminant species. Serum samples from 78 alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and 73 llamas (Lama glama) at a unique dilution of 1:50 tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were further analyzed serologically by IFAT and Western blot in both ruminant species to avoid cross-reactions with closely related coccidian parasites and to confirm the existence of N. caninum-specific antibodies. IFAT titers ranging between 1:50 and 1:800 were found. When using Western blot, N. caninum tachyzoite-specific immunodominant antigens with apparent molecular weights of 17-18, 34-35, 37, and 60-62 kDa were also recognized, although some sera with 1:50 IFAT titers proved not to have N. caninum-specific antibodies. As expected, higher IFAT titers were associated with higher anti-N. caninum reactivity in Western blot. This report documents for the first time the presence of N. canicum infection in adult alpacas and llmas from Peru.
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3286340


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 55
Author: Fagiolini, Mariarita; Lia, Riccardo P.; Laricchiuta, Piero; Cavicchio, Paolo; Mannella, Riccardo; Cafarchia, Claudia; Otranto, Domenico; Finotello, Riccardo; Perrucci, Stefania
Year: 2010
Title: GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN MAMMALS OF TWO ITALIAN ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
Journal: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 662-670
Abstract: The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was investigated in mammals housed in two of the main Italian zoological gardens: the Zoo Safari of Fasano (province of Bindisi, Apulia, Italy) and the Giardino Zoologico of Pistoia (Tuscany, Italy). In November 2007, fecal samples were collected at the Zoo Safari of Fasano (n = 96) and at the Giardino Zoologico of Pistoia (n = 60), from primates, carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls and proboscideans. In most of the cases, the same animal species or genera were considered in both the zoos. One or more intestinal parasites were detected in 61.5% of the examined samples. However, very different percentages of protozoa- and helminth-positive samples were obtained in the animals from the two zoos, with an overall gastrointestinal parasitic infection of 77.1% in the Zoo Safari of Fasano and 36.7% in the Giardino Zoologico of Pistoia. Overall, 10% (Cryptosporidium sp.) and 43.3% (Toxocara cati, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxascaris leonina, and hookworms) of carnivores, 66.7% (Cryptosporidium spp.) and 100% (Trichuris spp. and Strongyloides fülleborni) of primates, 25.0% (Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp.), and 57.1% (Trichuris sp., Toxocara [Neoascaris] vitulorum, gastrointestinal strongyles, and Paramphistomidae) of artiodactyls were infected with protozoa and helminthes parasites, respectively. Only gastrointestinal strongyles were diagnosed in 16.7% of proboscideans and in 50.0% of perissodactyls examined. The results of this study suggest that zoonotic protozoans and gastrointestinal helminths are common in zoo mammals and that these animals may serve as a potential reservoir and transmit these parasites to humans. The different animal management in the two zoos indicates that the regular monitoring of parasitic diseases and the use of selective treatments can represent effective measures for the control of several gastrointestinal infections in zoological gardens.
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40962311


Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 56
Author: Karesh, William B.; Uhart, Marcela M.; Dierenfeld, Ellen S.; Braselton, W. Emmett; Torres, Alfonso; House, Carol; Puche, Helena; Cook, Robert A.
Year: 1998
Title: Health Evaluation of Free-Ranging Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
Journal: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 134-141
Abstract: Twenty free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in Chubut Province, Argentina, were immobilized for health evaluations. All but two animals appeared to be in good condition. Hematology, serum chemistry, and vitamin and mineral levels were measured, and feces were evaluated for parasites. Serology tests included bluetongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncitial virus, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, equine herpesvirus 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Johne's disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), foot and mouth disease, leptospirosis (17 serovars), parainfluenza-3, and vesicular stomatitis. Blood samples from 20 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) maintained in the same reserve with the guanaco were also collected at the same time for serology tests. No guanaco had positive serologic tests. Sheep were found to have antibody titers to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Johne's disease, leptospirosis, and parainfluenza-3. There was no apparent difference in external appearance or condition, or statistical difference in blood test values, between the animals that were positive or negative for parasite ova.
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20095735


Reference Type: Book
Record Number: 57
Author: Lusat, Jacqueline
Year: 2011
Title: Importance and management of mange mites and gastrontestinal parasites in Alpaca and Llama populations in the UK [electronic resource]
Publisher: University of Bristol
Call Number: British Library DSC DRT 549443
Notes: Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Bristol, 2011. Includes bibliographical references. University of Bristol.


Wider Reading

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Athanasiadou, S., Gray, D., Younie, D., Tzamaloukas, O., Jackson, F. and Kyriazakis, I. (2007) The use of chicory for parasite control in organic ewes and their

lambs. Parasitology 134, 299-307

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Brereton, A J. and McGilloway, D A. (1996) Sward factors and herbage intake in; Pasture ecology and animal intake, Proceedings of a workshop held in Dublin in

September 1996. 144-162

Callinan, A. P. L. and Westcott, J.M. (1986) Vertical distribution of trichostrongylid larvae on herbage and in soil. International Journal for Parasitology, 16 241-244

Colvin, A F., Walkden-Brown, S W., Knox, M R and Scott, J M. (2008) Intensive rotational grazing assists control of gastrointestinal nematodirus of sheep in a cool

temperate environment with summer-dominant rainfall. Veterinary Parasitology 153, 108-120.

Crofton, H D. (1948) – The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongylus nematodes:1. The vertical distribution of infective larvae of Trichostrongylis

retortaeformis in relation to their habit. Parasitology 39, 17-25. 

Grennan, E J., (1999) Lamb growth rate on pasture: Effect of grazing management, sward type and supplementation. Teagasc – End of project reports: Sheep series

No. 3.

Gronvold, J. and Hogh-Schmidt, K. (1989) Factors affecting rain splash dispersal of infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae) from cow pats to the

surroundings. Veterinary Parasitology 31, 57-70.

Gruner, L. and Sauve, C. (1982) The distribution of trichostrongyle infective larvae on pasture and grazing behaviour in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 11, 203-213, 24

Holmes W., (ed) Grass, Its production and utilization. 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications

Hoste, H., Jackson, F, Athanasiadou, S., Thamsborg, S M and Hoskin, S O. (2006) The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants. Trends in

Parasitology 22, No. 6, 253-261

Hutchings, N R., Kyriazakis, I., Anderson, D H., Gordon, I J. and Coop, R L. (1998) Behavioural strategies used by parasitized and non-parasitized to avoid ingestion of

gastro-intestinal nematodes associated with faeces. Animal Science 67, 97-106

Institute of Oragnic Training and Advice (IOTA), Research review – The role and management of herbal pastures for animal health, productivity and product quality.

Jordan, H E., Phillips, W A., Morrison, R D., Doyle, J J. and McKensie, K. (1988) A 3-

year study of continuous mixed grazing of cattle and sheep: parasitism of offspring. International Journal of Parasitology 18, 779-784.

Knapp, S E. (1964) Relationship of different species of forage to the survival and infectivity of Haemonchus contortus in lambs. The Journal of Parasitology 50, 144-

148 (abstract)

Laca, E A., Ungar, E D., Seligman, N. and Demment, M W. (1992). Effects of sward height and bulk density on bite dimensions of cattle grazing homogenous swards.

Grass and Forage Science 47, 91-102

Li, G and Kemp, P D. (2005) Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus): A review of its agronomy and animal production. Advances in agronomy 88, 187-222.

Marley, C L., Cook, R., Keatinge, R. Barrett, J. and Lampkin, N H., (2003a) The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) abd chicory (Cichorium intybus) on

parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites. Veterrinary Parasitology 112, 147-155

Marley, C L., Cook, R., Barrett, J., Keatinge, R., Lampkin, N H. and McBride, S D. (2003b) The effect of dietary forage on the development and survival of helminth

parasites in ovine faeces. Veterinary Parasitology 118, 93-107

Marley, C L., Fraser, M D., Roberts, J E., Fychan, R. and Jones, R. (2006) Effects of legume forages on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, migration and

survival. Veterinary Parasitology 138 pp. 308-317.

Marley C L, Cook, R, Barrett, J. Keatinge R and Lampkin N H. (2006a) The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatu) and chicory (Cichorium intybus ) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration. Veterinary Parasitology 138 p280-290.

Marley C L, Fychan R. and Jones R. (2006b) Yield persistency and chemical composition of Lotus species and varieties (birdsfoot trefoil and greater birdsfoot

trefoil) when harvested for silage in the UK. Grass and Forage Science 61, No. 2, 134-145.

Marley C L, Fraser, M D., Davies, D A., Rees, M E., Vale, J E. and Forbes A B.. (2006c) The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatu) and chicory (Cichorium

intybus ) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration. Veterinary Parasitology 138 p280-290.

Moss, R A. and Bray, A R. (2006) Effect of sward density and size of faecal deposit on the development and persistence of third-stage Trichostrongylid larvae of sheep.

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 475-481

Moss, R A. and Vlassof, A. (1993). Effect of herbage species on gastro-intestinal roundworm populations and their distribution. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural

Research 36, 371-375

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anthelmintics: approaches, experiences and prospects. International Journal of Parasitology 26, 983-992.

Niezen , J H. Charleston, W A G., Hodgson, J and Waghorn, T S. (1993) Effect of four grass species on lamb parasitism and growth. Proceedings of the New Zealand

Grassland Association 55, 203-206 (Abstract)

Niezen , J H. Charleston, W A G., Hodgson, J., Miller C M., Waghorn, T S. and Robertson, H A. (1998a) Effect of plant species on the larvae of gastrointestinal

nematodes which parasitise sheep. International Journal of Parasitology 28, 791-803

Niezen , J H. Robertson, H A., Waghorn, G C. and Charleston, W A G. (1998b) Production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six

contrasting forages. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 15-27

Niezen , J H. Robertson, H A., Sidey, A. and Wilson, S R. (2002) The effect of pasture species on parasitism and performance of lambs grazing one of three grasswhite

clover pasture swards. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 303-315

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Ramirez-Restepo, C A. and Barry, T N. (2005) Alternative temperate forages containing secondary compounds for improving sustainable productivity in grazing

ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120 179-201.

Scales, G H., Knight, T L. and Saville, D J. (1994) Effect of herbage species and feeding level on internal parasites and production performance of grazing lambs.

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 237-247

Silangwa, S M and Todd, A C. (1964) Vertical migration of trichostrongyle larvae in grasses. Journal of Parasitology 50, 278-285

Soil Association (2000), Roundworm control in organic sheep systems – technical guide for organic crop and livestock production.

Stromberg B E. (1997) Environmental factors influencing transmission. Veterinary Parasitology 72, p247-264.

Stromberg, B E. and Averbeck, G A. (1999) The role of parasite epidemiology in the management of grazing cattle. Arasitology 29, 33-39.

Taylor, M A. (2010) COWS, Control of worms sustainably – sustainable control strategies for cattle

Ungar, E D. and Ravid, N. (1999) Bite horizons and dimensions for cattle grazing

herbage to high levels of depletion. Grass and Forage Science 54, 357-364

van Dijk, J. de Louw, M D E. Kalis, L P A. and Morgan, E R. (2009) Ultraviolet light

increases mortality of nematode larvae and can explain patterns of larval availability

at pasture. International Journal of Parasitology 39, 1151-1156

van Dijk, J. and Morgan, E R. (2008) The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae. Parasitology 135,

269-283  

Waller, P J. (1997) Sustainable helminth control of ruminants in developing countries. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 195-207

Wormwise - National Worm Management Strategy - A Handbook of Sustainable worm management for livestock farmers. Produced by Meat and Wool New Zealand

 

General

Jackson F and Coop RL (2007) Gastrointestinal helminthosis. In: Diseases of sheep. ID

Aitken (Ed), 4th ed. Blackwell Sciences Ltd, Oxford; 185-195.

Taylor M (1999) Use of anthelmintics in sheep. In Practice 21; 222-231.

Taylor M.A. Coop R.L., Wall R.L. (2007) Veterinary Parasitology 3rd Edition, Chapter 3: Parasites of Sheep and Goats. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.


Epidemiology of gastro-intestinal parasitism

Reid JFS and Armour J (1975) Seasonal variation in the gastro-intestinal nematode populations of Scottish hill sheep. Res Vet Sci 18; 307-313.

Cornwell RL (1975) The pattern of infection with gastro-intestinal nematode infection in young fattening lambs at pasture. Res Vet Sci 18; 1-5.

Michel J.F. (1976) The epidemiology and control of some nematode infections in grazing animals. Advances in Parasitology 14, 355-397.

Lancaster MB and Hong C (1988). Observations on the pattern of nematode larval availability on pastures grazed by sheep in Surrey. Vet Rec 122; 235

Learmount J, Taylor M.A., Smith G.C., Morgan C. (2006). A computer model to simulate control of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep on UK farms. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 213-

329

Anthelmintic resistance

Coles GC (2002) Sustainable use of anthelmintics in grazing animals. Vet Rec 151;165-169

Dobson RJ, Besier RB, Barnes EH, Love SCJ, Vizard A, Bell K and LeJambre LF (2001) Principles for the use of macrocyclic lactones to minimise selection for resistance. Aust Vet J., 79; 756-761.

Jackson F (1993) Anthelmintic resistance – the state of play. Br Vet J 149;123-138

Leathwick DM, Pomroy WE and Heath ACG (2001) Anthelmintic resistance in New Zealand. NZ Vet J 49; 227-235.

Leathwick DM, Vlassoff A and Barlow ND (1995) A model for nematodiasis in New Zealand Lambs: the effect of drenching regime and grazing management on the development of anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol 25; 1479-1490.

Sargison N (2000) Strategies to limit the development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks. UK Vet 5; 54-57.

Sargison ND and Scott PR (2003) Survey of sheep nematode parasite control methods in south-east Scotland. Vet Rec 152; 51-52.

Sargison ND, Jackson F, Bartley DJ and Moir AC (2005). Failure of moxidectin to control benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin resistant Teladorsagia ciumcincta in a sheep flock Vet Rec 156 105-109.

Taylor MA, Hunt KR and Goodyear KL (2002) Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Vet Parasitol 103; 183-194.


Liver fluke

Mitchell GBB (2007) Liver fluke. In: Diseases of sheep. ID Aitken (Ed), 4th ed. Blackwell Sciences Ltd, Oxford; 195-204.

Fairweather I and Boray JC (1999) Fasciolicides: Efficacy, actions, resistance and its management. Vet J 158; 81-112.

Others

Kaplan RM, Burke JM, Terrill T H, Miller JE, et al (2004). Validation of the FAMACHA© eye color chart for detecting clinical anaemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United

States. Veterinary Parasitology, 123 105-120

Target Worm Control for Better Returns. No 8 in BRP Manuals Series. (2008)

www.eblex.org.uk

PARASOL (Parasite Solutions). EU project www.parasol-project.org

Sager H., Hosking B., Bapst B., SteinP., Vanhoff K. and and Kaminsky K. (2009). Efficacy of the amino-acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, against experimental and natural adult stage gastro-intestinal nematode infections in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 159, 49-54

Colditz I.G., Le Jambre L.F. and Hosse R. (2002). Use of lectin binding characteristics to identify gastrointestinal parasite eggs in faeces. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 219-227

Colditz I.G. and Le Jambre L.F (2008) Development of a faecal occult blood test to determine the severity of Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 153, 93-99.


SCOPS Publications:

All of the following (including this publication) can be found at www.nationalsheep.org.uk in pdf format: Ectoparasite Control in Sheep. Proceedings of a Workshop February 2005.

Proceedings of the Technical Review of SCOPS Recommendations January 2009

Leaflets:

• 10 things You Should Know (if you want to keep farming sheep)

• New Worm Control Strategies for Sheep. Taking the First Steps

• Correct Drenching Technique

• Quarantine treatments

• Sheep Scab Diagnosis and Control

• Blowfly Control

• Know Your Anthelmintics (2009)